1
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Chu YT, Liao MT, Tsai KW, Lu KC, Hu WC. Interplay of Chemokines Receptors, Toll-like Receptors, and Host Immunological Pathways. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2384. [PMID: 37760825 PMCID: PMC10525553 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11092384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A comprehensive framework has been established for understanding immunological pathways, which can be categorized into eradicated and tolerable immune responses. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are associated with specific immune responses. TH1 immunity is related to TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9, while TH2 immunity is associated with TLR1, TLR2, and TLR6. TH22 immunity is linked to TLR2, TLR4, and TLR5, and THαβ (Tr1) immunity is related to TLR3, TLR7, and TLR9. The chemokine receptor CXCR5 is a marker of follicular helper T cells, and other chemokine receptors can also be classified within a framework based on host immunological pathways. On the basis of a literature review on chemokines and immunological pathways, the following associations were identified: CCR5 with TH1 responses, CCR1 with TH1-like responses, CCR4 (basophils) and CCR3 (eosinophils) with TH2 and TH9 responses, CCR10 with TH22 responses, CCR6 with TH17 responses, CXCR3 with THαβ responses, CCR8 with regulatory T cells (Treg), and CCR2 with TH3 responses. These findings contribute to the identification of biomarkers for immune cells and provide insights into host immunological pathways. Understanding the chemokine and Toll-like receptor system is crucial for comprehending the function of the innate immune system, as well as adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Tung Chu
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City 231, Taiwan;
| | - Min-Tser Liao
- Department of Pediatrics, Taoyuan Armed Forces General Hospital Hsinchu Branch, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan;
- Department of Pediatrics, Taoyuan Armed Forces General Hospital, Taoyuan 325, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Wang Tsai
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City 231, Taiwan; (K.-W.T.); (K.-C.L.)
| | - Kuo-Cheng Lu
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City 231, Taiwan; (K.-W.T.); (K.-C.L.)
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University Hospital, School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Chung Hu
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City 231, Taiwan; (K.-W.T.); (K.-C.L.)
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City 231, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, Ming Chuan University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
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2
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Zian Z, Berry SPDG, Bahmaie N, Ghotbi D, Kashif A, Madkaikar M, Bargir UA, Abdullahi H, Khan H, Azizi G. The clinical efficacy of Rituximab administration in autoimmunity disorders, primary immunodeficiency diseases and malignancies. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 95:107565. [PMID: 33773205 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Rituximab (RTX), as a monoclonal antibody-based immunotherapeutic intervention targeting CD20 on B cells, has proven efficacy in the treatment of patients with some immune-mediated diseases. In the present review, we provided information on the immunobiological mechanisms of signaling for RTX and its clinical applications, according to the immune-pathophysiology involved in the microenvironment of multiple diseases. We highlighted combination therapy, dose schedules, and laboratory monitoring, as well as the associated common and rare side effects to avoid. We also discussed the efficacy and safety of RTX-based therapeutic strategies and whether RTX therapy can be used as a promising treatment regimen for autoimmune diseases, primary immunodeficiency diseases, and malignancies. Our review highlights and supports the importance of collaboration between basic medical researchers and clinical specialists when considering the use of RTX in the treatment of various immune-mediated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeineb Zian
- Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics Research Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques of Tangier, P.B. 416, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan, Morocco
| | - S P Déo-Gracias Berry
- Centre de Recherches Médicales (CERMEL) de Lambaréné, B.P: 242, Gabon; Technical University of Munich, 80333, Germany
| | - Nazila Bahmaie
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Health Science, Near East University (NEU), Nicosia, 99138, Northern Cyprus, Cyprus
| | - Dana Ghotbi
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Kharazmi, Tehran 14911-15719, Iran
| | - Ali Kashif
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Manisha Madkaikar
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Leukocyte Biology, ICMR-National Institute of Immunohaematology, Mumbai 400070, India
| | - Umair Ahmed Bargir
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Leukocyte Biology, ICMR-National Institute of Immunohaematology, Mumbai 400070, India
| | - Hamisu Abdullahi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, 840232, Nigeria
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Gholamreza Azizi
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj 3149779453, Iran.
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3
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Battista C, Yang K, Stahl SH, Mettetal JT, Watkins PB, Siler SQ, Howell BA. Using Quantitative Systems Toxicology to Investigate Observed Species Differences in CKA-Mediated Hepatotoxicity. Toxicol Sci 2019; 166:123-130. [PMID: 30060248 PMCID: PMC6204762 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
CKA, a chemokine receptor antagonist intended for treating inflammatory conditions, produced dose-dependent hepatotoxicity in rats but advanced into the clinic where single doses of CKA up to 600 mg appeared safe in humans. Because existing toxicological platforms used during drug development are not perfectly predictive, a quantitative systems toxicology model investigated the hepatotoxic potential of CKA in humans and rats through in vitro assessments of CKA on mitochondrial respiration, oxidative stress, and bile acid transporters. DILIsym predicted that single doses of CKA caused serum ALT >3xULN in a subset of the simulated rat population, while single doses in a simulated human population did not produce serum ALT elevations. Species differences were largely attributed to differences in liver exposure, but increased sensitivity to inhibition of mitochondrial respiration in the rat also contributed. We conclude that mechanistic modeling can elucidate species differences in the hepatotoxic potential of drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Battista
- DILIsym Services, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.,Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Institute for Drug Safety Sciences, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Kyunghee Yang
- DILIsym Services, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Simone H Stahl
- Safety and ADME Translational Sciences, Drug Safety and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, Astra Zeneca R&D, Cambridge CB4 0WG, UK
| | - Jerome T Mettetal
- Safety and ADME Translational Sciences, Drug Safety and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, Astra Zeneca R&D, Waltham, Massachusetts
| | - Paul B Watkins
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Institute for Drug Safety Sciences, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Scott Q Siler
- DILIsym Services, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Brett A Howell
- DILIsym Services, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.,DILIsym Services, Inc., Six Davis Drive, PO BOX 12317, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
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4
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Agrawal R, Balne PK, Wei X, Bijin VA, Lee B, Ghosh A, Narayanan R, Agrawal M, Connolly J. Cytokine Profiling in Patients With Exudative Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 60:376-382. [PMID: 30682207 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-24387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the cytokine profiles in plasma and aqueous humor of patients with choroidal neovascularization (CNV) due to exudative AMD and polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV). Methods In this cross-sectional study, 16 patients clinically diagnosed with AMD, 18 patients with PCV, and 50 age- and sex-matched cataract patients without AMD/PCV (controls) were enrolled. Study subjects were treatment naïve, and 200 μL undiluted aqueous humor and 5 mL peripheral venous blood were collected from the study subjects. Clinical samples were analyzed for 41 different cytokines by Luminex bead-based multiplex assay. Cytokines concentrations with detection rates of 50% or more were included for the analysis, and the differences in plasma and aqueous humor cytokines levels between each group were analyzed. Results The age of the patients with AMD and PCV was 70.62 ± 10.15 (mean ± SD) and 71.48 ± 9.08 years, respectively, and that in the control group was 62.8 ± 10.67 years. Aqueous humor cytokines growth-regulated oncogene (GRO), macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC), and macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α were significantly higher in AMD patients than controls (all P < 0.04), and GRO, MDC, MIP-1α, IL-8, IFN-γ-inducible protein 10, and monocyte chemotactic protein levels were significantly higher in PCV patients than controls (all P < 0.03). Soluble CD40 ligand and platelet-derived growth factor-AA levels were higher in plasma of healthy controls compared with AMD subjects. No significant differences in cytokine levels were observed between AMD and PCV patients for both plasma and aqueous humor. Conclusions In AMD and PCV patients, our data suggest that the pathologic changes are primarily driven by dysregulation of local immune factors in the eye, whereas the plasma cytokine levels are not elevated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupesh Agrawal
- National Healthcare Group Eye Institute, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore.,Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore
| | - Praveen Kumar Balne
- National Healthcare Group Eye Institute, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore.,Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore
| | - Xin Wei
- Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Singapore
| | | | | | - Arkasubhra Ghosh
- GROW Research Laboratory, Narayana Nethralaya Foundation, Bangalore, India
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5
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Sanchez J, Lane JR, Canals M, Stone MJ. Influence of Chemokine N-Terminal Modification on Biased Agonism at the Chemokine Receptor CCR1. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20102417. [PMID: 31096719 PMCID: PMC6566870 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Leukocyte migration, a hallmark of the inflammatory response, is stimulated by the interactions between chemokines, which are expressed in injured or infected tissues, and chemokine receptors, which are G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) expressed in the leukocyte plasma membrane. One mechanism for the regulation of chemokine receptor signaling is biased agonism, the ability of different chemokine ligands to preferentially activate different intracellular signaling pathways via the same receptor. To identify features of chemokines that give rise to biased agonism, we studied the activation of the receptor CCR1 by the chemokines CCL7, CCL8, and CCL15(Δ26). We found that, compared to CCL15(Δ26), CCL7 and CCL8 exhibited biased agonism towards cAMP inhibition and away from β-Arrestin 2 recruitment. Moreover, N-terminal substitution of the CCL15(Δ26) N-terminus with that of CCL7 resulted in a chimera with similar biased agonism to CCL7. Similarly, N-terminal truncation of CCL15(Δ26) also resulted in signaling bias between cAMP inhibition and β-Arrestin 2 recruitment signals. These results show that the interactions of the chemokine N-terminal region with the receptor transmembrane region play a key role in selecting receptor conformations coupled to specific signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Sanchez
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - J Robert Lane
- Centre for Membrane Proteins and Receptors, Nottingham University, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - Meritxell Canals
- Centre for Membrane Proteins and Receptors, Nottingham University, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - Martin J Stone
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
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6
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Gao L, Sun N, Xu Q, Jiang Z, Li C. Comparative analysis of mRNA expression profiles in Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Epigenomics 2019; 11:685-699. [PMID: 31016992 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2018-0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: We aimed to understand the individual and shared features of Type 1 diabetes (T1D) and Type 2 diabetes (T2D) by analyzing the gene expression profile. Materials & methods: An integrated analysis was performed with microarray datasets for T1D and T2D. Compared with normal control, shared and specific differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in T1D and T2D were obtained. Functional annotation, further validation and receiver operating characteristic curve analysis were performed. Results: Five and three datasets for T1D and T2D were downloaded, respectively. In total, 141 (85 T1D vs 56 normal controls) and 70 (29 T2D vs 41 normal controls) peripheral blood samples were included in T1D and T2D group, respectively. Compared with normal controls, 119 and 146 DEGs were found in T1D and T2D, respectively. PNP and CCR1 have great diagnostic value for both T1D and T2D. MGAM and NAMPT had great diagnostic value for T2D. Conclusion: Our finding provided clues for developing biomarkers for diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Gao
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital (Qianfoshan Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University), Jinan 250014, China
| | - Nannan Sun
- Department of Critical-care Medicine, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital (Qianfoshan Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University), Jinan 250014, China
| | - Qinglei Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Lanshan District Diabetes Hospital of LinYi, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Linyi 276038, China
| | - Zhiming Jiang
- Department of Critical-care Medicine, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital (Qianfoshan Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University), Jinan 250014, China
| | - Chong Li
- Department of Critical-care Medicine, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital (Qianfoshan Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University), Jinan 250014, China
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7
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Harcken C, Kuzmich D, Cook B, Mao C, Disalvo D, Razavi H, Swinamer A, Liu P, Zhang Q, Kukulka A, Skow D, Patel M, Patel M, Fletcher K, Sherry T, Joseph D, Smith D, Canfield M, Souza D, Bogdanffy M, Berg K, Brown M. Identification of novel azaindazole CCR1 antagonist clinical candidates. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:441-448. [PMID: 30595446 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Exploring various cyclization strategies, using a submicromolar pyrazole HTS screening hit 6 as a starting point, a novel indazole based CCR1 antagonist core was discovered. This report presents the design and SAR of CCR1 indazole and azaindazole antagonists leading to the identification of three development compounds, including 19e that was advanced to early clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Harcken
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, PO Box 368, Ridgefield, CT 06877-0368, USA.
| | - Daniel Kuzmich
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, PO Box 368, Ridgefield, CT 06877-0368, USA
| | - Brain Cook
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, PO Box 368, Ridgefield, CT 06877-0368, USA
| | - Can Mao
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, PO Box 368, Ridgefield, CT 06877-0368, USA
| | - Darren Disalvo
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, PO Box 368, Ridgefield, CT 06877-0368, USA
| | - Hossein Razavi
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, PO Box 368, Ridgefield, CT 06877-0368, USA
| | - Alan Swinamer
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, PO Box 368, Ridgefield, CT 06877-0368, USA
| | - Pingrong Liu
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, PO Box 368, Ridgefield, CT 06877-0368, USA
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, PO Box 368, Ridgefield, CT 06877-0368, USA
| | - Alison Kukulka
- Compound Profiling Department, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, PO Box 368, Ridgefield, CT 06877-0368, USA
| | - Donna Skow
- Compound Profiling Department, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, PO Box 368, Ridgefield, CT 06877-0368, USA
| | - Mita Patel
- Drug Discovery Support Department, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, PO Box 368, Ridgefield, CT 06877-0368, USA
| | - Monica Patel
- Drug Discovery Support Department, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, PO Box 368, Ridgefield, CT 06877-0368, USA
| | - Kimberly Fletcher
- Drug Discovery Support Department, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, PO Box 368, Ridgefield, CT 06877-0368, USA
| | - Tara Sherry
- Drug Discovery Support Department, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, PO Box 368, Ridgefield, CT 06877-0368, USA
| | - David Joseph
- Drug Discovery Support Department, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, PO Box 368, Ridgefield, CT 06877-0368, USA
| | - Dustin Smith
- Drug Discovery Support Department, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, PO Box 368, Ridgefield, CT 06877-0368, USA
| | - Melissa Canfield
- Immunology & Respiratory Disease Research Department, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, PO Box 368, Ridgefield, CT 06877-0368, USA
| | - Donald Souza
- Immunology & Respiratory Disease Research Department, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, PO Box 368, Ridgefield, CT 06877-0368, USA
| | - Matthew Bogdanffy
- Non-Clinical Drug Safety Department, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, PO Box 368, Ridgefield, CT 06877-0368, USA
| | - Karen Berg
- Immunology & Respiratory Disease Research Department, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, PO Box 368, Ridgefield, CT 06877-0368, USA
| | - Maryanne Brown
- Immunology & Respiratory Disease Research Department, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, PO Box 368, Ridgefield, CT 06877-0368, USA
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8
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Harcken C, Sarko C, Mao C, Lord J, Raudenbush B, Razavi H, Liu P, Swinamer A, Disalvo D, Lee T, Lin S, Kukulka A, Grbic H, Patel M, Patel M, Fletcher K, Joseph D, White D, Amodeo L, Berg K, Brown M, Thomson DS. Discovery and optimization of pyrazole amides as antagonists of CCR1. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:435-440. [PMID: 30455146 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A HTS screen for CCR1 antagonists afforded a novel sub-micromolar hit 5 containing a pyrazole core. In this report the design, optimization, and SAR of novel CCR1 antagonists based on a pyrazole core motif is presented. Optimization led to the advanced candidate compounds (S)-16q and (S)-16r with 250-fold improved CCR1 potency, excellent off-target selectivity and attractive drug-like properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Harcken
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, PO Box 368, Ridgefield, CT 06877-0368, USA.
| | - Christopher Sarko
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, PO Box 368, Ridgefield, CT 06877-0368, USA
| | - Can Mao
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, PO Box 368, Ridgefield, CT 06877-0368, USA
| | - John Lord
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, PO Box 368, Ridgefield, CT 06877-0368, USA
| | - Brian Raudenbush
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, PO Box 368, Ridgefield, CT 06877-0368, USA
| | - Hossein Razavi
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, PO Box 368, Ridgefield, CT 06877-0368, USA
| | - Pingrong Liu
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, PO Box 368, Ridgefield, CT 06877-0368, USA
| | - Alan Swinamer
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, PO Box 368, Ridgefield, CT 06877-0368, USA
| | - Darren Disalvo
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, PO Box 368, Ridgefield, CT 06877-0368, USA
| | - Thomas Lee
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, PO Box 368, Ridgefield, CT 06877-0368, USA
| | - Siqi Lin
- Compound Profiling Department, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, PO Box 368, Ridgefield, CT 06877-0368, USA
| | - Alison Kukulka
- Compound Profiling Department, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, PO Box 368, Ridgefield, CT 06877-0368, USA
| | - Heather Grbic
- Drug Discovery Support Department, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, PO Box 368, Ridgefield, CT 06877-0368, USA
| | - Mita Patel
- Drug Discovery Support Department, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, PO Box 368, Ridgefield, CT 06877-0368, USA
| | - Monica Patel
- Drug Discovery Support Department, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, PO Box 368, Ridgefield, CT 06877-0368, USA
| | - Kim Fletcher
- Drug Discovery Support Department, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, PO Box 368, Ridgefield, CT 06877-0368, USA
| | - David Joseph
- Drug Discovery Support Department, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, PO Box 368, Ridgefield, CT 06877-0368, USA
| | - Della White
- Immunology & Respiratory Disease Research Department, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, PO Box 368, Ridgefield, CT 06877-0368, USA
| | - Laura Amodeo
- Immunology & Respiratory Disease Research Department, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, PO Box 368, Ridgefield, CT 06877-0368, USA
| | - Karen Berg
- Immunology & Respiratory Disease Research Department, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, PO Box 368, Ridgefield, CT 06877-0368, USA
| | - Maryanne Brown
- Immunology & Respiratory Disease Research Department, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, PO Box 368, Ridgefield, CT 06877-0368, USA
| | - David S Thomson
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, PO Box 368, Ridgefield, CT 06877-0368, USA
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9
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Sanchez J, E Huma Z, Lane JR, Liu X, Bridgford JL, Payne RJ, Canals M, Stone MJ. Evaluation and extension of the two-site, two-step model for binding and activation of the chemokine receptor CCR1. J Biol Chem 2018; 294:3464-3475. [PMID: 30567735 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.006535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions between secreted immune proteins called chemokines and their cognate G protein-coupled receptors regulate the trafficking of leukocytes in inflammatory responses. The two-site, two-step model describes these interactions. It involves initial binding of the chemokine N-loop/β3 region to the receptor's N-terminal region and subsequent insertion of the chemokine N-terminal region into the transmembrane helical bundle of the receptor concurrent with receptor activation. Here, we test aspects of this model with C-C motif chemokine receptor 1 (CCR1) and several chemokine ligands. First, we compared the chemokine-binding affinities of CCR1 with those of peptides corresponding to the CCR1 N-terminal region. Relatively low affinities of the peptides and poor correlations between CCR1 and peptide affinities indicated that other regions of the receptor may contribute to binding affinity. Second, we evaluated the contributions of the two CCR1-interacting regions of the cognate chemokine ligand CCL7 (formerly monocyte chemoattractant protein-3 (MCP-3)) using chimeras between CCL7 and the non-cognate ligand CCL2 (formerly MCP-1). The results revealed that the chemokine N-terminal region contributes significantly to binding affinity but that differences in binding affinity do not completely account for differences in receptor activation. On the basis of these observations, we propose an elaboration of the two-site, two-step model-the "three-step" model-in which initial interactions of the first site result in low-affinity, nonspecific binding; rate-limiting engagement of the second site enables high-affinity, specific binding; and subsequent conformational rearrangement gives rise to receptor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Sanchez
- From the Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, and the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.,the Drug Discovery Biology Program, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Zil E Huma
- From the Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, and the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.,the Drug Discovery Biology Program, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - J Robert Lane
- the Drug Discovery Biology Program, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,the Centre for Membrane Proteins and Receptors, Nottingham University, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - Xuyu Liu
- the School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia, and
| | - Jessica L Bridgford
- From the Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, and the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.,the Drug Discovery Biology Program, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Richard J Payne
- the School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia, and
| | - Meritxell Canals
- the Drug Discovery Biology Program, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia, .,the Centre for Membrane Proteins and Receptors, Nottingham University, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - Martin J Stone
- From the Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, and the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia,
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10
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Bakos E, Thaiss CA, Kramer MP, Cohen S, Radomir L, Orr I, Kaushansky N, Ben-Nun A, Becker-Herman S, Shachar I. CCR2 Regulates the Immune Response by Modulating the Interconversion and Function of Effector and Regulatory T Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:4659-4671. [PMID: 28507030 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines and chemokine receptors establish a complex network modulating immune cell migration and localization. These molecules were also suggested to mediate the differentiation of leukocytes; however, their intrinsic, direct regulation of lymphocyte fate remained unclear. CCR2 is the main chemokine receptor inducing macrophage and monocyte recruitment to sites of inflammation, and it is also expressed on T cells. To assess whether CCR2 directly regulates T cell responses, we followed the fates of CCR2-/- T cells in T cell-specific inflammatory models. Our in vitro and in vivo results show that CCR2 intrinsically mediates the expression of inflammatory T cell cytokines, and its absence on T cells results in attenuated colitis progression. Moreover, CCR2 deficiency in T cells promoted a program inducing the accumulation of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells, while decreasing the levels of Th17 cells in vivo, indicating that CCR2 regulates the immune response by modulating the effector/regulatory T ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Bakos
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel; and
| | - Christoph A Thaiss
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel; and
| | - Matthias P Kramer
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel; and
| | - Sivan Cohen
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel; and
| | - Lihi Radomir
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel; and
| | - Irit Orr
- Life Sciences Core Facilities, Department of Biochemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Nathali Kaushansky
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel; and
| | - Avraham Ben-Nun
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel; and
| | - Shirly Becker-Herman
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel; and
| | - Idit Shachar
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel; and
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11
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Fu H, Ward EJ, Marelli-Berg FM. Mechanisms of T cell organotropism. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:3009-33. [PMID: 27038487 PMCID: PMC4951510 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2211-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Protective immunity relies upon T cell differentiation and subsequent migration to target tissues. Similarly, immune homeostasis requires the localization of regulatory T cells (Tregs) to the sites where immunity takes place. While naïve T lymphocytes recirculate predominantly in secondary lymphoid tissue, primed T cells and activated Tregs must traffic to the antigen rich non-lymphoid tissue to exert effector and regulatory responses, respectively. Following priming in draining lymph nodes, T cells acquire the 'homing receptors' to facilitate their access to specific tissues and organs. An additional level of topographic specificity is provided by T cells receptor recognition of antigen displayed by the endothelium. Furthermore, co-stimulatory signals (such as those induced by CD28) have been shown not only to regulate T cell activation and differentiation, but also to orchestrate the anatomy of the ensuing T cell response. We here review the molecular mechanisms supporting trafficking of both effector and regulatory T cells to specific antigen-rich tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Fu
- William Harvey Research Institute, Heart Centre, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Eleanor Jayne Ward
- William Harvey Research Institute, Heart Centre, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Federica M Marelli-Berg
- William Harvey Research Institute, Heart Centre, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK.
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12
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Rutar M, Natoli R, Chia RX, Valter K, Provis JM. Chemokine-mediated inflammation in the degenerating retina is coordinated by Müller cells, activated microglia, and retinal pigment epithelium. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:8. [PMID: 25595590 PMCID: PMC4308937 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-014-0224-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monocyte infiltration is involved in the pathogenesis of many retinal degenerative conditions. This process traditionally depends on local expression of chemokines, though the roles of many of these in the degenerating retina are unclear. Here, we investigate expression and in situ localization of the broad chemokine response in a light-induced model of retinal degeneration. METHODS Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were exposed to 1,000 lux light damage (LD) for up to 24 hrs. At time points during (1 to 24 hrs) and following (3 and 7 days) exposure, animals were euthanized and retinas processed. Microarray analysis assessed differential expression of chemokines. Some genes were further investigated using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and in situ hybridization and contrasted with photoreceptor apoptosis using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL). Recruitment of retinal CD45 (+) leukocytes was determined via fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS), and expression of chemokine receptors determined using PCR. RESULTS Exposure to 24 hrs of LD resulted in differential expression of chemokines including Ccl3, Ccl4, Ccl7, Cxcl1, and Cxcl10. Their upregulation correlated strongly with peak photoreceptor death, at 24 hrs exposure. In situ hybridization revealed that the modulated chemokines were expressed by a combination of Müller cells, activated microglia, and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). This preceded large increases in the number of CD45(+) cells at 3- and 7-days post exposure, which expressed a corresponding repertoire of chemokine receptors. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that retinal degeneration induces upregulation of a broad chemokine response whose expression is coordinated by Müller cells, microglia, and RPE. The findings inform our understanding of the processes govern the trafficking of leukocytes, which are contributors in the pathology of retinal degenerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt Rutar
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Building 131, Garran Road, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. .,ANU Medical School, The Australian National University, 54 Mills Road, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
| | - Riccardo Natoli
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Building 131, Garran Road, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. .,ANU Medical School, The Australian National University, 54 Mills Road, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
| | - R X Chia
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Building 131, Garran Road, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
| | - Krisztina Valter
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Building 131, Garran Road, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. .,ANU Medical School, The Australian National University, 54 Mills Road, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
| | - Jan M Provis
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Building 131, Garran Road, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. .,ANU Medical School, The Australian National University, 54 Mills Road, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
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13
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Synergistic combinations of the CCR5 inhibitor VCH-286 with other classes of HIV-1 inhibitors. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 58:7565-9. [PMID: 25267674 DOI: 10.1128/aac.03630-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we evaluated the in vitro anti-HIV-1 activity of the experimental CCR5 inhibitor VCH-286 as a single agent or in combination with various classes of HIV-1 inhibitors. Although VCH-286 used alone had highly inhibitory activity, paired combinations with different drug classes led to synergistic or additive interactions. However, combinations with other CCR5 inhibitors led to effects ranging from synergy to antagonism. We suggest that caution should be exercised when combining CCR5 inhibitors in vivo.
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14
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Deletion of 32 base pair in the CCR5 gene may delete the risk for pre-eclampsia. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2014; 290:5-6. [PMID: 24781717 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-014-3247-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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15
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Kohno H, Maeda T, Perusek L, Pearlman E, Maeda A. CCL3 production by microglial cells modulates disease severity in murine models of retinal degeneration. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:3816-27. [PMID: 24639355 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Many degenerative retinal diseases illustrate retinal inflammatory changes that include infiltration of microglia and macrophages into the subretinal space. In this study, we examined the role of chemokines in the Abca4(-/-)Rdh8(-/-) mouse model of Stargardt disease and the Mertk(-/-) mouse model of retinitis pigmentosa. PCR array analysis of 84 chemokines and related molecules revealed 84.6-fold elevated expression of Ccl3 (MIP-1a) 24 h after light exposure in Abca4(-/-)Rdh8(-/-) mice. Only MIP-1 chemokines, including Ccl3 and Ccl4, displayed peak expression 24 h after light exposure, and peaked earlier than the other chemokines. Secretion of Ccl3 was documented only in microglia, whereas both microglia and retinal pigment epithelium cells produced Ccl2. Exposure of Cx3Cr1(gfp/Δ)Abca4(-/-)Rdh8(-/-) mice to intense light resulted in the appearance of Cx3Cr1GFP(+) monocytes in the subretinal space. To address the in vivo role of CCL3 in retinal degeneration, Ccl3(-/-)Abca4(-/-)Rdh8(-/-) mice and Ccl3(-/-)Mertk(-/-) mice were generated. Following intense light exposure, Ccl3(-/-)Abca4(-/-)Rdh8(-/-) mice displayed persistent retinal inflammation with appearance of Iba-1(+) cells in the subretinal space, severe photoreceptor cell death, and increased Ccl4 expression compared with Abca4(-/-)Rdh8(-/-) mice. In contrast, Ccl3(-/-)Abca4(-/-)Rdh8(-/-) mice exhibited a milder retinal inflammation and degeneration than Abca4(-/-)Rdh8(-/-) mice did in age-related chronic retinal degeneration under room light conditions. The deficiency of Ccl3 also attenuated the severity of retinal degeneration in Mertk(-/-) mice. Taken together, our results indicate that Ccl3 has an essential role in regulating the severity of retinal inflammation and degeneration in these mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideo Kohno
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
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16
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Sierra B, Perez AB, Garcia G, Aguirre E, Alvarez M, Gonzalez D, Guzman MG. Role of CC chemokine receptor 1 and two of its ligands in human dengue infection. Three approaches under the Cuban situation. Microbes Infect 2013; 16:40-50. [PMID: 24157267 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2013.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Any of the four dengue serotypes can cause a severe disease, partly due to systemic inflammation orchestrated by mediators like cytokines and chemokines. We addressed the role of CCR1 and its ligands CCL3/MIP-1α and CCL5/RANTES in dengue infection using three different approaches: an ex vivo model exploring memory immune response in subjects with a well characterized dengue immune background, an in vivo study in patients with primary or secondary dengue infection, and an approach in fatal dengue. CCR1 and CCL3/MIP-1α gene expression showed differences after homotypic and heterotypic challenge according to dengue immune background of subjects, in correspondence with previous observations in Cuban dengue outbreaks. CCL5/RANTES gene expression was higher after homotypic challenge. CCR1 and CCL3/MIP-1α gene expression was higher in patients with secondary infection during critical days of the dengue disease, while the increase in RANTES expression started earlier than the observed for CCR1 and CCL3/MIP-1α. CCR1 and CCL3/MIP-1α gene expression was as high in brain as in spleen tissue from necropsy. Our results confirm the strong influence of previous immunity in subsequent dengue infections, and confer a possible pathogenic role to CCR1 and CCL3/MIP-1α in dengue disease and a possible protective role for CCL5/RANTES, probably through CCR5 interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Sierra
- Virology Department, PAHO/WHO Collaborating Center for the Study of Dengue and Its Vector, Pedro Kouri Institute of Tropical Medicine, Autopista Novia del Mediodia, Km 6½, La Lisa, Habana, Cuba.
| | - Ana B Perez
- Virology Department, PAHO/WHO Collaborating Center for the Study of Dengue and Its Vector, Pedro Kouri Institute of Tropical Medicine, Autopista Novia del Mediodia, Km 6½, La Lisa, Habana, Cuba
| | - Gissel Garcia
- Virology Department, PAHO/WHO Collaborating Center for the Study of Dengue and Its Vector, Pedro Kouri Institute of Tropical Medicine, Autopista Novia del Mediodia, Km 6½, La Lisa, Habana, Cuba
| | - Eglys Aguirre
- Virology Department, PAHO/WHO Collaborating Center for the Study of Dengue and Its Vector, Pedro Kouri Institute of Tropical Medicine, Autopista Novia del Mediodia, Km 6½, La Lisa, Habana, Cuba
| | - Mayling Alvarez
- Virology Department, PAHO/WHO Collaborating Center for the Study of Dengue and Its Vector, Pedro Kouri Institute of Tropical Medicine, Autopista Novia del Mediodia, Km 6½, La Lisa, Habana, Cuba
| | - Daniel Gonzalez
- Virology Department, PAHO/WHO Collaborating Center for the Study of Dengue and Its Vector, Pedro Kouri Institute of Tropical Medicine, Autopista Novia del Mediodia, Km 6½, La Lisa, Habana, Cuba
| | - Maria G Guzman
- Virology Department, PAHO/WHO Collaborating Center for the Study of Dengue and Its Vector, Pedro Kouri Institute of Tropical Medicine, Autopista Novia del Mediodia, Km 6½, La Lisa, Habana, Cuba
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17
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Borrelli GM, Carvalho KI, Kallas EG, Mechsner S, Baracat EC, Abrão MS. Chemokines in the pathogenesis of endometriosis and infertility. J Reprod Immunol 2013; 98:1-9. [PMID: 23622730 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2013.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Revised: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Endometriosis is a chronic benign disease that affects women of reproductive age causing abdominal pain and infertility. Its pathogenesis remains obscure despite all the research conducted over the past 100 years. However, there is a consensus among the specialists that the basis of its pathophysiology would be multifactorial. Many publications have demonstrated that chemokines are somehow associated with the development of endometriosis and infertility. In this study, we reviewed all PubMed literature using MeSH terms "chemokines" and "endometriosis" as well as "chemokines" and "female infertility" to establish what we know and what we do not yet know about this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Borrelli
- Sao Paulo University, School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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18
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Kumar N, Goldminz AM, Kim N, Gottlieb AB. Phosphodiesterase 4-targeted treatments for autoimmune diseases. BMC Med 2013; 11:96. [PMID: 23557064 PMCID: PMC3616808 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7015-11-96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Advancements in phosphodiesterase (PDE)-targeted therapies have shown promise in recent years for treating patients with a variety of autoimmune diseases. This review summarizes the development of PDE4 inhibitors and the associated literature with a focus on treatments for autoimmune diseases. After the initial investigations of the prototypic PDE inhibitor, rolipram, more selective inhibitors targeting the PDE4 isozyme have been developed. With phase II and phase III clinical trials currently underway to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the latest generation of PDE4 inhibitors, namely apremilast, a new class of treatments may be around the corner for patients suffering from chronic, autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal Kumar
- Department of Dermatology, Tufts Medical Center, 800 Washington Street #114, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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19
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Pennell AMK, Aggen JB, Sen S, Chen W, Xu Y, Sullivan E, Li L, Greenman K, Charvat T, Hansen D, Dairaghi DJ, Wright JJK, Zhang P. 1-(4-Phenylpiperazin-1-yl)-2-(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)ethanones as novel CCR1 antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:1228-31. [PMID: 23374868 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Revised: 12/31/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of CCR1 antagonists based on the 1-(4-phenylpiperazin-1-yl)-2-(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)ethanone scaffold was identified by screening a compound library utilizing CCR1-expressing human THP-1 cells. SAR studies led to the discovery of the highly potent and selective CCR1 antagonist 14 (CCR1 binding IC(50)=4 nM using [(125)I]-CCL3 as the chemokine ligand). Compound 14 displayed promising pharmacokinetic and toxicological profiles in preclinical species.
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20
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Saleki M, Colgin N, Kirby JA, Cobb SL, Ali S. Evaluation of two cyclic di-peptides as inhibitors of CCL2 induced chemotaxis. MEDCHEMCOMM 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3md00043e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Genetic and Epigenetic Regulation of CCR5 Transcription. BIOLOGY 2012; 1:869-79. [PMID: 24832521 PMCID: PMC4009821 DOI: 10.3390/biology1030869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2012] [Revised: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The chemokine receptor CCR5 regulates trafficking of immune cells of the lymphoid and the myeloid lineage (such as monocytes, macrophages and immature dendritic cells) and microglia. Because of this, there is an increasing recognition of the important role of CCR5 in the pathology of (neuro-) inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis and multiple sclerosis. Expression of CCR5 is under the control of a complexly organized promoter region upstream of the gene. The transcription factor cAMP-responsive element binding protein 1 (CREB-1) transactivates the CCR5 P1 promoter. The cell-specific expression of CCR5 however is realized by using various epigenetic marks providing a multivalent chromatin state particularly in monocytes. Here we discuss the transcriptional regulation of CCR5 with a focus on the epigenetic peculiarities of CCR5 transcription.
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22
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Wierda RJ, Kuipers HF, van Eggermond MCJA, Benard A, van Leeuwen JC, Carluccio S, Geutskens SB, Jukema JW, Marquez VE, Quax PHA, van den Elsen PJ. Epigenetic control of CCR5 transcript levels in immune cells and modulation by small molecules inhibitors. J Cell Mol Med 2012; 16:1866-77. [PMID: 22050776 PMCID: PMC3309068 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2011.01482.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we have shown that CCR5 transcription is regulated by CREB-1. However, the ubiquitous pattern of CREB-1 expression suggests the involvement of an additional level of transcriptional control in the cell type–specific expression of CCR5. In this study, we show that epigenetic changes (i.e. DNA methylation and histone modifications) within the context of the CCR5 P1 promoter region correlate with transcript levels of CCR5 in healthy and in malignant CD4+ T lymphocytes as well as in CD14+ monocytes. In normal naïve T cells and CD14+ monocytes the CCR5 P1 promoter resembles a bivalent chromatin state, with both repressive and permissive histone methylation and acetylation marks. The CCR5-expressing CD14+ monocytes however show much higher levels of acetylated histone H3 (AcH3) compared to the non–CCR5-expressing naïve T cells. Combined with a highly methylated promoter in CD14+ monocytes, this indicates a dominant role for AcH3 in CCR5 transcription. We also show that pharmacological interference in the epigenetic repressive mechanisms that account for the lack of CCR5 transcription in T leukaemic cell lines results in an increase in CREB-1 association with CCR5 P1 chromatin. Furthermore, RNA polymerase II was also recruited into CCR5 P1 chromatin resulting in CCR5 re-expression. Together, these data indicate that epigenetic modifications of DNA, and of histones, contribute to the control of CCR5 transcription in immune effector cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rutger J Wierda
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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23
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Arberas H, Guardo AC, Bargalló ME, Maleno MJ, Calvo M, Blanco JL, García F, Gatell JM, Plana M. In vitro effects of the CCR5 inhibitor maraviroc on human T cell function. J Antimicrob Chemother 2012; 68:577-86. [PMID: 23152485 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dks432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several potential immunological benefits have been observed during treatment with the CC chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) antagonist maraviroc, in addition to its antiviral effect. Our objective was to analyse the in vitro effects of CCR5 blockade on T lymphocyte function and homeostasis. METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from both HIV-negative (n=28) and treated HIV-positive (n=27) individuals were exposed in vitro to different concentrations of maraviroc (0.1-100 μM). Effects on T cell activation were analysed by measuring the expression of the CD69, CD38, HLA-DR and CD25 receptors as well as CCR5 density using flow cytometry. Spontaneous and chemokine-induced chemotaxis were measured by transwell migration assays, and polyclonal-induced proliferation was assessed by a lymphoproliferation assay and carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester staining. RESULTS Maraviroc increases CCR5 surface expression on activated T cells, even at low doses (0.1 μM). Slight differences were detected in the frequency and mean fluorescence intensity of activation markers at high concentrations of maraviroc. Expression of CD25, CD38 and HLA-DR tended to decrease in both CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes, whereas expression of CD69 tended to increase. Maraviroc clearly inhibits T cell migration induced by chemokines in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, at 100 μM, maraviroc tends to inhibit T cell proliferation. CONCLUSIONS These data showed that in vitro exposure to maraviroc decreases some activation expression markers on T lymphocytes and also migration towards chemoattractants. These results support the additional immunological effects of CCR5 blockade and suggest that maraviroc might have potential capacity to inhibit HIV-associated chronic inflammation and activation, both by directly affecting T cell activation and by reducing entrapment of lymphocytes in lymph nodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Arberas
- Retrovirology and Viral Immunopathology Laboratory, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Villarroel 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
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Long-term glucose tolerance in highly experienced HIV-infected patients receiving nucleoside analogue-sparing regimens. AIDS 2012; 26:1837-40. [PMID: 22739393 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e32835705dd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Thirty-nine HIV-1-infected patients treated for 156 weeks with a new nucleoside analogue-sparing regimen [raltegravir, etravirine and maraviroc (REM) or raltegravir, etravirine and darunavir/ritonavir (RED)] showed a uniform increase in fasting glucose levels and a uniform decrease in insulin secretory capacity. Diabetes mellitus occurred in one RED-treated and four REM-treated patients. A worsening glucose tolerance was observed in highly treatment-experienced HIV-infected patients receiving effective antiretroviral therapy after virological failure.
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Kitahara K, Kusunoki N, Takahashi H, Tsuchiya K, Kawai S. Tacrolimus down-regulates chemokine expressions on rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts: screening by a DNA microarray. Inflamm Res 2012; 61:1385-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s00011-012-0541-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Revised: 06/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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Abstract
The chemokine receptor CCR1 has been the target of intensive research for nearly two decades. Small-molecule antagonists were first reported in 1998 and, since then, many inhibitors for CCR1 have been brought forth. Yet, with all the money and time spent, to date, no small-molecule antagonists have successfully moved past Phase II clinical trials. With the current advancement of CCR1 antagonists by Bristol-Myers Squibb and Chemocentrix, there has been renewed interest. In this review, we present an overview of CCR1, its activating ligands, methods of signaling, and downstream response. We discuss studies that indicate CCR1 plays an important role in multiple myeloma and the underlying molecular mechanisms. Finally, we present an overview of the clinical and preclinical compounds for CCR1. We address individual structures, discuss their pharmacological précis, and summarize the published evidence to assess their value for use in multiple myeloma.
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Padi SSV, Shi XQ, Zhao YQ, Ruff MR, Baichoo N, Pert CB, Zhang J. Attenuation of rodent neuropathic pain by an orally active peptide, RAP-103, which potently blocks CCR2- and CCR5-mediated monocyte chemotaxis and inflammation. Pain 2011; 153:95-106. [PMID: 22033364 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2011.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Revised: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Chemokine signaling is important in neuropathic pain, with microglial cells expressing CCR2 playing a well-established key role. DAPTA, a HIV gp120-derived CCR5 entry inhibitor, has been shown to inhibit CCR5-mediated monocyte migration and to attenuate neuroinflammation. We report here that as a stabilized analog of DAPTA, the short peptide RAP-103 exhibits potent antagonism for both CCR2 (half maximal inhibitory concentration [IC50] 4.2 pM) and CCR5 (IC50 0.18 pM) in monocyte chemotaxis. Oral administration of RAP-103 (0.05-1 mg/kg) for 7 days fully prevents mechanical allodynia and inhibits the development of thermal hyperalgesia after partial ligation of the sciatic nerve in rats. Administered from days 8 to 12, RAP-103 (0.2-1 mg/kg) reverses already established hypersensitivity. RAP-103 relieves behavioral hypersensitivity, probably through either or both CCR2 and CCR5 blockade, because by using genetically deficient animals, we demonstrated that in addition to CCR2, CCR5 is also required for the development of neuropathic pain. Moreover, RAP-103 is able to reduce spinal microglial activation and monocyte infiltration, and to inhibit inflammatory responses evoked by peripheral nerve injury that cause chronic pain. Our findings suggest that targeting CCR2/CCR5 should provide greater efficacy than targeting CCR2 or CCR5 alone, and that dual CCR2/CCR5 antagonist RAP-103 has the potential for broad clinical use in neuropathic pain treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyanarayana S V Padi
- The Alan Edwards Center for Research on Pain, McGill University, 740, Dr. Penfield Avenue, Genome Building, Suite 3200C, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2B2 RAPID Laboratories Inc., Rockville, MD, USA
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Shahlaei M, Madadkar-Sobhani A, Fassihi A, Saghaie L. Exploring a Model of a Chemokine Receptor/Ligand Complex in an Explicit Membrane Environment by Molecular Dynamics Simulation: The Human CCR1 Receptor. J Chem Inf Model 2011; 51:2717-30. [DOI: 10.1021/ci200261f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Shahlaei
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, 81746-73461, Isfahan, Iran
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Armin Madadkar-Sobhani
- Department of Life Sciences, Barcelona Supercomputing Center, C\ Jordi Girona 31, Edificio Nexus II, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Afshin Fassihi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, 81746-73461, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Lotfollah Saghaie
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, 81746-73461, Isfahan, Iran
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Peptide phage display as a tool for drug discovery: targeting membrane receptors. Molecules 2011; 16:857-87. [PMID: 21258295 PMCID: PMC6259427 DOI: 10.3390/molecules16010857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Revised: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ligands selected from phage-displayed random peptide libraries tend to be directed to biologically relevant sites on the surface of the target protein. Consequently, peptides derived from library screenings often modulate the target protein’s activity in vitro and in vivo and can be used as lead compounds in drug design and as alternatives to antibodies for target validation in both genomics and drug discovery. This review discusses the use of phage display to identify membrane receptor modulators with agonistic or antagonistic activities. Because isolating or producing recombinant membrane proteins for use as target molecules in library screening is often impossible, innovative selection strategies such as panning against whole cells or tissues, recombinant receptor ectodomains, or neutralizing antibodies to endogenous binding partners were devised. Prominent examples from a two-decade history of peptide phage display will be presented, focusing on the design of affinity selection experiments, methods for improving the initial hits, and applications of the identified peptides.
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Hutchings CJ, Koglin M, Marshall FH. Therapeutic antibodies directed at G protein-coupled receptors. MAbs 2010; 2:594-606. [PMID: 20864805 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.2.6.13420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are one of the most important classes of targets for small molecule drug discovery, but many current GPCRs of interest are proving intractable to small molecule discovery and may be better approached with bio-therapeutics. GPCRs are implicated in a wide variety of diseases where antibody therapeutics are currently used. These include inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn disease, as well as metabolic disease and cancer. Raising antibodies to GPCRs has been difficult due to problems in obtaining suitable antigen because GPCRs are often expressed at low levels in cells and are very unstable when purified. A number of new developments in over-expressing receptors, as well as formulating stable pure protein, are contributing to the growing interest in targeting GPCRs with antibodies. This review discusses the opportunities for targeting GPCRs with antibodies using these approaches and describes the therapeutic antibodies that are currently in clinical development.
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Inactivation of chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 1 (CCR1) suppresses colon cancer liver metastasis by blocking accumulation of immature myeloid cells in a mouse model. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:13063-8. [PMID: 20616008 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1002372107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent reports have suggested critical roles of myeloid cells in tumor invasion and metastasis, although these findings have not led to therapeutics. Using a mouse model for liver dissemination, we show that mouse and human colon cancer cells secrete CC-chemokine ligands CCL9 and CCL15, respectively, and recruit CD34(+) Gr-1(-) immature myeloid cells (iMCs). They express CCL9/15 receptor CCR1 and produce matrix metalloproteinases MMP2 and MMP9. Lack of the Ccr1, Mmp2, or Mmp9 gene in the host dramatically suppresses outgrowths of disseminated tumors in the liver. Importantly, CCR1 antagonist BL5923 blocks the iMC accumulation and metastatic colonization and significantly prolongs the survival of tumor-bearing mice. These results suggest that CCR1 antagonists can provide antimetastatic therapies for patients with disseminated colon cancer in the liver.
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Kerstjens HA, Bjermer L, Eriksson L, Dahlström K, Vestbo J. Tolerability and efficacy of inhaled AZD4818, a CCR1 antagonist, in moderate to severe COPD patients. Respir Med 2010; 104:1297-303. [PMID: 20466530 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2010.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2009] [Revised: 04/08/2010] [Accepted: 04/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study evaluated the tolerability and efficacy of inhaled AZD4818, a CCR1 antagonist, in patients with COPD. METHODS This double-blind, placebo-controlled study (NCT00629239) randomised patients with moderate to severe COPD to AZD4818 300mug or placebo twice daily via Turbuhaler((R)) for 4 weeks. Safety, lung function, functional capacity and health status measures were measured. Plasma concentrations of AZD4818 were measured after the first dose and after 2 and 4 weeks' treatment. RESULTS Sixty-five patients (47 male; median age 65.6 years) received AZD4818 (n=33) or placebo (n=32). There was no statistically significant difference between AZD4818 and placebo in change from baseline to endpoint for FEV(1) (AZD4818-placebo: 0.026L, p=0.69), morning PEF (-6L/min, p=0.23), or other lung function measures. There was no difference between treatment groups in the 6-min walk test, MMRC dyspnoea index, BODE index and CCQ scores. Plasma concentrations indicated that patients were exposed to AZD4818 as expected. AZD4818 was well tolerated: 27 treatment-related adverse events (13 with AZD4818, 14 with placebo), 2 serious adverse events (both AZD4818: exacerbation [considered not treatment-related] and deep vein thrombosis [considered treatment-related]) and 11 discontinuations (7 with AZD4818). CONCLUSIONS Inhaled AZD4818 was well tolerated at 300mug twice daily for 4 weeks in patients with COPD; however, there was no indication of a beneficial treatment effect despite exposure as expected. These findings in COPD are in line with other studies reporting a lack of clinical efficacy with CCR1 antagonists in other therapy areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huib A Kerstjens
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Guabiraba R, Campanha-Rodrigues AL, Souza AL, Santiago HC, Lugnier C, Alvarez-Leite J, Lemos VS, Teixeira MM. The flavonoid dioclein reduces the production of pro-inflammatory mediators in vitro by inhibiting PDE4 activity and scavenging reactive oxygen species. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 633:85-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2009] [Revised: 01/11/2010] [Accepted: 01/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Liu Z, Christensson M, Forslöw A, De Meester I, Sundqvist KG. A CD26-controlled cell surface cascade for regulation of T cell motility and chemokine signals. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:3616-24. [PMID: 19687096 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0804336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines are key regulators of cell trafficking, and dipeptidyl peptidase IV/CD26 (CD26) inactivates chemokines. Here we show that the CD26-processed chemokines SDF1alpha/CXCL12 and RANTES/CCL5, in contrast to a control chemokine not processed by CD26, are potent inducers of cell surface expression of thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) in T lymphocytes through a CD26-controlled mechanism and that TSP-1 stimulates expression of lipoprotein receptor related protein/CD91. Accordingly, intact TSP-1 and a peptide mimetic of a sequence in TSP-1 were sufficient to stimulate CD91 expression. The chemokine-induced expression of TSP-1 and CD91 was mimicked by inhibitors of CD26 and CXCL12 and CCL5 as well as inhibitors of CD26 stimulated polarized cytoplasmic spreading and migration through TSP-1. Silencing of CD26 using small interfering RNA or Ab-induced modulation of CD26 also increased TSP-1 expression and enhanced cytoplasmic spreading and T cell migration markedly. These results indicate that CD26 is an endogenous inhibitor of T cell motility through inhibition of TSP-1 expression and that chemokines stimulate cell polarity and migration through abrogation of the CD26-dependent inhibition. This suggests that T cell motility is regulated by a cascade of interacting cell surface molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwen Liu
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute at Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
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Fox DJ, Reckless J, Lingard H, Warren S, Grainger DJ. Highly Potent, Orally Available Anti-inflammatory Broad-Spectrum Chemokine Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2009; 52:3591-5. [DOI: 10.1021/jm900133w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David J. Fox
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K., Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Box 157, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, U.K
| | - Jill Reckless
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K., Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Box 157, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, U.K
| | - Hannah Lingard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K., Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Box 157, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, U.K
| | - Stuart Warren
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K., Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Box 157, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, U.K
| | - David J. Grainger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K., Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Box 157, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, U.K
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Brandner B, Rek A, Diedrichs-Möhring M, Wildner G, Kungl AJ. Engineering the glycosaminoglycan-binding affinity, kinetics and oligomerization behavior of RANTES: a tool for generating chemokine-based glycosaminoglycan antagonists. Protein Eng Des Sel 2009; 22:367-73. [PMID: 19414521 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzp013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Binding to glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) is a necessary prerequisite for the biological activity of the proinflammatory chemokine RANTES in vivo. We have applied protein engineering methods to modulate equilibrium-binding affinity as well as binding kinetics of RANTES towards its GAG ligand which also altered the chemokine's oligomerization behavior. Out of 10 mutants, A22K and H23K were chosen for further in vitro and in vivo characterization because their stability was comparable with wild-type (wt) RANTES. In chemical cross-linking experiments, A22K gave higher and H23K lower molecular weight aggregates compared with wtRANTES as shown on SDS-PAGE. All mutants contained an N-terminal methionine residue, a well-described G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) antagonistic modification, which resulted in the mutants' inability to induce monocyte chemotaxis. In surface plasmon resonance experiments using immobilized heparan sulfate (HS) and physiological buffer conditions, Met-RANTES exhibited a significantly longer residual time on the GAG chip compared with the other RANTES variants. In Scatchard plot analysis, RANTES gave a bi-phasic, bell-shaped curve suggesting 'creation' of ligand-binding sites on the protein during HS interaction. This was not observed in the mutants' Scatchard plots which gave K(d) values of 317.5 and 44.5 nM for the A22K and H23K mutants, respectively. The mutants were subsequently tested for their inhibitory effect in a rat model of autoimmune uveitis where only H23K exhibited a transient improvement of the clinical disease score. H23K is therefore proposed to be a GPCR-inactive GAG antagonist which displaces the wt chemokine from its natural HS-proteoglycan co-receptor. The protein engineering approach presented here opens new ways for the treatment of RANTES-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Brandner
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 1, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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Denney H, Clench MR, Woodroofe MN. Cleavage of chemokines CCL2 and CXCL10 by matrix metalloproteinases-2 and -9: implications for chemotaxis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 382:341-7. [PMID: 19281798 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.02.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2009] [Accepted: 02/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Proteolytic processing of chemokines is a complex process that can result in dramatic effects on their chemotactic activity. Results from gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry using recombinant CCL2 and CXCL10, incubated with either MMP-2 or -9, indicate that both chemokines are cleaved by the enzymes. N-terminal truncation of four amino acids from CCL2, and four or five residues from CXCL10 occurred, but removal of four residues from the C-terminus of CXCL10 was also observed with both MMPs. The speed of the reaction was chemokine-dependent, with N-terminal processing of CCL2 being complete within 3h, whereas activity of the MMPs on CXCL10 remained incomplete at 48h. The effect on the chemotactic potential of N-terminal truncation of CCL2 by MMPs-2 and -9 was investigated using in vitro migration assays. Monocytic cells exhibited a 2-fold reduction in migration to MMP-cleaved CCL2 variants, compared to intact CCL2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Denney
- Biomedical Research Centre, Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK.
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Allen SJ, Ribeiro S, Horuk R, Handel TM. Expression, purification and in vitro functional reconstitution of the chemokine receptor CCR1. Protein Expr Purif 2009; 66:73-81. [PMID: 19275940 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2009.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2009] [Revised: 02/28/2009] [Accepted: 03/02/2009] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Chemokine receptors are a specific class of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that control cell migration associated with routine immune surveillance, inflammation and development. In addition to their roles in normal physiology, these receptors and their ligands are involved in a large number of inflammatory diseases, cancer and AIDS, making them prime therapeutic targets in the pharmaceutical industry. Like other GPCRs, a significant obstacle in determining structures and characterizing mechanisms of activation has been the difficulty in obtaining high levels of pure, functional receptor. Here we describe a systematic effort to express the chemokine receptor CCR1 in mammalian cells, and to purify and reconstitute it in functional form. The highest expression levels were obtained using an inducible HEK293 system. The receptor was purified using a combination of N- (StrepII or Hemagglutinin) and C-terminal (His8) affinity tags. Function was assessed by ligand binding using a novel fluorescence polarization assay with fluorescein-labeled chemokine. A strict dependence of function on the detergent composition was observed, as solubilization of CCR1 in n-dodecyl-beta-D-maltopyranoside/cholesteryl hemisuccinate yielded functional receptor with a K(d) of 21 nM for the chemokine CCL14, whereas it was non-functional in phosphocholine detergents. Differences in function were observed despite the fact that both these detergent types maintained the receptor in a state characterized by monomers and small oligomers, but not large aggregates. While optimization is still warranted, yields of approximately 0.1-0.2mg of pure functional receptor per 10(9) cells will permit biophysical studies of this medically important receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha J Allen
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0684, USA.
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Merritt JR, Liu J, Quadros E, Morris ML, Liu R, Zhang R, Jacob B, Postelnek J, Hicks CM, Chen W, Kimble EF, Rogers WL, O’Brien L, White N, Desai H, Bansal S, King G, Ohlmeyer MJ, Appell KC, Webb ML. Novel Pyrrolidine Ureas as C−C Chemokine Receptor 1 (CCR1) Antagonists. J Med Chem 2009; 52:1295-301. [DOI: 10.1021/jm801416q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Robert Merritt
- Pharmacopeia, Inc., 3000 Eastpark Boulevard, Cranbury, New Jersey 08512
| | - Jinqi Liu
- Pharmacopeia, Inc., 3000 Eastpark Boulevard, Cranbury, New Jersey 08512
| | - Elizabeth Quadros
- Pharmacopeia, Inc., 3000 Eastpark Boulevard, Cranbury, New Jersey 08512
| | | | - Ruiyan Liu
- Pharmacopeia, Inc., 3000 Eastpark Boulevard, Cranbury, New Jersey 08512
| | - Rui Zhang
- Pharmacopeia, Inc., 3000 Eastpark Boulevard, Cranbury, New Jersey 08512
| | - Biji Jacob
- Pharmacopeia, Inc., 3000 Eastpark Boulevard, Cranbury, New Jersey 08512
| | | | | | - Weiqing Chen
- Pharmacopeia, Inc., 3000 Eastpark Boulevard, Cranbury, New Jersey 08512
| | - Earl F. Kimble
- Pharmacopeia, Inc., 3000 Eastpark Boulevard, Cranbury, New Jersey 08512
| | - W. Lynn Rogers
- Pharmacopeia, Inc., 3000 Eastpark Boulevard, Cranbury, New Jersey 08512
| | - Linda O’Brien
- Pharmacopeia, Inc., 3000 Eastpark Boulevard, Cranbury, New Jersey 08512
| | - Nicole White
- Pharmacopeia, Inc., 3000 Eastpark Boulevard, Cranbury, New Jersey 08512
| | - Hema Desai
- Pharmacopeia, Inc., 3000 Eastpark Boulevard, Cranbury, New Jersey 08512
| | - Shalini Bansal
- Pharmacopeia, Inc., 3000 Eastpark Boulevard, Cranbury, New Jersey 08512
| | - George King
- Pharmacopeia, Inc., 3000 Eastpark Boulevard, Cranbury, New Jersey 08512
| | | | - Kenneth C. Appell
- Pharmacopeia, Inc., 3000 Eastpark Boulevard, Cranbury, New Jersey 08512
| | - Maria L. Webb
- Pharmacopeia, Inc., 3000 Eastpark Boulevard, Cranbury, New Jersey 08512
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Abstract
Chemokine receptor antagonists that held much promise for the treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases have recently performed poorly in clinical trials, resulting in disappointment for both pharmaceutical companies and patients. This review focuses on the redundancy of the molecular target as one potential reason for the failure of some of these antagonists to fulfil their initial promise, and discusses the use of drugs that are capable of interacting with more than one drug target - so-called promiscuous drugs - as possible approaches to overcome this difficulty. Several clinically approved promiscuous drugs, such as aspirin and olanzapine, are already used successfully. This review discusses examples of promiscuous drugs for G-protein-coupled receptors, including progress in developing dual-specific chemokine receptor antagonists, and considers evidence for the possible therapeutic utility of such drugs.
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Borregaard J, Skov L, Wang L, Ting N, Wang C, Beck LA, Sonne J, Clucas A. Evaluation of the effect of the specific CCR1 antagonist CP-481715 on the clinical and cellular responses observed following epicutaneous nickel challenge in human subjects. Contact Dermatitis 2008; 59:212-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0536.2008.01365.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Abstract
Thyroid eye disease (TED) is an inflammatory condition of the orbit closely associated with Graves' disease. During the course of TED, fibrosis can develop around the extraocular muscles, and excess extracellular matrix and fat accumulates in the periorbital space. This dramatic remodeling results in protrusion of the eye, also known as exophthalmos. Current treatments are sometimes effective in alleviating the symptoms of the disease, but there remains a demand for treatments that prevent or reverse the pathological alterations of orbital tissues. Such treatments may become available as a result of research aimed at understanding the mechanism by which Graves' disease leads to specific remodeling of orbital tissues. Recent findings have uncovered the importance of intercellular communication between autoreactive T cells and orbital fibroblasts. When orbital fibroblasts are activated, possibly by Graves' disease-related autoantibodies, they release T cell chemoattractants, initiating an interaction in which these cells activate each other. These interactions ultimately result in fibroblasts expressing extracellular matrix molecules, proliferating and differentiating into myofibroblasts or lipofibroblasts. Although the mechanisms underlying these processes are not completely understood, several currently available therapeutic strategies might interrupt the signaling between B and T cells and fibroblasts, thereby treating the clinical manifestations of TED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geniece M. Lehmann
- Department of Environmental Medicine and the Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | - Steven E. Feldon
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | - Terry J. Smith
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Harbor-University of California Los Angeles Medical Center, Torrance, California
- The Jules Stein Eye Institute, Los Angeles, California
- David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Richard P. Phipps
- Department of Environmental Medicine and the Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
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CC chemokine receptor 5 gene promoter activation by the cyclic AMP response element binding transcription factor. Blood 2008; 112:1610-9. [PMID: 18511806 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-01-135111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemokine receptor CCR5 is implicated in the pathogenesis of various inflammatory diseases, such as multiple sclerosis (MS), atherosclerosis, transplant rejection, and autoimmunity. In previous studies, we have shown that MS lesions are characterized by enhanced expression of transcription factors associated with stress responses, ie, IRF-1, NF-kappaB, and CREB-1, which modulate expression of both classes of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. The expression of MHC-I and MHC-II molecules greatly overlaps with the expression of CCR5 in MS lesions. Therefore, we investigated whether these factors are also involved in the transcriptional regulation of CCR5. Using in vitro assays, we determined that neither IRF-1 nor NF-kappaB is involved in the activation of the CCR5 promoter. This is corroborated by the finding that these factors are not involved in the induction of endogenous CCR5 transcription in various cell types. In contrast, we show that CCR5 expression is regulated by the cAMP/CREB pathway and that interference in this pathway affects endogenous CCR5 transcription. From this, we conclude that the cAMP/CREB pathway is involved in the regulation of CCR5 transcription and that, given the ubiquitous nature of CREB-1 protein expression, additional regulatory mechanisms must contribute to cell type-specific expression of CCR5.
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Marelli-Berg FM, Cannella L, Dazzi F, Mirenda V. The highway code of T cell trafficking. J Pathol 2008; 214:179-89. [PMID: 18161751 DOI: 10.1002/path.2269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Coordinated migratory events are required for the development of effective and regulated immunity. Naïve T lymphocytes are programmed to recirculate predominantly in secondary lymphoid tissue by non-specific stimuli. In contrast, primed T cells must identify specific sites of antigen location in non-lymphoid tissue to exert targeted effector responses. Following priming, T cells acquire the ability to establish molecular interactions mediated by tissue-selective integrins and chemokine receptors (homing receptors) that allow their access to specific organs, such as the skin and the gut. Recent studies have shown that an additional level of specificity is provided by the induction of specific T cell migration into the tissue following recognition of antigen displayed by the endothelium. In addition, co-stimulatory signals (such as those induced by CD28 and CTLA-4 molecules) have been shown not only to regulate T cell activation and differentiation, but also to orchestrate the anatomy of the ensuing T cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M Marelli-Berg
- Department of Immunology, Division of Medicne, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, UK.
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D'Elios MM, Prete GD, Amedei A. Interfering with chemokines and chemokine receptors as potential new therapeutic strategies. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2008. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.18.3.309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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