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Jiao H, Kalsbeek A, Yi CX. Microglia, circadian rhythm and lifestyle factors. Neuropharmacology 2024; 257:110029. [PMID: 38852838 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2024.110029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Microglia, a vital homeostasis-keeper of the central nervous system, perform critical functions such as synaptic pruning, clearance of cellular debris, and participation in neuroinflammatory processes. Recent research has shown that microglia exhibit strong circadian rhythms that not only actively regulate their own immune activity, but also affect neuronal function. Disruptions of the circadian clock have been linked to a higher risk of developing a variety of diseases. In this article we will provide an overview of how lifestyle factors impact microglial function, with a focus on disruptions caused by irregular sleep-wake patterns, reduced physical activity, and eating at the wrong time-of-day. We will also discuss the potential connection between these lifestyle factors, disrupted circadian rhythms, and the role of microglia in keeping brain health. This article is part of the Special Issue on "Microglia".
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Jiao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory of Endocrinology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Andries Kalsbeek
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory of Endocrinology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Chun-Xia Yi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory of Endocrinology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Sharma P, Nelson RJ. Disrupted Circadian Rhythms and Substance Use Disorders: A Narrative Review. Clocks Sleep 2024; 6:446-467. [PMID: 39189197 PMCID: PMC11348162 DOI: 10.3390/clockssleep6030030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2024] [Revised: 08/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Substance use disorder is a major global health concern, with a high prevalence among adolescents and young adults. The most common substances of abuse include alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, nicotine, and opiates. Evidence suggests that a mismatch between contemporary lifestyle and environmental demands leads to disrupted circadian rhythms that impair optimal physiological and behavioral function, which can increase the vulnerability to develop substance use disorder and related problems. The circadian system plays an important role in regulating the sleep-wake cycle and reward processing, both of which directly affect substance abuse. Distorted substance use can have a reciprocal effect on the circadian system by influencing circadian clock gene expression. Considering the detrimental health consequences and profound societal impact of substance use disorder, it is crucial to comprehend its complex association with circadian rhythms, which can pave the way for the generation of novel chronotherapeutic treatment approaches. In this narrative review, we have explored the potential contributions of disrupted circadian rhythms and sleep on use and relapse of different substances of abuse. The involvement of circadian clock genes with drug reward pathways is discussed, along with the potential research areas that can be explored to minimize disordered substance use by improving circadian hygiene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Sharma
- Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA;
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Faniyan OO, Marcotulli D, Simayi R, Del Gallo F, De Carlo S, Ficiarà E, Caramaschi D, Richmond R, Franchini D, Bellesi M, Ciccocioppo R, de Vivo L. Adolescent chronic sleep restriction promotes alcohol drinking in adulthood: evidence from epidemiological and preclinical data. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.10.11.561858. [PMID: 38659740 PMCID: PMC11042206 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.11.561858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Epidemiological investigations have indicated that insufficient sleep is prevalent among adolescents, posing a globally underestimated health risk. Sleep fragmentation and sleep loss during adolescence have been linked to concurrent emotional dysregulation and an increase in impulsive, risk-taking behaviors, including a higher likelihood of substance abuse. Among the most widely used substances, alcohol stands as the primary risk factor for deaths and disability among individuals aged 15-49 worldwide. While the association between sleep loss and alcohol consumption during adolescence is well documented, the extent to which prior exposure to sleep loss in adolescence contributes to heightened alcohol use later in adulthood remains less clearly delineated. Here, we analyzed longitudinal epidemiological data spanning 9 years, from adolescence to adulthood, including 5497 participants of the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents And Children cohort. Sleep and alcohol measures collected from interviews and questionnaires at 15 and 24 years of age were analyzed with multivariable linear regression and a cross-lagged autoregressive path model. Additionally, we employed a controlled preclinical experimental setting to investigate the causal relationship underlying the associations found in the human study and to assess comorbid behavioral alterations. Preclinical data were collected by sleep restricting Marchigian Sardinian alcohol preferring rats (msP, n=40) during adolescence and measuring voluntary alcohol drinking concurrently and in adulthood. Polysomnography was used to validate the efficacy of the sleep restriction procedure. Behavioral tests were used to assess anxiety, risky behavior, and despair. In humans, after adjusting for covariates, we found a cross-sectional association between all sleep parameters and alcohol consumption at 15 years of age but not at 24 years. Notably, alcohol consumption (Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test for Consumption) at 24 years was predicted by insufficient sleep at 15 years whilst alcohol drinking at 15 years could not predict sleep problems at 24. In msP rats, adolescent chronic sleep restriction escalated alcohol consumption and led to increased propensity for risk-taking behavior in adolescence and adulthood. Our findings demonstrate that adolescent insufficient sleep causally contributes to higher adult alcohol consumption, potentially by promoting risky behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwatomisin O. Faniyan
- International School of Advanced Studies, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino (MC), Italy
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino (MC), Italy
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino (MC), Italy
| | - Daniele Marcotulli
- Department of Sciences of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Reyila Simayi
- International School of Advanced Studies, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino (MC), Italy
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino (MC), Italy
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino (MC), Italy
| | - Federico Del Gallo
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino (MC), Italy
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino (MC), Italy
| | - Sara De Carlo
- International School of Advanced Studies, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino (MC), Italy
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino (MC), Italy
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino (MC), Italy
| | - Eleonora Ficiarà
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino (MC), Italy
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino (MC), Italy
| | - Doretta Caramaschi
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Department of Psychology, University of Exeter, Washington Singer Laboratories, Perry Road, Exeter EX4 4QG, UK
| | - Rebecca Richmond
- Bristol Medical School, Bristol Population Health Science Institute, University of Bristol, BS8 2BN Bristol, UK
| | - Daniela Franchini
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, BS8 1TD Bristol, UK
| | - Michele Bellesi
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, BS8 1TD Bristol, UK
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino (MC), Italy
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino (MC), Italy
| | - Roberto Ciccocioppo
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino (MC), Italy
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino (MC), Italy
| | - Luisa de Vivo
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino (MC), Italy
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino (MC), Italy
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Knauert MP, Adekolu O, Xu Z, Deng A, Chu JH, Baldassarri SR, Kushida C, Yaggi HK, Zinchuk A. Morning Chronotype Is Associated with Improved Adherence to Continuous Positive Airway Pressure among Individuals with Obstructive Sleep Apnea. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2023; 20:1182-1191. [PMID: 36917194 PMCID: PMC10405611 DOI: 10.1513/annalsats.202210-885oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Poor adherence limits the effectiveness of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). A better understanding of CPAP adherence is needed to develop novel strategies to improve it. Objectives: To determine if the chronotype (morning, evening, or intermediate) of patients with OSA is associated with differences in CPAP adherence. If such an association exists, determine the mechanisms underlying this association. Methods: We performed a secondary analysis of the APPLES (Apnea Positive Pressure Long-term Efficacy Study) clinical trial. We assessed chronotype using the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ) among participants randomized to the CPAP arm with daily adherence data (n = 469). Evening (MEQ ⩽ 41), intermediate (41 < MEQ < 59), and morning type (MEQ ⩾ 59) categories were the exposures. We modeled daily CPAP use (hours per night) over a 6-month period, using a linear mixed model, adjusted for covariates (e.g., age, sex, marital status). To assess mechanisms of the association, we performed mediation analyses using sleep duration, weekend catch-up sleep, depression, and other factors. Results: Most participants were obese men with severe OSA (body mass index of 32.3 ± 7.3 kg/m2, 65% male, and apnea-hypopnea index 39.8 ± 24.6/h). Participants were 44% morning, 47% intermediate, and 8% evening chronotype. Participants with the morning chronotype reported the shortest sleep duration on weekends (7.3 vs. 7.6 and 7.9 h/night) compared with the intermediate and evening types. Participants with the morning chronotype exhibited a 40-min/night higher CPAP use (P = 0.001) than persons with the intermediate chronotype. This relationship was mildly attenuated (32.8 min/night; P = 0.011) after adjustment for covariates. None of the selected factors (e.g., sleep duration, weekend catch-up sleep) exhibited a significant mediation effect. Conclusions: Morning chronotype is associated with a clinically meaningful increase in CPAP adherence compared with other chronotypes. Mechanisms of this association require further study. Chronotype may be a novel predictor of CPAP adherence. Clinical trial registered with www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT00051363).
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa P. Knauert
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Olurotimi Adekolu
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Zhichao Xu
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Annan Deng
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Jen-hwa Chu
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Stephen R. Baldassarri
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Clete Kushida
- Stanford University Sleep Clinic and Center for Human Sleep Research, Redwood City, California; and
| | - H. Klar Yaggi
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Clinical Epidemiology Research Center, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut
| | - Andrey Zinchuk
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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Hublin C, Kaprio J. Chronotype and mortality - a 37-year follow-up study in Finnish adults. Chronobiol Int 2023; 40:841-849. [PMID: 37322846 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2023.2215342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The UK Biobank study on chronotype and mortality suggested small increases of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in a 6.5-year follow-up. Our aim was to constructively replicate findings from it in a longer follow-up. A questionnaire was administered to the population-based adult Finnish Twin Cohort in 1981 (response rate 84%). The study population included 23 854 participants who replied to the question: "Try to assess to what extent you are a morning person or an evening person," with four response alternatives (anchored from "clearly a morning person" to "clearly an evening person"). Vital status and cause of death data were provided by nationwide registers up to the end of 2018. Hazard ratios for mortality were computed based on 8728 deaths. Adjustments were made for education, alcohol, smoking, BMI, and sleep duration. The covariate adjusted model showed a 9% increase of all-cause mortality for the evening-type group (HR = 1.09, 95% CI 1.01-1.18), with attenuation mainly due to smoking and alcohol. Their importance was highlighted by observing no increased mortality among non-smokers who were at most light drinkers. There was no increase in any cause-specific mortality. Our results suggest that there is little or no independent contribution of chronotype to mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christer Hublin
- Working Ability and Working Careers, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Ehlers CL, Wills D, Benedict J, Amodeo LR. Use of a Fitbit-like device in rats: Sex differences, relation to EEG sleep, and use to measure the long-term effects of adolescent ethanol exposure. ALCOHOL, CLINICAL & EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 47:1055-1066. [PMID: 37335518 PMCID: PMC10330894 DOI: 10.1111/acer.15079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sleep difficulties and rhythm disturbances are some of the problems associated with adolescent binge drinking. Recently, animal models of alcohol-induced insomnia have been developed. However, studies in human subjects have recently focused not only on nighttime EEG findings but also on daytime sleepiness and disrupted activity levels as typically measured by activity tracking devices such as the "Fitbit." We sought to develop and test a Fitbit-like device (the "FitBite") in rats and use it to track rest-activity cycles following adolescent alcohol exposure. METHODS The effects of 5 weeks of adolescent ethanol vapor or control conditions were evaluated in 48 male and female Wistar rats using FitBite activity while intoxicated, and during acute (24 h post-vapor exposure) and chronic withdrawal (4 weeks post-vapor exposure). Data were analyzed using activity count and cosinor analyses. Fourteen rats were subsequently implanted with cortical electrodes, and data from the FitBite were compared with EEG data to determine how well the FitBite could identify sleep and activity cycles. RESULTS Female rats were generally more active than males, with higher circadian rhythm amplitudes and mesors (rhythm-adjusted means) across a 24-h period. There were significant correlations between EEG-estimated sleep and activity counts using the FitBite. When the rats were tested during intoxication after 4 weeks of ethanol vapor exposure, they had significantly less overall activity. Disruptions in circadian rhythm were also found with significant decreases in the circadian amplitude, mesor, and a later shift in the acrophase. At 24 h of ethanol withdrawal, rats had more episodes of activity with shorter durations during the daytime, when rats are expected to spend more of their time sleeping. This effect remained at 4 weeks following withdrawal, but circadian rhythm disruptions were no longer present. CONCLUSIONS A Fitbit-like device can be successfully used in rats to assess rest-activity cycles. Adolescent alcohol exposure produced circadian rhythm disturbances that were not observed after withdrawal. Fragmentation of ultradian rest-activity cycles during the light period was found at 24 h and 4 weeks after withdrawal and support data demonstrating the presence of sleep disturbance long after alcohol withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy L. Ehlers
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla CA 92037
| | - Derek Wills
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla CA 92037
| | - Jessica Benedict
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla CA 92037
| | - Leslie R. Amodeo
- Department of Psychology, California State University San Bernardino, San Bernardino CA 92407
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Juda M, Pater J, Mistlberger RE, Schütz CG. Sleep and Rest-Activity Rhythms in Recovering Patients with Severe Concurrent Mental and Substance Use Disorder: A Pilot Study. J Dual Diagn 2023; 19:26-39. [PMID: 36580397 DOI: 10.1080/15504263.2022.2157694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Mental health and substance use disorders are commonly associated with disrupted sleep and circadian rest-activity rhythms. How these disorders in combination relate to sleep and circadian organization is not well studied. We provide here the first quantitative assessment of sleep and rest-activity rhythms in inpatients with complex concurrent disorders, taking into account categories of substance use (stimulant vs. stimulant and opioid use) and psychiatric diagnosis (psychotic disorder and mood disorder). We also explore how sleep and rest-activity rhythms relate to psychiatric functioning. Methods: A total of 44 participants (10 female) between the age of 20-60 years (median = 29 years) wore wrist accelerometers over 5-70 days and completed standardized questionnaires assessing chronotype and psychiatric functioning (fatigue, psychiatric symptom severity, and impulsiveness). To examine potential influences from treatment, we computed (1) length of stay; (2) days of abstinence from stimulants and opioids as a measure of withdrawal; and (3) a sedative load based on prescribed medications. Results: Participants exhibited a sustained excessive sleep duration, frequent nighttime awakenings, and advanced rest-activity phase related to sedative load. Sleep disruptions were elevated in participants with a history of opioid use. Patients with a psychotic disorder showed the longest sleep and most fragmented and irregular rest-activity patterns. Non-parametric circadian rhythm analysis revealed a high rhythm amplitude by comparison with population norms, and this was associated with greater psychiatric symptom severity. Psychiatric symptom severity was also associated with greater fatigue and later MCTQ chronotype. Conclusions: This pilot study provides initial information on the prevalence and severity of sleep and circadian rhythm disturbances in individuals with severe concurrent disorders. The results underline the need for further studies to start to understand the role of sleep in the disease and recovery process in this understudied population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Juda
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada.,Behavioral Reward Affect + Impulsivity Neuroscience (BRAIN) Lab, Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Mental Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Telfer School of Management, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Joanna Pater
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada.,Behavioral Reward Affect + Impulsivity Neuroscience (BRAIN) Lab, Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Mental Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,School of Medicine, St. George's University, St. George's, Grenada
| | - Ralph E Mistlberger
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
| | - Christian G Schütz
- Behavioral Reward Affect + Impulsivity Neuroscience (BRAIN) Lab, Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Mental Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Provincial Health Services Authority, Red Fish Healing Centre for Mental Health and Addiction, Coquitlam, Canada
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Eckert DJ, Yaggi HK. Opioid Use Disorder, Sleep Deficiency, and Ventilatory Control: Bidirectional Mechanisms and Therapeutic Targets. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2022; 206:937-949. [PMID: 35649170 PMCID: PMC9801989 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202108-2014ci] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Opioid use continues to rise globally. So too do the associated adverse consequences. Opioid use disorder (OUD) is a chronic and relapsing brain disease characterized by loss of control over opioid use and impairments in cognitive function, mood, pain perception, and autonomic activity. Sleep deficiency, a term that encompasses insufficient or disrupted sleep due to multiple potential causes, including sleep disorders, circadian disruption, and poor sleep quality or structure due to other medical conditions and pain, is present in 75% of patients with OUD. Sleep deficiency accompanies OUD across the spectrum of this addiction. The focus of this concise clinical review is to highlight the bidirectional mechanisms between OUD and sleep deficiency and the potential to target sleep deficiency with therapeutic interventions to promote long-term, healthy recovery among patients in OUD treatment. In addition, current knowledge on the effects of opioids on sleep quality, sleep architecture, sleep-disordered breathing, sleep apnea endotypes, ventilatory control, and implications for therapy and clinical practice are highlighted. Finally, an actionable research agenda is provided to evaluate the basic mechanisms of the relationship between sleep deficiency and OUD and the potential for behavioral, pharmacologic, and positive airway pressure treatments targeting sleep deficiency to improve OUD treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny J. Eckert
- Adelaide Institute for Sleep Health, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - H. Klar Yaggi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; and
- Clinical Epidemiology Research Center, Veterans Administration Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut
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Grigsby K, Ledford C, Batish T, Kanadibhotla S, Smith D, Firsick E, Tran A, Townsley K, Reyes KAV, LeBlanc K, Ozburn A. Targeting the Maladaptive Effects of Binge Drinking on Circadian Gene Expression. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:11084. [PMID: 36232380 PMCID: PMC9569456 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies (1) support a role of circadian genes in regulating alcohol intake, and (2) reveal that harmful alcohol use alters circadian rhythms. However, there is minimal knowledge of the effects of chronic alcohol processes on rhythmic circadian gene expression across brain regions important for circadian biology and alcohol intake. Therefore, the present study sought to test the effects of chronic binge-like drinking on diurnal circadian gene expression patterns in the master circadian pacemaker (SCN), the ventral tegmental area (VTA), and the nucleus accumbens (NAc) in High Drinking in the Dark-1 (HDID-1) mice, a unique genetic risk model for drinking to intoxication. Consistent with earlier findings, we found that 8 weeks of binge-like drinking reduced the amplitude of several core circadian clock genes in the NAc and SCN, but not the VTA. To better inform the use of circadian-relevant pharmacotherapies in reducing harmful drinking and ameliorating alcohol's effects on circadian gene expression, we tested whether the casein kinase-1 inhibitor, PF-67046, or the phosphodiesterase type-4 (an upstream regulator of circadian signalling) inhibitor, apremilast, would reduce binge-like intake and mitigate circadian gene suppression. PF-67046 did not reduce intake but did have circadian gene effects. In contrast, apremilast reduced drinking, but had no effect on circadian expression patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kolter Grigsby
- Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Research and Development Service, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Courtney Ledford
- Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Research and Development Service, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Tanvi Batish
- Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Research and Development Service, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Snigdha Kanadibhotla
- Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Research and Development Service, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Delaney Smith
- Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Research and Development Service, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Evan Firsick
- Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Research and Development Service, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Alexander Tran
- Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Research and Development Service, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Kayla Townsley
- Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Research and Development Service, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Kaylee-Abril Vasquez Reyes
- Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Research and Development Service, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Katherine LeBlanc
- Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Research and Development Service, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Angela Ozburn
- Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Research and Development Service, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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Zou H, Zhou H, Yan R, Yao Z, Lu Q. Chronotype, circadian rhythm, and psychiatric disorders: Recent evidence and potential mechanisms. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:811771. [PMID: 36033630 PMCID: PMC9399511 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.811771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The circadian rhythm is crucial for physiological and behavioral functions. Chronotype, which represents individual preferences for activity and performance, is associated with human health issues, particularly psychiatric disorders. This narrative review, which focuses on the relationship between chronotype and mental disorders, provides an insight into the potential mechanism. Recent evidence indicates that (1) the evening chronotype is a risk factor for depressive disorders and substance use disorders, whereas the morning chronotype is a protective factor. (2) Evening chronotype individuals with bipolar disorder tend to have more severe symptoms and comorbidities. (3) The evening chronotype is only related to anxiety symptoms. (4) The relationship between chronotype and schizophrenia remains unclear, despite increasing evidence on their link. (5) The evening chronotype is significantly associated with eating disorders, with the majority of studies have focused on binge eating disorders. Furthermore, the underlying mechanisms or influence factors are described in detail, including clock genes, brain characteristics, neuroendocrinology, the light/dark cycle, social factors, psychological factors, and sleep disorders. These findings provide the latest evidence on chronotypes and psychiatric disorders and serve as a valuable reference for researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haowen Zou
- Nanjing Brain Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongliang Zhou
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rui Yan
- Nanjing Brain Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhijian Yao
- Nanjing Brain Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- School of Biological Sciences and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Zhijian Yao,
| | - Qing Lu
- School of Biological Sciences and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Child Development and Learning Science, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
- Qing Lu,
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11
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Langstengel J, Yaggi HK. Sleep Deficiency and Opioid Use Disorder: Trajectory, Mechanisms, and Interventions. Clin Chest Med 2022; 43:e1-e14. [PMID: 35659031 PMCID: PMC10018646 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccm.2022.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Opioid use disorder (OUD) is a chronic and relapsing brain disease characterized by loss of control over opioid use and impairments in cognitive function, mood, pain perception, and autonomic activity. Sleep deficiency, a term that encompasses insufficient or disrupted sleep due to multiple potential causes, including sleep disorders (eg, insomnia, sleep apnea), circadian disruption (eg, delayed sleep phase and social jet lag), and poor sleep quality (eg, sleep fragmentation, impaired sleep architecture), is present in greater than 75% of patients with OUD. This article focuses on highlighting bidirectional mechanisms between OUD and sleep deficiency and points toward promising therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Langstengel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 Cedar Street, PO Box 208057, New Haven, CT 06520-8057, USA
| | - H Klar Yaggi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 Cedar Street, PO Box 208057, New Haven, CT 06520-8057, USA; Clinical Epidemiology Research Center (CERC), VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA.
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12
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Sharma R, Parikh M, Mishra V, Zuniga A, Sahota P, Thakkar M. Sleep, sleep homeostasis and arousal disturbances in alcoholism. Brain Res Bull 2022; 182:30-43. [PMID: 35122900 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2022.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The effects of alcohol on human sleep were first described almost 70 years ago. Since then, accumulating evidences suggest that alcohol intake at bed time immediately induces sleep [reduces the time to fall asleep (sleep onset latency), and consolidates and enhances the quality (delta power) and the quantity of sleep]. Such potent sleep promoting activity makes alcohol as one of the most commonly used "over the counter" sleep aid. However, the somnogenic effects, after alcohol intake, slowly wane off and often followed by sleep disruptions during the rest of the night. Repeated use of alcohol leads to the development of rapid tolerance resulting into an alcohol abuse. Moreover, chronic and excessive alcohol intake leads to the development of alcohol use disorder (AUD). Alcoholics, both during drinking periods and during abstinences, suffer from a multitude of sleep disruptions manifested by profound insomnia, excessive daytime sleepiness, and altered sleep architecture. Furthermore, subjective and objective indicators of sleep disturbances are predictors of relapse. Finally, within the USA, it is estimated that societal costs of alcohol-related sleep disorders exceed $18 billion. Thus, although alcohol associated sleep problems have significant economic and clinical consequences, very little is known about how and where alcohol acts to affect sleep. In this review, a conceptual framework and clinical research focused on understanding the relationship between alcohol and sleep is first described. In the next section, our new and exciting preclinical studies, to understand the cellular and molecular mechanism of how acute and chronic alcohol affects sleep, are described. In the end, based on observations from our recent findings and related literature, opportunities for the development of innovative strategies to prevent and treat AUD are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishi Sharma
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital and Department of Neurology, University of Missouri, Columbia MO 65201
| | - Meet Parikh
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital and Department of Neurology, University of Missouri, Columbia MO 65201
| | - Vaibhav Mishra
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital and Department of Neurology, University of Missouri, Columbia MO 65201
| | - Abigail Zuniga
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital and Department of Neurology, University of Missouri, Columbia MO 65201
| | - Pradeep Sahota
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital and Department of Neurology, University of Missouri, Columbia MO 65201
| | - Mahesh Thakkar
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital and Department of Neurology, University of Missouri, Columbia MO 65201.
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13
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Leger D, Andler R, Richard JB, Nguyen-Thanh V, Collin O, Chennaoui M, Metlaine A. Sleep, substance misuse and addictions: a nationwide observational survey on smoking, alcohol, cannabis and sleep in 12,637 adults. J Sleep Res 2022; 31:e13553. [PMID: 35088480 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.13553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
For a good night's sleep, we consensually recommend avoiding alcohol, smoking and drugs. However, these addictions are highly prevalent in the general population, and it is difficult to estimate their real impact on sleep. The aim of this study is to clarify the association between sleep habits and disorders, and addictions. The design was a telephone crossover national recurrent health poll survey (Santé publique France, Baromètre santé, 2017; Questionnaire, pp. 53; Saint Maurice) in a representative sample of French adults. There were 12,367 subjects (18-75 years old) who answered the survey. Sleep log items assessed sleep schedules (total sleep time) on work and leisure days: at night, while napping, and over 24 hr using a sleep log. Retained items include: (1) short sleep (≤ 6 hr/24 hr); (2) chronic insomnia (International Classification of Sleep Disorders, 3rd edition criteria); and (3) chronotype (evening-morning-neutral). Psychoactive substances retained included tobacco (current or former users), alcohol (daily consumption and weekly binge drinking), cannabis (Cannabis Abuse Screening Test), and other drugs (consumption during the past year). We found that: (1) daily smokers (lightly or heavily dependent) were more frequently short sleepers than occasional smokers and non-smokers; (2) heavily dependent daily smokers were more likely to suffer from insomnia than other smokers or non-smokers; (3) short sleep and insomnia were not significantly associated with the consumption of alcohol, cannabis or any other drug; (4) the evening chronotype was significantly associated with the consumption of tobacco, alcohol and cannabis. In conclusion, our study highlights significant relationships between the use of psychoactive substances and sleep characteristics among adults, emphasizing the need to take into account each subject individually.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Leger
- Université de Paris, EA 7330 VIFASOM (Vigilance Fatigue Sommeil et Santé Publique), Paris, France.,APHP, Hôtel-Dieu, Consultation de pathologie professionnelle Sommeil Vigilance et Travail, Centre du Sommeil et de la Vigilance, Paris, France
| | - Raphaël Andler
- Direction de la prévention et de la promotion de la santé, Santé publique France, Saint Maurice, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Richard
- Direction Appui, Traitements et Analyses des données, Santé publique France, Saint Maurice, France
| | - Viêt Nguyen-Thanh
- Direction Appui, Traitements et Analyses des données, Santé publique France, Saint Maurice, France
| | - Olivier Collin
- Université de Paris, EA 7330 VIFASOM (Vigilance Fatigue Sommeil et Santé Publique), Paris, France.,APHP, Hôtel-Dieu, Consultation de pathologie professionnelle Sommeil Vigilance et Travail, Centre du Sommeil et de la Vigilance, Paris, France
| | - Mounir Chennaoui
- Université de Paris, EA 7330 VIFASOM (Vigilance Fatigue Sommeil et Santé Publique), Paris, France.,APHP, Hôtel-Dieu, Consultation de pathologie professionnelle Sommeil Vigilance et Travail, Centre du Sommeil et de la Vigilance, Paris, France.,Direction de la prévention et de la promotion de la santé, Santé publique France, Saint Maurice, France.,Direction Appui, Traitements et Analyses des données, Santé publique France, Saint Maurice, France.,Institut de Recherche Biomédical des Armées (IRBA), Brétigny, France
| | - Arnaud Metlaine
- Université de Paris, EA 7330 VIFASOM (Vigilance Fatigue Sommeil et Santé Publique), Paris, France.,APHP, Hôtel-Dieu, Consultation de pathologie professionnelle Sommeil Vigilance et Travail, Centre du Sommeil et de la Vigilance, Paris, France
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14
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Using Microbiome-Based Approaches to Deprogram Chronic Disorders and Extend the Healthspan following Adverse Childhood Experiences. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10020229. [PMID: 35208684 PMCID: PMC8879770 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10020229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), which can include child trafficking, are known to program children for disrupted biological cycles, premature aging, microbiome dysbiosis, immune-inflammatory misregulation, and chronic disease multimorbidity. To date, the microbiome has not been a major focus of deprogramming efforts despite its emerging role in every aspect of ACE-related dysbiosis and dysfunction. This article examines: (1) the utility of incorporating microorganism-based, anti-aging approaches to combat ACE-programmed chronic diseases (also known as noncommunicable diseases and conditions, NCDs) and (2) microbiome regulation of core systems biology cycles that affect NCD comorbid risk. In this review, microbiota influence over three key cyclic rhythms (circadian cycles, the sleep cycle, and the lifespan/longevity cycle) as well as tissue inflammation and oxidative stress are discussed as an opportunity to deprogram ACE-driven chronic disorders. Microbiota, particularly those in the gut, have been shown to affect host–microbe interactions regulating the circadian clock, sleep quality, as well as immune function/senescence, and regulation of tissue inflammation. The microimmunosome is one of several systems biology targets of gut microbiota regulation. Furthermore, correcting misregulated inflammation and increased oxidative stress is key to protecting telomere length and lifespan/longevity and extending what has become known as the healthspan. This review article concludes that to reverse the tragedy of ACE-programmed NCDs and premature aging, managing the human holobiont microbiome should become a routine part of healthcare and preventative medicine across the life course.
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15
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Fernando J, Stochl J, Ersche KD. Drug Use in Night Owls May Increase the Risk for Mental Health Problems. Front Neurosci 2022; 15:819566. [PMID: 35087376 PMCID: PMC8787192 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.819566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Drugs of abuse are widely known to worsen mental health problems, but this relationship may not be a simple causational one. Whether or not a person is susceptible to the negative effects of drugs of abuse may not only be determined by their addictive properties, but also the users’ chronotype, which determines their daily activity patterns. The present study investigates the relationship between chronotype, drug use and mental health problems in a cross-sectional community sample. Participants (n = 209) completed a selection of questionnaires online, including the Munich Chronotype Questionnaire, the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale, the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test, the Cannabis Use Disorder Identification Test and the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence. We conducted multiple regression models to determine relationships between participants’ chronotype and their reported mental health symptoms and then estimated mediation models to investigate the extent to which their drug consumption accounted for the identified associations. Chronotype was significantly associated with participants’ overall mental health (β = 0.16, p = 0.022) and their anxiety levels (β = 0.18, p = 0.009) but not with levels of depression or stress. However, both relationships were fully mediated by participants’ overall drug consumption. Thus, late chronotypes, so-called “night owls”, not only use more drugs but consequently have an increased risk for developing anxiety and deteriorating mental health status. This group may be particularly vulnerable to the negative psychological effects of drugs. Our results point toward the importance of considering chronotype in designing preventative and therapeutic innovations, specifically for anxiety, which at present has been largely neglected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeevan Fernando
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jan Stochl
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Kinanthropology and Humanities, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Karen D. Ersche
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Karen D. Ersche,
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16
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Hühne A, Echtler L, Kling C, Stephan M, Schmidt MV, Rossner MJ, Landgraf D. Circadian gene × environment perturbations influence alcohol drinking in Cryptochrome-deficient mice. Addict Biol 2022; 27:e13105. [PMID: 34672045 DOI: 10.1111/adb.13105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a widespread addiction disorder with severe consequences for health. AUD patients often suffer from sleep disturbances and irregular daily patterns. Conversely, disruptions of circadian rhythms are considered a risk factor for AUD and alcohol relapses. In this study, we investigated the extent to which circadian genetic and environmental disruptions and their interaction alter alcohol drinking behaviour in mice. As a model of genetic circadian disruption, we used Cryptochrome1/2-deficient (Cry1/2-/- ) mice with strongly suppressed circadian rhythms and found that they exhibit significantly reduced preference for alcohol but increased incentive motivation to obtain it. Similarly, we found that low circadian SCN amplitude correlates with reduced alcohol preference in WT mice. Moreover, we show that the low alcohol preference of Cry1/2-/- mice concurs with high corticosterone and low levels of the orexin precursor prepro-orexin and that WT and Cry1/2-/- mice respond differently to alcohol withdrawal. As a model of environmentally induced disruption of circadian rhythms, we exposed mice to a "shift work" light/dark regimen, which also leads to a reduction in their alcohol preference. Interestingly, this effect is even more pronounced when genetic and environmental circadian perturbations interact in Cry1/2-/- mice under "shift work" conditions. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that in mice, disturbances in circadian rhythms have pronounced effects on alcohol consumption as well as on physiological factors and other behaviours associated with AUD and that the interaction between circadian genetic and environmental disturbances further alters alcohol consumption behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anisja Hühne
- Circadian Biology Group, Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Clinic of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich Germany
- Munich Medical Research School Ludwig Maximilian University Munich Germany
| | - Lisa Echtler
- Circadian Biology Group, Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Clinic of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich Germany
- Munich Medical Research School Ludwig Maximilian University Munich Germany
| | - Charlotte Kling
- Circadian Biology Group, Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Clinic of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich Germany
- International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry (IMPRS‐ TP) Munich Germany
| | - Marius Stephan
- International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry (IMPRS‐ TP) Munich Germany
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Clinic of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Ludwig Maximilian University Munich Germany
| | - Mathias V. Schmidt
- Research Group Neurobiology of Stress Resilience Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry Munich Germany
| | - Moritz J. Rossner
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Clinic of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Ludwig Maximilian University Munich Germany
| | - Dominic Landgraf
- Circadian Biology Group, Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Clinic of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich Germany
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17
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Pires D, Ambar Akkaoui M, Laaidi K, Chan Chee C, Fifre G, Lejoyeux M, Geoffroy PA. Impact of meteorological factors on alcohol use disorders: A study in emergency departments. Chronobiol Int 2021; 39:456-459. [PMID: 34866498 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2021.2002351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
No data exist on the influence of meteorological factors on alcohol use disorders (AUD). The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between meteorological factors and AUD. All patients who were admitted to an emergency department (ED) in the Paris-region for an alcohol-related condition were included using the Oscour® database over the period January 1, 2015 to December 31, 2019. Meteorological data were collected by Météo-France (French Weather service). All data were aggregated by week. We performed Pearson correlations between weather variables and the number of ED visits for AUD. We observed 98,748 ED visits for alcohol-related conditions over the study period. We found significant positive correlations between the number of alcohol-related ED visits and the mean temperature (r = 0.55; p = 1.87e -5, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) = 0.33, 0.72) and the duration of sunlight (r = 0.42; p = .0015, 95% CI = 0.17, 0.62). Negative correlations were also found significant with rain (r = -0.40; p = .0014, 95% CI = -0.62, -0.18), humidity (r = -0.41; p = .0023, 95% CI = -0.62, -0.16) and wind speed (r = -0.40; p = .0031, 95% CI = -0.60, -0.14). Emergency visits for AUD seem to increase with the temperature and duration of sunlight, and decrease with rain, humidity and wind speed. Further studies are needed on a larger scale and taking into account potential confounding factors to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Pires
- Département de psychiatrie et d'addictologie, AP-HP, GHU Paris Nord, DMU Neurosciences, Hôpital Bichat - Claude Bernard, Paris, France
| | - Marine Ambar Akkaoui
- Département de psychiatrie et d'addictologie, AP-HP, GHU Paris Nord, DMU Neurosciences, Hôpital Bichat - Claude Bernard, Paris, France.,Centre Psychiatrique d'Orientation et d'Accueil (CPOA), GHU Paris - Psychiatry & Neurosciences, Paris, France.,Etablissement Publique de Santé Mentale de Ville Evrard, Psychiatric Emergency, CH Delafontaine, EPS Ville Evrard, 93300 Saint Denis, France
| | - Karine Laaidi
- Santé Publique France, direction santé-environnement-travail, Saint-Maurice, France
| | - Christine Chan Chee
- Santé Publique France, direction santé-environnement-travail, Saint-Maurice, France
| | - Grégory Fifre
- Direction des Services de la Météorologie, Météo-France, Toulouse, France
| | - Michel Lejoyeux
- Département de psychiatrie et d'addictologie, AP-HP, GHU Paris Nord, DMU Neurosciences, Hôpital Bichat - Claude Bernard, Paris, France.,GHU Paris - Psychiatry & Neurosciences, Paris, France
| | - Pierre A Geoffroy
- Département de psychiatrie et d'addictologie, AP-HP, GHU Paris Nord, DMU Neurosciences, Hôpital Bichat - Claude Bernard, Paris, France.,GHU Paris - Psychiatry & Neurosciences, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, NeuroDiderot, Inserm, Paris, France.,CNRS UPR 3212, Institute for Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences, Strasbourg, France
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18
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Circadian Characteristics in Patients under Treatment for Substance Use Disorders and Severe Mental Illness (Schizophrenia, Major Depression and Bipolar Disorder). J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10194388. [PMID: 34640406 PMCID: PMC8509477 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10194388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Dual disorders (substance use and mental illness comorbidity) are a condition that has been strongly associated with severe symptomatology and clinical complications. The study of circadian characteristics in patients with Severe Mental Illness or Substance Use Disorder (SUD) has shown that such variables are related with mood symptoms and worse recovery. In absence of studies about circadian characteristics in patients with dual disorders we examined a sample of 114 male participants with SUD and comorbid Schizophrenia (SZ+; n = 38), Bipolar Disorder (BD+; n = 36) and Major Depressive Disorder (MDD+; n = 40). The possible differences in the sample of patients according to their psychiatric diagnosis, circadian functioning with recordings of distal skin temperature during 48 h (Thermochron iButton®), circadian typology and sleep-wake schedules were explored. MDD+ patients were more morning-type, while SZ+ and BD+ had an intermediate-type; the morning-type was more frequent among participants under inpatient SUD treatment. SZ+ patients had the highest amount of sleeping hours, lowest arousal and highest drowsiness followed by BD+ and MDD+, respectively. These observed differences suggest that treatment for patients with dual disorders could include chronobiological strategies to help them synchronize patterns with the day-light cycle, since morning-type is associated with better outcomes and recovery.
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19
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Abstract
Epigenetics has enriched human disease studies by adding new interpretations to disease features that cannot be explained by genetic and environmental factors. However, identifying causal mechanisms of epigenetic origin has been challenging. New opportunities have risen from recent findings in intra-individual and cyclical epigenetic variation, which includes circadian epigenetic oscillations. Cytosine modifications display deterministic temporal rhythms, which may drive ageing and complex disease. Temporality in the epigenome, or the 'chrono' dimension, may help the integration of epigenetic, environmental and genetic disease studies, and reconcile several disparities stemming from the arbitrarily delimited research fields. The ultimate goal of chrono-epigenetics is to predict disease risk, age of onset and disease dynamics from within individual-specific temporal dynamics of epigenomes.
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20
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Zhang R, Manza P, Tomasi D, Kim SW, Shokri-Kojori E, Demiral SB, Kroll DS, Feldman DE, McPherson KL, Biesecker CL, Wang GJ, Volkow ND. Dopamine D1 and D2 receptors are distinctly associated with rest-activity rhythms and drug reward. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:e149722. [PMID: 34264865 DOI: 10.1172/jci149722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Certain components of rest-activity rhythms such as greater eveningness (delayed phase), physical inactivity (blunted amplitude) and shift work (irregularity) are associated with increased risk for drug use. Dopaminergic (DA) signaling has been hypothesized to mediate the associations, though clinical evidence is lacking. METHODS We examined associations between rhythm components and striatal D1 (D1R) and D2/3 receptor (D2/3R) availability in 32 healthy adults (12 female, age: 42.40±12.22) and its relationship to drug reward. Rest-activity rhythms were assessed by one-week actigraphy combined with self-reports. [11C]NNC112 and [11C]raclopride Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scans were conducted to measure D1R and D2/3R availability, respectively. Additionally, self-reported drug-rewarding effects of 60 mg oral methylphenidate were assessed. RESULTS We found that delayed rhythm was associated with higher D1R availability in caudate, which was not attributable to sleep loss or 'social jet lag', whereas physical inactivity was associated with higher D2/3R availability in nucleus accumbens (NAc). Delayed rest-activity rhythm, higher caudate D1R and NAc D2/3R availability were associated with greater sensitivity to the rewarding effects of methylphenidate. CONCLUSION These findings reveal specific components of rest-activity rhythms associated with striatal D1R, D2/3R availability and drug-rewarding effects. Personalized interventions that target rest-activity rhythms may help prevent and treat substance use disorders. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03190954FUNDING. This work was accomplished with support from the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (ZIAAA000550).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
| | - Peter Manza
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
| | - Dardo Tomasi
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
| | - Sung Won Kim
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
| | - Ehsan Shokri-Kojori
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
| | - Sukru B Demiral
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
| | - Danielle S Kroll
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
| | - Dana E Feldman
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
| | - Katherine L McPherson
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
| | - Catherine L Biesecker
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
| | - Gene-Jack Wang
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
| | - Nora D Volkow
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
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21
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Tamura EK, Oliveira-Silva KS, Ferreira-Moraes FA, Marinho EAV, Guerrero-Vargas NN. Circadian rhythms and substance use disorders: A bidirectional relationship. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2021; 201:173105. [PMID: 33444601 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2021.173105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The circadian system organizes circadian rhythms (biological cycles that occur around 24 h) that couple environmental cues (zeitgebers) with internal functions of the organism. The misalignment between circadian rhythms and external cues is known as chronodisruption and contributes to the development of mental, metabolic and other disorders, including cancer, cardiovascular diseases and addictive disorders. Drug addiction represents a global public health concern and affects the health and well-being of individuals, families and communities. In this manuscript, we reviewed evidence indicating a bidirectional relationship between the circadian system and the development of addictive disorders. We provide information on the interaction between the circadian system and drug addiction for each drug or drug class (alcohol, cannabis, hallucinogens, psychostimulants and opioids). We also describe evidence showing that drug use follows a circadian pattern, which changes with the progression of addiction. Furthermore, clock gene expression is also altered during the development of drug addiction in many brain areas related to drug reward, drug seeking and relapse. The regulation of the glutamatergic and dopaminergic neurocircuitry by clock genes is postulated to be the main circadian mechanism underlying the escalation of drug addiction. The bidirectional interaction between the circadian system and drug addiction seems to be mediated by the effects caused by each drug or class of drugs of abuse. These studies provide new insights on the development of successful strategies aimed at restoring/stabilizing circadian rhythms to reduce the risk for addiction development and relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo K Tamura
- Department of Health Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, BR-415, Rodovia Ilhéus- Itabuna, Km-16, Salobrinho, Ilhéus, Bahia 45662-000, Brazil.
| | - Kallyane S Oliveira-Silva
- Department of Health Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, BR-415, Rodovia Ilhéus- Itabuna, Km-16, Salobrinho, Ilhéus, Bahia 45662-000, Brazil
| | - Felipe A Ferreira-Moraes
- Department of Health Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, BR-415, Rodovia Ilhéus- Itabuna, Km-16, Salobrinho, Ilhéus, Bahia 45662-000, Brazil
| | - Eduardo A V Marinho
- Department of Health Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, BR-415, Rodovia Ilhéus- Itabuna, Km-16, Salobrinho, Ilhéus, Bahia 45662-000, Brazil
| | - Natalí N Guerrero-Vargas
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autonóma de México, Av Universidad 3000, Ciudad Universitaria, México City 04510, Mexico
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22
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Lin CL, Sun JC, Lin CP, Chung CH, Chien WC. Risk of alcohol use disorders in patients with insomnia: A population-based retrospective cohort study. Alcohol 2020; 89:123-128. [PMID: 33038457 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2020.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to explore the risk of alcohol use disorders (AUDs) in patients with insomnia. METHODS This was a population-based retrospective cohort study based on data from 2000 to 2013. Data from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database were employed for this study. A total of 8076 patients with insomnia were identified as the study group. The control group comprised 16,152 age- and sex-matched patients. We conducted a Cox proportional hazard regression analysis to estimate the effects of insomnia on the risk of AUDs. RESULTS The overall incidence of AUDs was 753.71 per 100,000 person-years for patients with insomnia, which was significantly higher than the incidence for those in the control group (377.73 per 100,000 person-years). Overall, patients with insomnia had a higher risk of AUDs than did those in the control group (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] = 1.75, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.42-2.10). We also observed a significantly higher risk of AUDs in patients with both insomnia and depression (adjusted HR = 5.85; 95% CI = 3.13-8.88) than in those without these conditions. CONCLUSIONS The risk of AUDs in patients with insomnia was found to be significantly higher than that in individuals in the control group; the risk was particularly pronounced among those with insomnia and depression. These conditions thus exhibited a joint effect on AUDs risk.
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Alterations in circadian rhythms following alcohol use: A systematic review. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2020; 99:109831. [PMID: 31809833 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.109831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggest a bidirectional link between disrupted circadian rhythms and alcohol use disorders (AUD). A better understanding of these alcohol-induced changes in circadian rhythms will likely provide important therapeutic solutions. We conducted a systematic review based on the PubMed database examining biological rhythms in all stages of alcohol use: acute alcohol consumption, AUD, alcohol withdrawal, and abstinence. Different changes in circadian rhythms have been observed after a single acute alcohol intake, but also during AUD and alcohol withdrawal. Following a single acute alcohol intake, changes in biological rhythms are dose-dependent, reflected in the melatonin and cortisol secretions, and the core body temperature (CBT) rhythms. These alterations normalize the next morning and appear mostly for acute alcohol intake higher than 0.5 g/kg. These alterations are more severe during AUD and persist over time. In addition, interestingly, opposite patterns of the melatonin physiological ratio between diurnal and nocturnal secretion (N/D ratio < 1) have been observed during AUD and appear to be a marker of chronic daily use. During alcohol withdrawal, circadian rhythms desynchronization correlates with the severity of alcohol withdrawal symptoms and withdrawal complications such as delirium tremens. During abstinence a resynchronization of circadian rhythms of cortisol and CBT appears in most patients about 1 month after alcohol withdrawal. Disruption of melatonin circadian rhythms can persist after 3-12 weeks of abstinence. The circadian genetic vulnerability associated with biological rhythms alterations in alcohol use disorders increases the risk of relapses. Circadian-based interventions could play a critical role in preventing and treating AUD.
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Geoffroy PA, Lejoyeux M, Rolland B. Management of insomnia in alcohol use disorder. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2020; 21:297-306. [DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2019.1705279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre A. Geoffroy
- Département de psychiatrie et d’addictologie, AP-HP, Hopital Bichat - Claude Bernard, Paris, France
- NeuroDiderot, Inserm, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Michel Lejoyeux
- Département de psychiatrie et d’addictologie, AP-HP, Hopital Bichat - Claude Bernard, Paris, France
- Department of Epidemiology, Paris Hospital Group - Psychiatry & Neurosciences, Paris, France
| | - Benjamin Rolland
- Pôle MOPHA, CH Le Vinatier, Service Universitaire d’Addictologie de Lyon (SUAL), Bron, France
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25
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Hühne A, Hoch E, Landgraf D. DAILY-A Personalized Circadian Zeitgeber Therapy as an Adjunctive Treatment for Alcohol Use Disorder Patients: Study Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:569864. [PMID: 33519541 PMCID: PMC7840704 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.569864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Hallmarks of alcohol use disorder (AUD) are disturbances of circadian rhythms and everyday structures. While circadian rhythms dictate the timing of daily recurring activities such as sleep, activity, and meals, conversely, these activities represent time cues, so called Zeitgebers, that the circadian system uses to synchronize with the environment. Here we present a study protocol for our newly developed therapy approach for AUD patients, in which we take advantage of this mutual influence and stabilize and strengthen their circadian system by creating strict daily schedules for daily Zeitgeber activities. Since every person has a circadian system with its own characteristics and is subject to social obligations, the daily plans are personalized for each test person. Our hypothesis is that a regular exposure to Zeitgebers stabilizes behavioral and physiological circadian rhythms and thereby reduces the risk of alcohol relapses and depressive symptoms and facilitates physical recovery in AUD patients during the 1st weeks of their addiction therapy. Methods/design: The study is a 6-weeks single site trial with a controlled, randomized, single-blinded, parallel-group design including patients with a diagnosis of AUD. The study runs parallel to the standard addiction therapy of the clinic. Patients are randomly assigned to either an intervention group (DAILY) or a sham control group (placebo treatment). Questionnaires and physiological assessments of both groups are conducted before and immediately after the intervention or control treatment. According to our hypothesis, the primary outcomes of this study are improvements of regularity, alcohol consumption, and relapse rate in AUD patients compared to AUD patients receiving control treatment. Secondary outcomes are reduced depressive symptoms and increased physical recovery. Discussion: This study is a randomized controlled trial to investigate the efficacy of a personalized circadian Zeitgeber therapy as an adjunctive treatment for alcohol use disorder patients. The overall goal of this and more extended future studies is the development of an adjunctive therapy for AUD patients that is uncomplicated in its use and easy to implement in the clinical and everyday routine. Trial registration: This study is registered at the German Clinical Trial Register with the trial number DRKS00019093 on November 28, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anisja Hühne
- Circadian Biology Group, Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Clinic of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany.,Munich Medical Research School, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Eva Hoch
- Cannabinoid Research and Treatment Group, Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychological Treatment, Department of Psychology, Clinic of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Dominic Landgraf
- Circadian Biology Group, Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Clinic of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
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Levran O, Randesi M, Rotrosen J, Ott J, Adelson M, Kreek MJ. A 3' UTR SNP rs885863, a cis-eQTL for the circadian gene VIPR2 and lincRNA 689, is associated with opioid addiction. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224399. [PMID: 31689297 PMCID: PMC6830932 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a reciprocal relationship between the circadian and the reward systems. Polymorphisms in several circadian rhythm-related (clock) genes were associated with drug addiction. This study aims to search for associations between 895 variants in 39 circadian rhythm-related genes and opioid addiction (OUD). Genotyping was performed with the Smokescreen® array. Ancestry was verified by principal/MDS component analysis and the sample was limited to European Americans (EA) (OUD; n = 435, controls; n = 138). Nominally significant associations (p < 0.01) were detected for several variants in genes encoding vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor 2 (VIPR2), period circadian regulator 2 (PER2), casein kinase 1 epsilon (CSNK1E), and activator of transcription and developmental regulator (AUTS2), but no signal survived correction for multiple testing. There was intriguing association signal for the untranslated region (3’ UTR) variant rs885863 in VIPR2, (p = .0065; OR = 0.51; 95% CI 0.31–0.51). The result was corroborated in an independent EA OUD sample (n = 398, p = 0.0036; for the combined samples). Notably, this SNP is an expression quantitative trait locus (cis-eQTL) for VIPR2 and a long intergenic non-coding RNA, lincRNA 689, in a tissue-specific manner, based on the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is an important peptide of light-activated suprachiasmatic nucleus cells. It regulates diverse physiological processes including circadian rhythms, learning and memory, and stress response. This is the first report of an association of a VIPR2 variant and OUD. Additionally, analysis of combinations of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) genotypes revealed an association of PER2 SNP rs80136044, and SNP rs4128839, located 41.6 kb downstream of neuropeptide Y receptor type 1 gene, NPY1R (p = 3.4 × 10−6, OR = 11.4, 95% CI 2.7–48.2). The study provides preliminary insight into the relationship between genetic variants in circadian rhythm genes and long non-coding RNA (lncRNAs) in their vicinity, and opioid addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orna Levran
- The Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Matthew Randesi
- The Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - John Rotrosen
- NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jurg Ott
- The Laboratory of Statistical Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Miriam Adelson
- Dr. Miriam and Sheldon G. Adelson Clinic for Drug Abuse Treatment and Research, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Mary Jeanne Kreek
- The Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
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27
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Abstract
Addictive drugs affect sleep both in individuals currently using drugs and in individuals who have withdrawn from drugs. In fact, sleep disturbances are reported by individuals for some drugs long after they have quit taking them and after other withdrawal symptoms have subsided. This suggests that addictive drugs and sleep share some of the same neurobiological mechanisms. Sleep researchers may be studying the neurobiology of addictive drugs without knowing it. The purpose of this survey is to summarize the effects that addictive drugs have on sleep and stages of sleep. We demonstrate that different addictive drugs have differential effects on disturbance of sleep, in general, and on specific stages of sleep either while the drug is on board or after withdrawal. Accordingly, these results are intended to encourage sleep researchers to use their knowledge of sleep mechanisms to offer researchers of addictive drugs new insights of how addictive drugs might affect brain mechanisms. Also, these results should alert researchers of addiction that treatment for drug effects needs to consider treatment for sleep disturbances as well. Treatment for addiction is rarely accompanied by treatment for sleep disturbances even though this survey demonstrates they are clearly related.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold W Gordon
- Epidemiology Research Branch, Division of Epidemiology, Services, and Prevention Research (DESPR), National Institute on Drug Abuse, The Neuroscience Center, Room 5151, MSC 9593, 6001 Executive Boulevard, Bethesda, MD 20892-9593 (by Courier: Rockville, MD 20852) USA
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28
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Kelly RM, Healy U, Sreenan S, McDermott JH, Coogan AN. Clocks in the clinic: circadian rhythms in health and disease. Postgrad Med J 2018; 94:653-658. [PMID: 30523071 DOI: 10.1136/postgradmedj-2018-135719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are endogenously generated recurring patterns of around 24 hours with well-established roles in physiology and behaviour. These circadian clocks are important in both the aetiology and treatment of various psychiatric and metabolic diseases. To maintain physiological homeostasis and optimal functioning, living life synchronised to these clocks is desirable; modern society, however, promotes a '24/7' lifestyle where activity often occurs during the body's 'biological night', resulting in mistimed sleep and circadian misalignment. This circadian desynchrony can increase the risk of disease and can also influence treatment response. Clinicians should be aware of the influence that circadian desynchrony can have on health and disease, in order to potentially develop new therapeutic strategies and to incorporate chronotherapeutics into current treatment strategies to enhance their utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael M Kelly
- Department of Psychology, Maynooth University, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Ireland
| | - Ultan Healy
- Academic Department of Endocrinology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Connolly Hospital Blanchardstown, Dublin, Ireland.,3U Diabetes Consortium, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Seamus Sreenan
- Academic Department of Endocrinology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Connolly Hospital Blanchardstown, Dublin, Ireland.,3U Diabetes Consortium, Dublin, Ireland
| | - John H McDermott
- Academic Department of Endocrinology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Connolly Hospital Blanchardstown, Dublin, Ireland.,3U Diabetes Consortium, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Andrew N Coogan
- Department of Psychology, Maynooth University, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Ireland
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