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He W, Zhang S, Qi Z, Liu W. Unveiling the potential of estrogen: Exploring its role in neuropsychiatric disorders and exercise intervention. Pharmacol Res 2024; 204:107201. [PMID: 38704108 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric disorders shorten human life spans through multiple ways and become major threats to human health. Exercise can regulate the estrogen signaling, which may be involved in depression, Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), and other neuropsychiatric disorders as well in their sex differences. In nervous system, estrogen is an important regulator of cell development, synaptic development, and brain connectivity. Therefore, this review aimed to investigate the potential of estrogen system in the exercise intervention of neuropsychiatric disorders to better understand the exercise in neuropsychiatric disorders and its sex specific. Exercise can exert a protective effect in neuropsychiatric disorders through regulating the expression of estrogen and estrogen receptors, which are involved in neuroprotection, neurodevelopment, and neuronal glucose homeostasis. These processes are mediated by the downstream factors of estrogen signaling, including N-myc downstream regulatory gene 2 (Ndrg2), serotonin (5-HT), delta like canonical Notch ligand 1 (DLL1), NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3 (NLRP3), etc. In addition, exercise can act on the estrogen response element (ERE) fragment in the genes of estrogenic downstream factors like β-amyloid precursor protein cleavase 1 (BACE1). However, there are few studies on the relationship between exercise, the estrogen signaling pathway, and neuropsychiatric disorders. Hence, we review how the estrogen signaling mediates the mechanism of exercise intervention in neuropsychiatric disorders. We aim to provide a theoretical perspective for neuropsychiatric disorders affecting female health and provide theoretical support for the design of exercise prescriptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenke He
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241,China
| | - Sen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241,China
| | - Zhengtang Qi
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241,China.
| | - Weina Liu
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241,China.
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Gur C, Kandemir FM. Molecular and biochemical investigation of the protective effects of rutin against liver and kidney toxicity caused by malathion administration in a rat model. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2023; 38:555-565. [PMID: 36346126 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Widely used malathion (MLT) causes environmental pollution, leading to toxicity in many living things, including humans. Rutin (RUT) is a flavonoid with various biological properties. In the present study, the protective effects of rutin against liver and kidney toxicity caused by malathion were investigated. In the study, MLT (100 mg/kg) and RUT (50 or 100 mg/kg) were administered to rats alone or in combination for 28 days. Then, oxidative stress, inflammation, endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS), apoptosis, and autophagy markers in liver and kidney tissues were analyzed by biochemical and molecular methods. The results showed that MLT caused oxidative stress in both tissues, while RUT showed antioxidant properties and protected these tissues from oxidative damage. Moreover, MLT upregulated the expressions of ATF-6, PERK, IRE1, GRP78, and CHOP, leading to ERS. However, RUT alleviated ER stress and suppressed these markers. The study also found that MLT increased inflammatory, apoptotic, and autophagic markers. All these factors affected liver and kidney functions and caused an increase in plasma ALT, AST, urea, and creatinine levels. On the other hand, it has been observed that RUT may protect liver and kidney tissues from the destructive effect of MLT by showing anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and anti-autophagic properties. Thus, it was determined that ALT, AST, urea, and creatinine levels decreased after RUT treatment. As a result, it was observed that MLT had a toxic effect on the liver and kidney tissues of rats, and it was determined that this toxicity could be alleviated by RUT treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cihan Gur
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Fatih Mehmet Kandemir
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Aksaray University, Aksaray, Turkey
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Cui J, Wei Y, Jiang J, Xiao S, Liu X, Zhou Z, Liu D, Wang P. Bioaccumulation, metabolism and toxicological effects of chiral insecticide malathion and its metabolites in zebrafish (Danio rerio). CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 318:137898. [PMID: 36702415 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.137898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The bioaccumulation, metabolism, tissue-specific distribution and toxicity of the widely used organophosphorous pesticide malathion to zebrafish were investigated on an enantiomeric level for evaluating the environmental risks. The metabolites were also monitored and evaluated. Malathion was metabolized by zebrafish very fast with the half-life of 0.12 d and showed a middle accumulation capacity in zebrafish with bioaccumulation factor (BCF) of 12.9 after a 15-d exposure. Brain could enrich higher concentration of malathion than other tissues. The metabolites malaoxon, malathion/malaoxon monocarboxylic acid (DMA), malathion/malaoxon dicarboxylic acid (DCA), dimethylthiophosphate (DMTP) and dimethyldithiophosphate (DMDTP) were found, in which DMTP and DCA were in higher level, indicating the metabolism was mainly induced by carboxylesterase degradation. The accumulation of malathion and malaoxon was stereoselective in zebrafish tissues, exhibiting S-enantiomer preferentially enriched. The acute toxicity test showed rac-malathion was low toxic to zebrafish, which was 1.2 and 1.6 folds more toxic than S-malathion and R-malathion respectively. Malaoxon was highly toxic to zebrafish and approximately 32 times more toxic than malathion. The toxicity of other metabolites was lower than malathion. Malathion could cause an apparent developmental toxicity to zebrafish embryo, including bradycardia, hatchability reduction and deformity, and abnormal movement patterns in zebrafish larva. Chronic toxicity indicated that malathion and malaoxon induced oxidative damage and neurotoxicity in the liver, brain and gill of zebrafish, and malaoxon exhibited a relatively high injury to the zebrafish brain. The results can provide information for the comprehensive assessment of the potential risk of malathion to aquatic organisms and highlight the necessity of consideration of stereoselectivity and metabolites when systemically evaluating pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingna Cui
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, No.2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Yimu Wei
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, No.2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Jiangong Jiang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, No.2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Shouchun Xiao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, No.2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Xueke Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, No.2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhou
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, No.2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Donghui Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, No.2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Peng Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, No.2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing, 100193, PR China.
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Saadh MJ. Potential protective effects of red grape seed extract in a rat model of malathion-induced neurotoxicity. Vet World 2023; 16:380-385. [PMID: 37042003 PMCID: PMC10082724 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.380-385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Exposure to pesticide mixtures used in agricultural practice poses a grave risk to non-target animals. This study aimed to determine whether red grape seed extract (RGSE, which is 95% bioflavonoids and equal to 12,000 mg of fresh red grape seed, and 150 mg of vitamin C) alleviated the changes in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) level, acetylcholinesterase activity, oxidative stress, and apoptosis induced by orally administered malathion in a rat model of malathion-induced neurotoxicity.
Materials and Methods: Thirty-two adult male Wistar albino rats were divided into four groups and exposed to malathion with or without 4 weeks of RGSE treatment, treated with RGSE alone, or left untreated as controls. The animals were euthanized 24 h after last treatment. Brain samples were collected to measure acetylcholinesterase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and caspase 3 activity, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and BDNF levels.
Results: Malathion significantly reduced acetylcholinesterase and SOD activity and TAC and significantly increased caspase 3 activity. In comparison, acetylcholinesterase and SOC activity, BDNF level, and TAC were improved and caspase 3 activity was decreased in the malathion-RGSE group, indicating that RGSE corrected the alterations detected in these biochemical parameters.
Conclusion: Oxidative stress and apoptosis in the brains of rats exposed to oral malathion were substantially controlled by RGSE treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Jamal Saadh
- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Middle East University, Amman, Jordan; Applied Science Research Center, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
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Modulation of CREB and its associated upstream signaling pathways in pesticide-induced neurotoxicity. Mol Cell Biochem 2022; 477:2581-2593. [PMID: 35596844 PMCID: PMC9618525 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-022-04472-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Human beings are exposed to various environmental xenobiotics throughout their life consisting of a broad range of physical and chemical agents that impart bodily harm. Among these, pesticide exposure that destroys insects mainly by damaging their central nervous system also exerts neurotoxic effects on humans and is implicated in the etiology of several degenerative disorders. The connectivity between CREB (cAMP Response Element Binding Protein) signaling activation and neuronal activity is of broad interest and has been thoroughly studied in various diseased states. Several genes, as well as protein kinases, are involved in the phosphorylation of CREB, including BDNF (Brain-derived neurotrophic factor), Pi3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase), AKT (Protein kinase B), RAS (Rat Sarcoma), MEK (Mitogen-activated protein kinase), PLC (Phospholipase C), and PKC (Protein kinase C) that play an essential role in neuronal plasticity, long-term potentiation, neuronal survival, learning, and memory formation, cognitive function, synaptic transmission, and suppressing apoptosis. These elements, either singularly or in a cascade, can result in the modulation of CREB, making it a vulnerable target for various neurotoxic agents, including pesticides. This review provides insight into how these various intracellular signaling pathways converge to bring about CREB activation and how the activated or deactivated CREB levels can affect the gene expression of the upstream molecules. We also discuss the various target genes within the cascade vulnerable to different types of pesticides. Thus, this review will facilitate future investigations associated with pesticide neurotoxicity and identify valuable therapeutic targets.
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Duan X, Wen J, Zhang M, Wang C, Xiang Y, Wang L, Yu C, Deng G, Yan M, Zhang B, Fang P. Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. and its active components mitigate Semen Strychni-induced neurotoxicity through regulating high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) translocation. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 149:112884. [PMID: 35358800 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Semen Strychni has long been used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, facioplegia and myasthenia gravis due to its anti-inflammation and anti-nociceptive properties in China. However, the fatal neurotoxicity of Semen Strychni has limited its wider clinical application. To investigate the acute toxicity induced by Semen Strychni and the detoxification of liquorice, we evaluated inflammation, oxidative stress and the translocation of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) in rats. As a result, there were obvious oxidative stress and inflammation in hippocampus after the Semen Strychni extracts (STR) treatment in rats. Liquorice extracts (LE) and its three active monomers - glycyrrhizic acid (GA), liquiritigenin (LIQ), isoliquiritigenin (ISL) showed the potential for mitigating STR-induced neurotoxicity. HMGB1 levels in cytoplasm and serum and the levels of two downstream receptors RAGE and TLR4 were significantly increased after STR treatment. Through using LE and the monomers, the nucleocytoplasmic transport and release of HMGB1 were inhibited. In addition, the binding between HMGB1 and TLR4 was weakened in detoxification groups comparing with the STR group. Taken together, these findings indicated that liquorice and its active components alleviated acute neurotoxicity induced by Semen Strychni partly via HMGB1-related pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Duan
- Department of Pharmacy, The Seond Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Jing Wen
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Hospital of Changsha, Changsha 410015, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Seond Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao 266011, China
| | - Yalan Xiang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Seond Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Seond Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Changwei Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Seond Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Gongying Deng
- Department of Pharmacy, The Seond Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Miao Yan
- Department of Pharmacy, The Seond Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Bikui Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Seond Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Pingfei Fang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Seond Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China.
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Mendes TPP, Lobón GS, Lima LAS, Guerra NKM, Carvalho GA, Freitas EMM, Pinto MCX, Pereira I, Vaz BG. Mass spectrometry-based biosensing using pencil graphite rods. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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8
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Alex A V, Deosarkar T, N C, Mukherjee A. An ultra-sensitive and selective AChE based colorimetric detection of malathion using silver nanoparticle-graphene oxide (Ag-GO) nanocomposite. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1142:73-83. [PMID: 33280706 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.10.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we propose rapid, precise acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition-based sensing strategy for malathion detection in the presence of Ag-GO and acetylthiocholine (ATCh). The biosensing method was developed with a nanocomposite of citrate stabilized AgNPs anchored on the GO sheets (Ag-GO). The physical and chemical properties of the prepared Ag-GO composite were analyzed with various characterization techniques, including XRD, FT-IR, XPS, UV-Visible spectroscopy, and HR-TEM. The positively charged thiocholine (TCh) produced by enzyme hydrolysis triggers the AgNPs aggregation on GO sheets, which ultimately decreases the intensity of the corresponding SPR absorption peak. While the addition of malathion into the sensing system hindered the AChE activity and limited the TCh production, and thus inhibits the decrease in the SPR band intensity. The designed sensing system displayed linearity in the broad range of malathion concentrations (0.01 pM-1000 pM) with a limit of detection and the limit of quantification values of 0.01 pM, and 0.035 pM, respectively. The application of the designed biosensing system was extended to determine the malathion in actual samples namely, tap water, agricultural runoff water, lake water, and grape extract, which resulted in almost 100% recovery rates in all the spiked samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinotha Alex A
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Tushar Deosarkar
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Chandrasekaran N
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Amitava Mukherjee
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India.
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Savall ASP, Fidelis EM, Angonesi V, Bresolin L, Gervini VC, Quines C, Puntel RL, Roos DH, de Ávila DS, Pinton S. Antidepressant-like effect of (3Z)-5-Chloro-3-(hydroxyimino)indolin-2-one in rats exposed to malathion: Involvement of BDNF-Trkβ pathway and AChE. Life Sci 2020; 256:117892. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Badr AM. Organophosphate toxicity: updates of malathion potential toxic effects in mammals and potential treatments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:26036-26057. [PMID: 32399888 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08937-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphorus insecticides toxicity is still considered a major global health problem. Malathion is one of the most commonly used organophosphates nowadays, as being considered to possess relatively low toxicity compared with other organophosphates. However, widespread use may lead to excessive exposure from multiple sources. Mechanisms of MAL toxicity include inhibition of acetylcholinesterase enzyme, change of oxidants/antioxidants balance, DNA damage, and facilitation of apoptotic cell damage. Exposure to malathion has been associated with different toxicities that nearly affect every single organ in our bodies, with CNS toxicity being the most well documented. Malathion toxic effects on liver, kidney, testis, ovaries, lung, pancreas, and blood were also reported. Moreover, malathion was considered as a genotoxic and carcinogenic chemical compound. Evidence exists for adverse effects associated with prenatal and postnatal exposure in both animals and humans. This review summarizes the toxic data available about malathion in mammals and discusses new potential therapeutic modalities, with the aim to highlight the importance of increasing awareness about its potential risk and reevaluation of the allowed daily exposure level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira M Badr
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 22452, Riyadh, 11459, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Heliopolis, Cairo, Egypt.
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Çelik H, Kucukler S, Çomaklı S, Özdemir S, Caglayan C, Yardım A, Kandemir FM. Morin attenuates ifosfamide-induced neurotoxicity in rats via suppression of oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and neuronal apoptosis. Neurotoxicology 2019; 76:126-137. [PMID: 31722249 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2019.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Ifosfamide (IFA), a commonly used chemotherapeutic drug, has been frequently associated with encephalopathy and central nervous system toxicity. The present study aims to investigate whether morin could protect against acute IFA-induced neurotoxicity. Morin was administered to male rats once daily for 2 consecutive days at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight (BW) orally. IFA (500 mg/kg BW; i.p.) was administered on second day. The results showed that morin markedly inhibited the production of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butrylcholinesterase (BChE), carbonic anhydrase (CA), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf-2) induced by IFA. Morin ameliorated IFA-induced lipid peroxidation, glutathione (GSH) depletion, and decrease antioxidant enzyme activities, catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Histopathological changes and immunohistochemical expressions of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and c-Fos in the IFA-induced brain tissues were decreased after administration of morin. Furthermore, morin was able to down regulate the levels of inflammatory and apoptotic markers such as nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), p53, cysteine aspartate specific protease-3 (caspase-3) and B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2). Taken together, our results demonstrated that morin elicited a typical chemoprotective effect on IFA-induced acute neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamit Çelik
- Department of Neurology, Private Buhara Hospital, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Sefa Kucukler
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Selim Çomaklı
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Selçuk Özdemir
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Cuneyt Caglayan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bingol University, Bingol,Turkey.
| | - Ahmet Yardım
- Department of Neurosurgery, Private Buhara Hospital, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Fatih Mehmet Kandemir
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey.
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