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Luo L, Ou Y, Zhang Q, Gan X. Discovery of 1,2,4-Oxadiazole Derivatives Containing Haloalkyl as Potential Acetylcholine Receptor Nematicides. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:5773. [PMID: 36982843 PMCID: PMC10058719 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant-parasitic nematodes pose a serious threat to crops and cause substantial financial losses due to control difficulties. Tioxazafen (3-phenyl-5-thiophen-2-yl-1,2,4-oxadiazole) is a novel broad-spectrum nematicide developed by the Monsanto Company, which shows good prevention effects on many kinds of nematodes. To discover compounds with high nematocidal activities, 48 derivatives of 1,2,4-oxadiazole were obtained by introducing haloalkyl at the 5-position of tioxazafen, and their nematocidal activities were systematically evaluated. The bioassays revealed that most of 1,2,4-oxadiazole derivatives showed remarkable nematocidal activities against Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, Aphelenchoides besseyi, and Ditylenchus dipsaci. Notably, compound A1 showed excellent nematocidal activity against B. xylophilus with LC50 values of 2.4 μg/mL, which was superior to that of avermectin (335.5 μg/mL), tioxazafen (>300 μg/mL), and fosthiazate (436.9 μg/mL). The transcriptome and enzyme activity results indicate that the nematocidal activity of compound A1 was mainly related to the compound which affected the acetylcholine receptor of B. xylophilus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xiuhai Gan
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
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Hao X, Chen J, Li Y, Liu X, Li Y, Wang B, Cao J, Gu Y, Ma W, Ma L. Molecular Defense Response of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus to the Nematophagous Fungus Arthrobotrys robusta. Cells 2023; 12:cells12040543. [PMID: 36831210 PMCID: PMC9953903 DOI: 10.3390/cells12040543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Bursaphelenchus xylophilus causes pine wilt disease, which poses a serious threat to forestry ecology around the world. Microorganisms are environmentally friendly alternatives to the use of chemical nematicides to control B. xylophilus in a sustainable way. In this study, we isolated a nematophagous fungus-Arthrobotrys robusta-from the xylem of diseased Pinus massoniana. The nematophagous activity of A. robusta against the PWNs was observed after just 6 h. We found that B. xylophilus entered the trap of A. robusta at 24 h, and the nervous system and immunological response of B. xylophilus were stimulated by metabolites that A. robusta produced. At 30 h of exposure to A. robusta, B. xylophilus exhibited significant constriction, and we were able to identify xenobiotics. Bursaphelenchus xylophilus activated xenobiotic metabolism, which expelled the xenobiotics from their bodies, by providing energy through lipid metabolism. When PWNs were exposed to A. robusta for 36 h, lysosomal and autophagy-related genes were activated, and the bodies of the nematodes underwent disintegration. Moreover, a gene co-expression pattern network was constructed by WGCNA and Cytoscape. The gene co-expression pattern network suggested that metabolic processes, developmental processes, detoxification, biological regulation, and signaling were influential when the B. xylophilus specimens were exposed to A. robusta. Additionally, bZIP transcription factors, ankyrin, ATPases, innexin, major facilitator, and cytochrome P450 played critical roles in the network. This study proposes a model in which mobility improved whenever B. xylophilus entered the traps of A. robusta. The model will provide a solid foundation with which to understand the molecular and evolutionary mechanisms underlying interactions between nematodes and nematophagous fungi. Taken together, these findings contribute in several ways to our understanding of B. xylophilus exposed to microorganisms and provide a basis for establishing an environmentally friendly prevention and control strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Hao
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Jie Chen
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Yongxia Li
- Key Laboratory of Forest Protection, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Xuefeng Liu
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Yang Li
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
- China Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Bowen Wang
- School of Art and Archaeology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310028, China
| | - Jingxin Cao
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Yaru Gu
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Wei Ma
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Ling Ma
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
- Correspondence:
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Chen J, Hao X, Tan R, Li Y, Wang B, Pan J, Ma W, Ma L. Functional Study on Cytochrome P450 in Response to L(-)-Carvone Stress in Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:1956. [PMID: 36360193 PMCID: PMC9689654 DOI: 10.3390/genes13111956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (PWN) causes pine wilt disease (PWD), which is one of the most devastating pine diseases worldwide. Cytochrome P450 (CYP) catalyzes the biosynthetic metabolism of terpenoids and plays an important role in the modification of secondary metabolites in all living organisms. We investigated the molecular characteristics and biological functions of Bx-cyp29A3 in B. xylophilus. The bioinformatics analysis results indicated that Bx-cyp29A3 has a transmembrane domain and could dock with L(-)-carvone. The gene expression pattern indicated that Bx-cyp29A3 was expressed in 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0 mg/mL L(-)-carvone solutions. The Bx-cyp29A3 expression increased in a dose-dependent manner and peaked at 24 h of exposure when the L(-)-carvone solution concentration was 0.8 mg/mL. However, the gene expression peaked at 0.6 mg/mL after 36 h. Furthermore, RNA interference (RNAi) indicated that Bx-cyp29A3 played an essential role in the response to L(-)-carvone. The mortality rates of the Bx-cyp29A3 knockdown groups were higher than those of the control groups in the 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0 mg/mL carvone solutions after 24 h of exposure or 36 h of exposure. In summary, bioinformatics provided the structural characteristics and conserved sequence properties of Bx-cyp29A3 and its encoded protein, which provided a target gene for the study of the P450 family of B. xylophilus. Gene silencing experiments clarified the function of Bx-cyp29A3 in the immune defense of B. xylophilus. This study provides a basis for the screening of new molecular targets for the prevention and management of B. xylophilus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
- Plant Science, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Xin Hao
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Ruina Tan
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Yang Li
- Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Bowen Wang
- School of Art and Archaeology, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310028, China
| | - Jialiang Pan
- Center for Biological Disaster Prevention and Control, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shenyang 110034, China
| | - Wei Ma
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Ling Ma
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
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