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Seo Y, Heo Y, Jo S, Park SH, Lee C, Chang J, Jeon DK, Kim TG, Han G, Namkung W. Novel positive allosteric modulator of protease-activated receptor 1 promotes skin wound healing in hairless mice. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 178:3414-3427. [PMID: 33837955 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) is a GPCR expressed in several skin cell types, including keratinocyte and dermal fibroblast. PAR1 activation plays a crucial role in the process of skin wound healing such as thrombosis, inflammation, proliferation and tissue repair. In the present study, we identified a novel positive allosteric modulator of PAR1, GB83, and investigated its effect on skin wound healing. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The enhancement of PAR1 activity by GB83 was measured using Fluo-4 calcium assay. In silico docking analysis of GB83 in PAR1 was performed using dock ligands method (CDOCKER) with CHARMm force field. Effects of GB83 on cell viability and gene expression were observed using MTS assay and quantitative real-time PCRs, respectively. SKH-1 hairless mice were used to investigate the wound healing effect of GB83. KEY RESULTS We demonstrated that GB83 did not activate PAR1 by itself but strongly enhanced PAR1 activation by thrombin and PAR1-activating peptide (AP). In silico docking analysis revealed that GB83 can bind to the PAR1 binding site of vorapaxar. GB83 significantly promoted PAR1-mediated cell viability and migration. In addition, the enhancement of PAR1 activity by GB83 strongly increased gene expression of TGF-β, fibronectin and type I collagen in vitro and promoted skin wound healing in vivo. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Our results revealed that GB83 is the first positive allosteric modulator of PAR1 and it can be a useful pharmacological tool for studying PAR1 and a potential therapeutic agent for skin wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohan Seo
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, Incheon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Integrated OMICS for Biomedical Science, WCU Program of Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunkyung Heo
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungwoo Jo
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Hyeon Park
- Graduate Program of Industrial Pharmaceutical Science, Yonsei University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chulho Lee
- Department of Integrated OMICS for Biomedical Science, WCU Program of Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwon Chang
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Kyu Jeon
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Gun Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyoonhee Han
- Department of Integrated OMICS for Biomedical Science, WCU Program of Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Wan Namkung
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, Incheon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Integrated OMICS for Biomedical Science, WCU Program of Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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2
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Iyer A, Humphries TLR, Owens EP, Zhao KN, Masci PP, Johnson DW, Nikolic-Paterson D, Gobe GC, Fairlie DP, Vesey DA. PAR2 Activation on Human Kidney Tubular Epithelial Cells Induces Tissue Factor Synthesis, That Enhances Blood Clotting. Front Physiol 2021; 12:615428. [PMID: 33776786 PMCID: PMC7987918 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.615428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Coagulation abnormalities and increased risk of atherothrombosis are common in patients with chronic kidney diseases (CKD). Mechanisms that alter renal hemostasis and lead to thrombotic events are not fully understood. Here we show that activation of protease activated receptor-2 (PAR2) on human kidney tubular epithelial cells (HTECs), induces tissue factor (TF) synthesis and secretion that enhances blood clotting. PAR-activating coagulation-associated protease (thrombin), as well as specific PAR2 activators (matriptase, trypsin, or synthetic agonist 2f-LIGRLO-NH2 (2F), induced TF synthesis and secretion that were potently inhibited by PAR2 antagonist, I-191. Thrombin-induced TF was also inhibited by a PAR1 antagonist, Vorapaxar. Peptide activators of PAR1, PAR3, and PAR4 failed to induce TF synthesis. Differential centrifugation of the 2F-conditoned medium sedimented the secreted TF, together with the exosome marker ALG-2 interacting protein X (ALIX), indicating that secreted TF was associated with extracellular vesicles. 2F-treated HTEC conditioned medium significantly enhanced blood clotting, which was prevented by pre-incubating this medium with an antibody for TF. In summary, activation of PAR2 on HTEC stimulates synthesis and secretion of TF that induces blood clotting, and this is attenuated by PAR2 antagonism. Thrombin-induced TF synthesis is at least partly mediated by PAR1 transactivation of PAR2. These findings reveal how underlying hemostatic imbalances might increase thrombosis risk and subsequent chronic fibrin deposition in the kidneys of patients with CKD and suggest PAR2 antagonism as a potential therapeutic strategy for intervening in CKD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abishek Iyer
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Tyrone L. R. Humphries
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research, Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine at the Princess Alexandra Hospital, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Evan P. Owens
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research, Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine at the Princess Alexandra Hospital, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Kong-Nan Zhao
- Centre for Venomics Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Paul P. Masci
- Centre for Venomics Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - David W. Johnson
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research, Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine at the Princess Alexandra Hospital, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
- Department of Nephrology, The University of Queensland at Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - David Nikolic-Paterson
- Department of Nephrology, Monash Medical Centre and Monash University Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Glenda C. Gobe
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research, Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine at the Princess Alexandra Hospital, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - David P. Fairlie
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - David A. Vesey
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research, Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine at the Princess Alexandra Hospital, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
- Department of Nephrology, The University of Queensland at Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
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3
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Protease-activated receptor-2 ligands reveal orthosteric and allosteric mechanisms of receptor inhibition. Commun Biol 2020; 3:782. [PMID: 33335291 PMCID: PMC7747594 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01504-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR2) has been implicated in multiple pathophysiologies but drug discovery is challenging due to low small molecule tractability and a complex activation mechanism. Here we report the pharmacological profiling of a potent new agonist, suggested by molecular modelling to bind in the putative orthosteric site, and two novel PAR2 antagonists with distinctly different mechanisms of inhibition. We identify coupling between different PAR2 binding sites. One antagonist is a competitive inhibitor that binds to the orthosteric site, while a second antagonist is a negative allosteric modulator that binds at a remote site. The allosteric modulator shows probe dependence, more effectively inhibiting peptide than protease activation of PAR2 signalling. Importantly, both antagonists are active in vivo, inhibiting PAR2 agonist-induced acute paw inflammation in rats and preventing activation of mast cells and neutrophils. These results highlight two distinct mechanisms of inhibition that potentially could be targeted for future development of drugs that modulate PAR2. Kennedy et al. report the pharmacological and in vivo profiling of two small molecule PAR2 inhibitors and an agonist. They conclude that while the small molecule agonist and one of the inhibitors bind to the orthosteric PAR2 binding site, the other inhibitor is a negative allosteric modulator, highlighting two distinct mechanisms of inhibition that could be targeted for future development of drugs that modulate PAR2.
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Reinecke BA, Wang H, Zhang Y. Recent Advances in the Drug Discovery and Development of Dualsteric/ Bitopic Activators of G Protein-Coupled Receptors. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:2378-2392. [PMID: 31833462 DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666191009164609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) represent the largest family of proteins targeted by drug design and discovery efforts. Of these efforts, the development of GPCR agonists is highly desirable, due to their therapeutic robust utility in treating diseases caused by deficient receptor signaling. One of the challenges in designing potent and selective GPCR agonists lies in the inability to achieve combined high binding affinity and subtype selectivity, due to the high homology between orthosteric sites among GPCR subtypes. To combat this difficulty, researchers have begun to explore the utility of targeting topographically distinct and less conserved binding sites, namely "allosteric" sites. Pursuing these sites offers the benefit of achieving high subtype selectivity, however, it also can result in a decreased binding affinity and potency as compared to orthosteric agonists. Therefore, bitopic ligands comprised of an orthosteric agonist and an allosteric modulator connected by a spacer and allowing binding with both the orthosteric and allosteric sites within one receptor, have been developed. It may combine the high subtype selectivity of an allosteric modulator with the high binding affinity of an orthosteric agonist and provides desired advantages over orthosteric agonists or allosteric modulators alone. Herein, we review the recent advances in the development of bitopic agonists/activators for various GPCR targets and their novel therapeutic potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany A Reinecke
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23298, United States
| | - Huiqun Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23298, United States
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23298, United States
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5
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Nakahara K, Yamasaki K, Nagai T, Fujii M, Akioka T, Takamori H, Terada N, Mukai S, Sato Y, Kamoto T. Expression of protease activating receptor-2 (PAR-2) is positively correlated with the recurrence of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer: an immunohistochemical analysis. Res Rep Urol 2019; 11:97-104. [PMID: 31114765 PMCID: PMC6489562 DOI: 10.2147/rru.s199512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Matriptase, which is a Type II transmembrane serine protease, has the potential to activate several growth factors, including pro-hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). A G protein-coupled transmembrane cell-surface receptor and a protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR-2) are also required for activation by matriptase. Activation of PAR-2 has been reported to induce the progression of various cancers. In a previous study, we evaluated the correlation between upregulation of MET phosphorylation with high matriptase expression and worse prognosis in patients with muscle invasive bladder cancer; however, expression of PAR-2, matriptase and MET in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) has not been evaluated. Materials and methods: We retrospectively analyzed the expression of PAR-2, matriptase and MET using 55 paraffin-embedded specimens obtained from patients with NMIBC by immunohistochemistry. Results: MET was significantly expressed in high-grade urothelial carcinoma (UC) and pathological T1 cancers. High expression of PAR-2 was significantly associated with a worse recurrence rate in NMIBC. In subgroup analysis, the expression of PAR-2 was also correlated with high recurrence rate in low-grade UC. In addition, expression of matriptase tended to correlate with worse recurrence rate in high-grade UC. Conclusion: Increased expression of PAR-2 was significantly correlated with worse recurrence rate in patients with NMIBC. In addition, expression of matriptase also indicated a tendency toward recurrence in high-grade UC, suggesting an important role of matriptase-induced PAR-2 activation in NMIBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kozue Nakahara
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Koji Yamasaki
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nagai
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Masato Fujii
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Takahiro Akioka
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Hiroki Takamori
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Naoki Terada
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Shoichiro Mukai
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Sato
- Section of Diagnostic Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Kamoto
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
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6
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Han Y, Tian L, Ma F, Tesch G, Vesey DA, Gobe GC, Lohman RJ, Morais C, Suen JY, Fairlie DP, Nikolic-Paterson DJ. Pharmacological inhibition of protease-activated receptor-2 reduces crescent formation in rat nephrotoxic serum nephritis. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2019; 46:456-464. [PMID: 30811624 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Glomerular crescent formation is a hallmark of rapidly progressive forms of glomerulonephritis. Thrombosis and macrophage infiltration are features of crescent formation in human and experimental kidney disease. Protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) is a G-protein coupled receptor that links coagulation and inflammation. This study investigated whether pharmacological inhibition of PAR-2 can suppress glomerular crescent formation in rat nephrotoxic serum nephritis (NTN). Disease was induced in Wistar Kyoto rats by immunisation with sheep IgG followed by administration of sheep nephrotoxic serum. Rats (n = 8/group) received the PAR-2 antagonist (GB88, 10 mg/kg/p.o.), vehicle or no treatment starting 3 days before nephrotoxic serum injection and continuing until day 14. Vehicle and untreated rats developed thrombosis and macrophage infiltration in the glomerular tuft and Bowman's space in conjunction with prominent crescent formation. Activation of JNK signalling and proliferation in parietal epithelial cells was associated with crescent formation. GB88 treatment significantly reduced crescent formation with a substantial reduction in glomerular thrombosis, reduced macrophage infiltration in Bowman's space, and reduced activation of parietal epithelial cells. However, GB88 did not protect against the development of proteinuria, renal function impairment, inflammation or tubular cell damage in the NTN model. In conclusion, PAR-2 plays a specific role in glomerular crescent formation by promoting glomerular thrombosis, macrophage accumulation in Bowman's space and activation of parietal epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Han
- Department of Nephrology, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lifang Tian
- Department of Nephrology, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Nephrology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an, Shannxi Province, China
| | - Frank Ma
- Department of Nephrology, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Greg Tesch
- Department of Nephrology, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - David A Vesey
- Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Kidney Disease Research, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Department of Nephrology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Glenda C Gobe
- Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Kidney Disease Research, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Rink-Jan Lohman
- Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Christudas Morais
- Department of Nephrology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jacky Y Suen
- Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - David P Fairlie
- Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - David J Nikolic-Paterson
- Department of Nephrology, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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7
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Kennedy AJ, Ballante F, Johansson JR, Milligan G, Sundström L, Nordqvist A, Carlsson J. Structural Characterization of Agonist Binding to Protease-Activated Receptor 2 through Mutagenesis and Computational Modeling. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2018; 1:119-133. [PMID: 32219208 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.8b00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) is a G-protein-coupled receptor that is activated by proteolytic cleavage of its N-terminus. The unmasked N-terminal peptide then binds to the transmembrane bundle, leading to activation of intracellular signaling pathways associated with inflammation and cancer. Recently determined crystal structures have revealed binding sites of PAR2 antagonists, but the binding mode of the peptide agonist remains unknown. In order to generate a model of PAR2 in complex with peptide SLIGKV, corresponding to the trypsin-exposed tethered ligand, the orthosteric binding site was probed by iterative combinations of receptor mutagenesis, agonist ligand modifications, and data-driven structural modeling. Flexible-receptor docking identified a conserved binding mode for agonists related to the endogenous ligand that was consistent with the experimental data and allowed synthesis of a novel peptide (1-benzyl-1H[1,2,3]triazole-4-yl-LIGKV) with functional potency higher than that of SLIGKV. The final model may be used to understand the structural basis of PAR2 activation and in virtual screens to identify novel agonists and competitive antagonists. The combined experimental and computational approach to characterize agonist binding to PAR2 can be extended to study the many other G protein-coupled receptors that recognize peptides or proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Kennedy
- Discovery Sciences and Cardiovascular Renal and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, SE-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Flavio Ballante
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, BMC Box 596, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan R Johansson
- Discovery Sciences and Cardiovascular Renal and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, SE-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Graeme Milligan
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Linda Sundström
- Discovery Sciences and Cardiovascular Renal and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, SE-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Anneli Nordqvist
- Discovery Sciences and Cardiovascular Renal and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, SE-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Jens Carlsson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, BMC Box 596, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
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8
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Jiang Y, Yau MK, Lim J, Wu KC, Xu W, Suen JY, Fairlie DP. A Potent Antagonist of Protease-Activated Receptor 2 That Inhibits Multiple Signaling Functions in Human Cancer Cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2017; 364:246-257. [PMID: 29263243 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.117.245027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) is a cell surface protein linked to G-protein dependent and independent intracellular signaling pathways that produce a wide range of physiological responses, including those related to metabolism, inflammation, pain, and cancer. Certain proteases, peptides, and nonpeptides are known to potently activate PAR2. However, no effective potent PAR2 antagonists have been reported yet despite their anticipated therapeutic potential. This study investigates antagonism of key PAR2-dependent signaling properties and functions by the imidazopyridazine compound I-191 (4-(8-(tert-butyl)-6-(4-fluorophenyl)imidazo[1,2-b]pyridazine-2-carbonyl)-3,3-dimethylpiperazin-2-one) in cancer cells. At nanomolar concentrations, I-191 inhibited PAR2 binding of and activation by structurally distinct PAR2 agonists (trypsin, peptide, nonpeptide) in a concentration-dependent manner in cells of the human colon adenocarcinoma grade II cell line (HT29). I-191 potently attenuated multiple PAR2-mediated intracellular signaling pathways leading to Ca2+ release, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) phosphorylation, Ras homologue gene family, member A (RhoA) activation, and inhibition of forskolin-induced cAMP accumulation. The mechanism of action of I-191 was investigated using binding and calcium mobilization studies in HT29 cells where I-191 was shown to be noncompetitive and a negative allosteric modulator of the agonist 2f-LIGRL-NH2 The compound alone did not activate these PAR2-mediated pathways, even at high micromolar concentrations, indicating no bias in these signaling properties. I-191 also potently inhibited PAR2-mediated downstream functional responses, including expression and secretion of inflammatory cytokines and cell apoptosis and migration, in human colon adenocarcinoma grade II cell line (HT29) and human breast adenocarcinoma cells (MDA-MB-231). These findings indicate that I-191 is a potent PAR2 antagonist that inhibits multiple PAR2-induced signaling pathways and functional responses. I-191 may be a valuable tool for characterizing PAR2 functions in cancer and in other cellular, physiological, and disease settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Jiang
- Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mei-Kwan Yau
- Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Junxian Lim
- Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kai-Chen Wu
- Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Weijun Xu
- Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jacky Y Suen
- Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - David P Fairlie
- Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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