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Velev V, Atanassova M, Aksentieva Y, Ahmet FM, Yordanova R, Harizanov R. Co-infection with plasmodium falciparum and COVID-19 with lethal outcome. First clinical case from Bulgaria. Oxf Med Case Reports 2024; 2024:omae048. [PMID: 38680770 PMCID: PMC11049575 DOI: 10.1093/omcr/omae048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The symptoms of COVID-19 include febrility and mainly catarrhal symptoms. In severe cases, patients present with progression to lower respiratory tract and acute respiratory distress (ARDS) and multi-organ dysfunction. Malaria caused by P. falciparum is a severe, endemic parasitosis, mainly in Africa. In some cases, it can be complicated with ARDS. We present a case of a patient who returned from Nigeria with respiratory symptoms, in which both COVID-19 infection and tropical malaria were proven; with a fatal outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeri Velev
- University Hospital “Prof. Iv. Kirov”, Department of Infectious Diseases, Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Maria Atanassova
- Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital “St. Anna”, Medical University of Sofia, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Yana Aksentieva
- Infectious Disease Unit, University Hospital “St. Anna”, Sofia, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Fatme Melbahtin Ahmet
- Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital “St. Anna”, Medical University of Sofia, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Ralica Yordanova
- University Hospital “Prof. Iv. Kirov”, Department of Infectious Diseases, Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Rumen Harizanov
- Depatment of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, National Centre of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Sofia, Bulgaria
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2
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Konozy EHE, Osman MEFM, Ghartey-Kwansah G, Abushama HM. The striking mimics between COVID-19 and malaria: A review. Front Immunol 2022; 13:957913. [PMID: 36081516 PMCID: PMC9445119 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.957913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives COVID-19 is a transmissible illness triggered by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Since its onset in late 2019 in Wuhan city of China, it continues to spread universally, leading to an ongoing pandemic that shattered all efforts to restrain it. On the other hand, in Africa, the COVID-19 infection may be influenced by malaria coinfection. Hence, in this review article, we aimed to give a comprehensive account of the similarities between COVID-19 and malaria in terms of symptoms, clinical, immunological, and molecular perspectives. Methodology In this article, we reviewed over 50 research papers to highlight the multilayered similarities between COVID-19 and malaria infections that might influence the ontology of COVID-19. Results Despite the poor health and fragile medical system of many sub-Saharan African countries, they persisted with a statistically significantly low number of COVID-19 cases. This was attributed to many factors such as the young population age, the warm weather, the lack of proper diagnosis, previous infection with malaria, the use of antimalarial drugs, etc. Additionally, population genetics appears to play a significant role in shaping the COVID-19 dynamics. This is evident as recent genomic screening analyses of the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and malaria-associated-variants identified 6 candidate genes that might play a role in malaria and COVID-19 incidence and severity. Moreover, the clinical and pathological resemblances between the two diseases have made considerable confusion in the diagnosis and thereafter curb the disease in Africa. Therefore, possible similarities between the diseases in regards to the clinical, pathological, immunological, and genetical ascription were discussed. Conclusion Understanding the dynamics of COVID-19 infection in Sub-Saharan Africa and how it is shaped by another endemic disease like malaria can provide insights into how to tailor a successful diagnostic, intervention, and control plans that lower both disease morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - George Ghartey-Kwansah
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
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3
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Jiang P, Ye J, Jia M, Li X, Wei S, Li N. The common regulatory pathway of COVID-19 and multiple inflammatory diseases and the molecular mechanism of cepharanthine in the treatment of COVID-19. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:960267. [PMID: 35935817 PMCID: PMC9354910 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.960267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Similar pathogenesis makes Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and gouty arthritis (GA), and it is possible to introduce common drugs for the treatment of RA, AS and GA into the treatment of COVID-19. That is, “homotherapy for heteropathy”, especially cytokine inhibitors. But little is known about the specific link between the diseases. In addition, “new use of old drugs” is an important short-term strategy for the treatment of COVID-19. Cepharanthine (CEP), a monomer component of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), is mainly used in the treatment of leukopenia and has recently been proved to have a good therapeutic effect on COVID-19, but its specific molecular mechanism has not been clearly explained. The purpose of this work is to explore the common targets and signaling pathways among COVID-19, RA, AS, and GA by means of network pharmacology (NP), and to infer the potential mechanism of CEP in the treatment of COVID-19. Methods: Firstly, SwissTargetPrediction was used to predict the targets of CEP, and the pathogenic targets of COVID-19, RA, AS and GA were searched in GeneCards, OMIM, TTD, PharmGKB database and literature, respectively. Then, the protein interaction network of CEP and COVID-19 cross targets and the common targets of COVID-19, RA, AS and GA was constructed. Cytosscape 3.7.2 software was used to construct CEP-common targets-signaling pathways-COVID-19 network, module function analysis, gene ontology (GO) and kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG). Finally, the molecular docking of hub targets and CEP was carried out by AutoDock software. Results: The results showed that the common targets of the four diseases were tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1β, and involved Coronavirus disease, IL-17 signaling pathway and TNF signaling pathway. CEP has a good binding force with AKT Serine/Threonine Kinase 1 (AKT1), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PIK3) CA, PIK3CD and Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), and plays a role in the treatment of COVID-19 by regulating PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, Relaxin signaling pathway, VEGF signaling pathway and HIF-1 signaling pathway. Conclusion: Therefore, this study not only confirmed the potential mechanism of CEP in the treatment of COVID-19 at the molecular level, but also found that TNF and IL-17 inhibitors, which are commonly used in the treatment of RA, AS and GA, may also affect the treatment of COVID-19, which provides new clues and theoretical basis for the rapid discovery of effective therapeutic drugs for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Jiang
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Guanghua Clinical Medical College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingyao Ye
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Menglong Jia
- Weifang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Weifang, China
| | - Xiaopeng Li
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
- Rizhao Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Rizhao, China
| | - Shujun Wei
- Rizhao Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Rizhao, China
- *Correspondence: Shujun Wei, ; Nianhu Li,
| | - Nianhu Li
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
- Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Shujun Wei, ; Nianhu Li,
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4
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Elahi R, Karami P, Heidary AH, Esmaeilzadeh A. An updated overview of recent advances, challenges, and clinical considerations of IL-6 signaling blockade in severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 105:108536. [PMID: 35074571 PMCID: PMC8747952 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Since 2019, COVID-19 has become the most important health dilemma around the world. The dysregulated immune response which results in ARDS and cytokine storm has an outstanding role in the progression of pulmonary damage in COVID-19. IL-6, through induction of pro-inflammatory chemokines and cytokines, is the pioneer of the hyperinflammatory condition and cytokine storm in severe COVID-19. Therefore, IL-6 pathway blockade is considered an emerging approach with high efficacy to reduce lung damage in COVID-19. This article aims to review the pleiotropic roles of the IL-6 pathway in lung damage and ARDS in severe COVID-19, and the rationale for IL-6 signaling blockade at different levels, including IL-6 soluble and membrane receptor pathways, IL-6 downstream signaling (such as JAK-STAT) inhibition, and non-specific anti-inflammatory therapeutic approaches. Recent clinical data of each method, with specific concentration on tocilizumab, along with other new drugs, such as sarilumab and siltuximab, have been discussed. Challenges of IL-6 signaling inhibition, such as the risk of superinfection and hepatic injury, and possible solutions have also been explained. Moreover, to achieve the highest efficacy, ongoing clinical trials and special clinical considerations of using different IL-6 inhibitors have been discussed in detail. Special considerations, including the appropriate timing and dosage, monotherapy or combination therapy, and proper side effect managment must be noticed regarding the clinical administration of these drugs. Future studies are still necessary to improve the productivity and unknown aspects of IL-6 signaling blockade for personalized treatment of severe COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Elahi
- Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Parsa Karami
- School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | | | - Abdolreza Esmaeilzadeh
- Department of Immunology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran; Cancer Gene Therapy Research Center (CGRC), Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.
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5
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Erdem S, Ipek F, Bars A, Genç V, Erpek E, Mohammadi S, Altınata A, Akar S. Investigating the effect of macro-scale estimators on worldwide COVID-19 occurrence and mortality through regression analysis using online country-based data sources. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e055562. [PMID: 35165110 PMCID: PMC8844970 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-055562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate macro-scale estimators of the variations in COVID-19 cases and deaths among countries. DESIGN Epidemiological study. SETTING Country-based data from publicly available online databases of international organisations. PARTICIPANTS The study involved 170 countries/territories, each of which had complete COVID-19 and tuberculosis data, as well as specific health-related estimators (obesity, hypertension, diabetes and hypercholesterolaemia). PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES The worldwide heterogeneity of the total number of COVID-19 cases and deaths per million on 31 December 2020 was analysed by 17 macro-scale estimators around the health-related, socioeconomic, climatic and political factors. In 139 of 170 nations, the best subsets regression was used to investigate all potential models of COVID-19 variations among countries. A multiple linear regression analysis was conducted to explore the predictive capacity of these variables. The same analysis was applied to the number of deaths per hundred thousand due to tuberculosis, a quite different infectious disease, to validate and control the differences with the proposed models for COVID-19. RESULTS In the model for the COVID-19 cases (R2=0.45), obesity (β=0.460), hypertension (β=0.214), sunshine (β=-0.157) and transparency (β=0.147); whereas in the model for COVID-19 deaths (R2=0.41), obesity (β=0.279), hypertension (β=0.285), alcohol consumption (β=0.173) and urbanisation (β=0.204) were significant factors (p<0.05). Unlike COVID-19, the tuberculosis model contained significant indicators like obesity, undernourishment, air pollution, age, schooling, democracy and Gini Inequality Index. CONCLUSIONS This study recommends the new predictors explaining the global variability of COVID-19. Thus, it might assist policymakers in developing health policies and social strategies to deal with COVID-19. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ClinicalTrials.gov Registry (NCT04486508).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabri Erdem
- Department of Business Administration, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Fulya Ipek
- Faculty of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Aybars Bars
- Social Sciences Institute, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Volkan Genç
- Social Sciences Institute, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Esra Erpek
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology Atatürk Education and Research Hospital, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir, Turkey
| | | | - Anıl Altınata
- Social Sciences Institute, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Servet Akar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology Atatürk Education and Research Hospital, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir, Turkey
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6
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Dewanjee S, Kandimalla R, Kalra RS, Valupadas C, Vallamkondu J, Kolli V, Dey Ray S, Reddy AP, Reddy PH. COVID-19 and Rheumatoid Arthritis Crosstalk: Emerging Association, Therapeutic Options and Challenges. Cells 2021; 10:3291. [PMID: 34943795 PMCID: PMC8699554 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperactivation of immune responses resulting in excessive release of pro-inflammatory mediators in alveoli/lung structures is the principal pathological feature of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The cytokine hyperactivation in COVID-19 appears to be similar to those seen in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), an autoimmune disease. Emerging evidence conferred the severity and risk of COVID-19 to RA patients. Amid the evidence of musculoskeletal manifestations involving immune-inflammation-dependent mechanisms and cases of arthralgia and/or myalgia in COVID-19, crosstalk between COVID-19 and RA is often debated. The present article sheds light on the pathological crosstalk between COVID-19 and RA, the risk of RA patients in acquiring SARS-CoV-2 infection, and the aspects of SARS-CoV-2 infection in RA development. We also conferred whether RA can exacerbate COVID-19 outcomes based on available clinical readouts. The mechanistic overlapping in immune-inflammatory features in both COVID-19 and RA was discussed. We showed the emerging links of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)-dependent and macrophage-mediated pathways in both diseases. Moreover, a detailed review of immediate challenges and key recommendations for anti-rheumatic drugs in the COVID-19 setting was presented for better clinical monitoring and management of RA patients. Taken together, the present article summarizes available knowledge on the emerging COVID-19 and RA crosstalk and their mechanistic overlaps, challenges, and therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saikat Dewanjee
- Advanced Pharmacognosy Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur Unversity, Kolkata 700032, India;
| | - Ramesh Kandimalla
- Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Technology, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 50000, India;
- Department of Biochemistry, Kakatiya Medical College, Warangal 506007, India
| | - Rajkumar Singh Kalra
- AIST-INDIA DAILAB, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST), Higashi 1-1-1, Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan;
| | - Chandrasekhar Valupadas
- Department of Medicine, Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Hospital, Warangal 506007, India;
- Department of Medicine, Kakatiya Medical College Superspeciality Hospital, Warangal 506007, India
| | | | - Viswakalyan Kolli
- Department of Biochemistry, GITAM Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Visakhapatnam 530045, India;
| | - Sarbani Dey Ray
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Assam University, Silchar 788011, India;
| | - Arubala P. Reddy
- Nutritional Sciences Department, College of Human Sciences, Texas Tech University, 1301 Akron Ave, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA;
| | - P. Hemachandra Reddy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
- Departments of Neurology, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
- Public Health Department of Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
- Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, School Health Professions, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
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7
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Sharma HN, Latimore COD, Matthews QL. Biology and Pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2: Understandings for Therapeutic Developments against COVID-19. Pathogens 2021; 10:1218. [PMID: 34578250 PMCID: PMC8470303 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10091218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses are positive sense, single-stranded, enveloped, and non-segmented RNA viruses that belong to the Coronaviridae family within the order Nidovirales and suborder Coronavirinae. Two Alphacoronavirus strains: HCoV-229E and HCoV-NL63 and five Betacoronaviruses: HCoV-HKU1, HCoV-OC43, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 have so far been recognized as Human Coronaviruses (HCoVs). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 is currently the greatest concern for humanity. Despite the overflow of research on SARS-CoV-2 and other HCoVs published every week, existing knowledge in this area is insufficient for the complete understanding of the viruses and the diseases caused by them. This review is based on the analysis of 210 published works, and it attempts to cover the basic biology of coronaviruses, including the genetic characteristics, life cycle, and host-pathogen interaction, pathogenesis, the antiviral drugs, and vaccines against HCoVs, especially focusing on SARS-CoV-2. Furthermore, we will briefly discuss the potential link between extracellular vesicles (EVs) and SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Homa Nath Sharma
- Microbiology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA;
| | | | - Qiana L. Matthews
- Microbiology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA;
- Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA;
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8
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Jahaj E, Vassiliou AG, Keskinidou C, Gallos P, Vrettou CS, Tsipilis S, Mastora Z, Orfanos SE, Dimopoulou I, Kotanidou A. Evaluating the Role of the Interleukin-23/17 Axis in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients. J Pers Med 2021; 11:891. [PMID: 34575667 PMCID: PMC8466794 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11090891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies have hypothesized a potential role of the interleukin (IL)-23/17 axis in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, to date, levels of IL-23 and 17 have not been compared between critically ill COVID-19 patients and critically ill non-COVID-19 patients. IL-23 and 17 were measured on admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) in critically ill COVID-19 (N = 38) and critically ill non-COVID-19 (N = 34) patients with an equal critical illness severity. Critically ill non-COVID-19 patients did not have sepsis or septic shock on ICU admission. None of the enrolled patients had previously received corticosteroids. In our study, circulating IL-17 levels were higher in the COVID-19 patients. More specifically, critically ill COVID-19 patients had levels of 0.78 (0.05-1.8) pg/mL compared to 0.11 (0.05-0.9) pg/mL in the critically ill non-COVID-19 patients (p = 0.04). In contrast, IL-23 levels were comparable between groups. A group of patients hospitalized in the specialized COVID-19 clinic (N = 16) was also used to evaluate IL-17 and IL-23 levels with respect to COVID-19 severity. Non-critically ill COVID-19 patients had undetectable levels of both cytokines. Our results support the notion of inhibiting IL-17 in critical COVID-19 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edison Jahaj
- First Department of Critical Care Medicine & Pulmonary Services, School of Medicine, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Evangelismos Hospital, 106 76 Athens, Greece; (E.J.); (A.G.V.); (C.K.); (C.S.V.); (S.T.); (Z.M.); (S.E.O.); (I.D.)
| | - Alice G. Vassiliou
- First Department of Critical Care Medicine & Pulmonary Services, School of Medicine, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Evangelismos Hospital, 106 76 Athens, Greece; (E.J.); (A.G.V.); (C.K.); (C.S.V.); (S.T.); (Z.M.); (S.E.O.); (I.D.)
| | - Chrysi Keskinidou
- First Department of Critical Care Medicine & Pulmonary Services, School of Medicine, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Evangelismos Hospital, 106 76 Athens, Greece; (E.J.); (A.G.V.); (C.K.); (C.S.V.); (S.T.); (Z.M.); (S.E.O.); (I.D.)
| | - Parisis Gallos
- Computational Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Digital Systems, University of Piraeus, 185 34 Piraeus, Greece;
| | - Charikleia S. Vrettou
- First Department of Critical Care Medicine & Pulmonary Services, School of Medicine, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Evangelismos Hospital, 106 76 Athens, Greece; (E.J.); (A.G.V.); (C.K.); (C.S.V.); (S.T.); (Z.M.); (S.E.O.); (I.D.)
| | - Stamatios Tsipilis
- First Department of Critical Care Medicine & Pulmonary Services, School of Medicine, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Evangelismos Hospital, 106 76 Athens, Greece; (E.J.); (A.G.V.); (C.K.); (C.S.V.); (S.T.); (Z.M.); (S.E.O.); (I.D.)
| | - Zafeiria Mastora
- First Department of Critical Care Medicine & Pulmonary Services, School of Medicine, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Evangelismos Hospital, 106 76 Athens, Greece; (E.J.); (A.G.V.); (C.K.); (C.S.V.); (S.T.); (Z.M.); (S.E.O.); (I.D.)
| | - Stylianos E. Orfanos
- First Department of Critical Care Medicine & Pulmonary Services, School of Medicine, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Evangelismos Hospital, 106 76 Athens, Greece; (E.J.); (A.G.V.); (C.K.); (C.S.V.); (S.T.); (Z.M.); (S.E.O.); (I.D.)
| | - Ioanna Dimopoulou
- First Department of Critical Care Medicine & Pulmonary Services, School of Medicine, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Evangelismos Hospital, 106 76 Athens, Greece; (E.J.); (A.G.V.); (C.K.); (C.S.V.); (S.T.); (Z.M.); (S.E.O.); (I.D.)
| | - Anastasia Kotanidou
- First Department of Critical Care Medicine & Pulmonary Services, School of Medicine, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Evangelismos Hospital, 106 76 Athens, Greece; (E.J.); (A.G.V.); (C.K.); (C.S.V.); (S.T.); (Z.M.); (S.E.O.); (I.D.)
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9
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Gaspar EB, Prudencio CR, De Gaspari E. Experimental studies using OMV in a new platform of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2021; 17:2965-2968. [PMID: 33950776 PMCID: PMC8108191 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2021.1920272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Although COVID-19 vaccines have recently been approved for emergency use, search for new vaccines are still urgent, since the access of the countries, especially the poorest, to the vaccines, has shown to be slower than the necessary to rapidly control the pandemic. We proposed a novel platform for vaccine using recombinant receptor binding domain (rRBD) from Sars-Cov-2 spike protein and Neisseria meningitidis outer membrane vesicles (OMVs). The antigen preparation produced a humoral and cellular immune response. Taken together our findings suggest a good immunostimulatory patter in response to immunization with rRBD plus N. meningitidis OMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuelle B. Gaspar
- Animal Health Department, Embrapa Southern Region Animal Husbandry, Bagé, Brazil
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10
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Yaneske E, Zampieri G, Bertoldi L, Benvenuto G, Angione C. Genome-scale metabolic modelling of SARS-CoV-2 in cancer cells reveals an increased shift to glycolytic energy production. FEBS Lett 2021; 595:2350-2365. [PMID: 34409594 PMCID: PMC8427129 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is considered a high‐risk condition for severe illness resulting from COVID‐19. The interaction between severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) and human metabolism is key to elucidating the risk posed by COVID‐19 for cancer patients and identifying effective treatments, yet it is largely uncharacterised on a mechanistic level. We present a genome‐scale map of short‐term metabolic alterations triggered by SARS‐CoV‐2 infection of cancer cells. Through transcriptomic‐ and proteomic‐informed genome‐scale metabolic modelling, we characterise the role of RNA and fatty acid biosynthesis in conjunction with a rewiring in energy production pathways and enhanced cytokine secretion. These findings link together complementary aspects of viral invasion of cancer cells, while providing mechanistic insights that can inform the development of treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Yaneske
- School of Computing, Engineering and Digital Technologies, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - Guido Zampieri
- School of Computing, Engineering and Digital Technologies, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK.,Department of Biology, University of Padua, Italy
| | | | | | - Claudio Angione
- School of Computing, Engineering and Digital Technologies, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK.,Healthcare Innovation Centre, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK.,Centre for Digital Innovation, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
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11
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Maione F, Casillo GM, Raucci F, Salvatore C, Ambrosini G, Costa L, Scarpa R, Caso F, Bucci M. Interleukin-17A (IL-17A): A silent amplifier of COVID-19. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 142:111980. [PMID: 34364043 PMCID: PMC8318692 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the hallmarks of COVID-19 is the cytokine storm that provokes primarily pneumonia followed by systemic inflammation. Emerging evidence has identified a potential link between elevated interleukin-17A (IL-17A) levels and disease severity and progression. Considering that per se, IL-17A can activate several inflammatory pathways, it is plausible to hypothesize an involvement of this cytokine in COVID-19 clinical outcomes. Thus, IL-17A could represent a marker of disease progression and/or a target to develop therapeutic strategies. This hypothesis paper aims to propose this "unique" cytokine as a silent amplifier of the COVID-19 immune response and (potentially) related therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Maione
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Gian Marco Casillo
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Federica Raucci
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Cristian Salvatore
- New.Fa.DEm SRL, Viale Ferrovie Dello Stato, 1, 80014 Giugliano in Campania, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanna Ambrosini
- New.Fa.DEm SRL, Viale Ferrovie Dello Stato, 1, 80014 Giugliano in Campania, Naples, Italy
| | - Luisa Costa
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Raffaele Scarpa
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Caso
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Mariarosaria Bucci
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy.
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12
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Yang L, Xie X, Tu Z, Fu J, Xu D, Zhou Y. The signal pathways and treatment of cytokine storm in COVID-19. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:255. [PMID: 34234112 PMCID: PMC8261820 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00679-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 107.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has become a global crisis and is more devastating than any other previous infectious disease. It has affected a significant proportion of the global population both physically and mentally, and destroyed businesses and societies. Current evidence suggested that immunopathology may be responsible for COVID-19 pathogenesis, including lymphopenia, neutrophilia, dysregulation of monocytes and macrophages, reduced or delayed type I interferon (IFN-I) response, antibody-dependent enhancement, and especially, cytokine storm (CS). The CS is characterized by hyperproduction of an array of pro-inflammatory cytokines and is closely associated with poor prognosis. These excessively secreted pro-inflammatory cytokines initiate different inflammatory signaling pathways via their receptors on immune and tissue cells, resulting in complicated medical symptoms including fever, capillary leak syndrome, disseminated intravascular coagulation, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and multiorgan failure, ultimately leading to death in the most severe cases. Therefore, it is clinically important to understand the initiation and signaling pathways of CS to develop more effective treatment strategies for COVID-19. Herein, we discuss the latest developments in the immunopathological characteristics of COVID-19 and focus on CS including the current research status of the different cytokines involved. We also discuss the induction, function, downstream signaling, and existing and potential interventions for targeting these cytokines or related signal pathways. We believe that a comprehensive understanding of CS in COVID-19 will help to develop better strategies to effectively control immunopathology in this disease and other infectious and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Yang
- Institute of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, and the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Neonatal Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueru Xie
- Institute of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, and the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Neonatal Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zikun Tu
- Institute of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, and the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Neonatal Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinrong Fu
- General Department, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Damo Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease for Allergy at Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China.
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
| | - Yufeng Zhou
- Institute of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, and the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Neonatal Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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13
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Avdeev SN, Trushenko NV, Tsareva NA, Yaroshetskiy AI, Merzhoeva ZM, Nuralieva GS, Nekludova GV, Chikina SY, Gneusheva TY, Suvorova OA, Shmidt AE. Anti-IL-17 monoclonal antibodies in hospitalized patients with severe COVID-19: A pilot study. Cytokine 2021; 146:155627. [PMID: 34237556 PMCID: PMC8253694 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2021.155627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the main pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the severe course of COVID-19 is the hyper-inflammatory syndrome associated with progressive damage of lung tissue and multi-organ dysfunction. IL-17 has been suggested to be involved in hyper-inflammatory syndrome. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy and safety of the IL-17 inhibitor netakimab in patients with severe COVID-19. STUDY DESIGN In our retrospective case-control study we evaluated the efficacy of netakimab in hospitalized patients with severe COVID-19 outside the intensive care unit (ICU). Patients in the experimental group were treated with standard of care therapy and netakimab at a dose of 120 mg subcutaneously. RESULTS 171 patients with severe COVID-19 were enrolled in our study, and 88 of them received netakimab. On the 3 day of therapy, body temperature, SpO2/FiO2, NEWS2 score, and CRP improved significantly in the netakimab group compared to the control group. Other clinical outcomes such as transfer to ICU (11.4% vs 9.6%), need for mechanical ventilation (10.2% vs 9.6%), 28-day mortality (10.2% vs 8.4%), did not differ between the groups. CONCLUSION In hospitalized patients with severe COVID-19, anti-IL-17 therapy might mitigate the inflammatory response and improve oxygenation, but do not affect the need for mechanical ventilation and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey N Avdeev
- Department of Pulmonology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia.
| | - Natalia V Trushenko
- Department of Pulmonology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia A Tsareva
- Department of Pulmonology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey I Yaroshetskiy
- Department of Pulmonology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Zamira M Merzhoeva
- Department of Pulmonology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Galia S Nuralieva
- Department of Pulmonology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Galina V Nekludova
- Department of Pulmonology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Svetlana Yu Chikina
- Department of Pulmonology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana Yu Gneusheva
- Department of Pulmonology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga A Suvorova
- International School 'Medicine of the Future', I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna E Shmidt
- International School 'Medicine of the Future', I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
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14
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Kobak S. The Perfect Storm: A Rheumatologist's Point of View on COVID-19 Infection. Curr Rheumatol Rev 2021; 17:141-152. [PMID: 33121412 DOI: 10.2174/1573397116666201029155105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The new coronavirus infection (Covid-19) is a pandemic that has affected the whole world and progresses with high morbidity and mortality. It has a high contagion rate and a course capable of rapid lung involvement with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and pulmonary insufficiency. A severe clinical picture develops as a result of a "perfect cytokine storm" which results from possible immunological mechanisms triggered by the viral infection. Immune system dysregulation and possible autoinflammatory and autoimmune mechanisms are responsible for a higher amount of cytokines release from immune cells. Although no clear treatment of Covid-19 infection has emerged yet, it is argued that some disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) may be effective in addition to anti-viral treatments. These drugs (anti-malarial drugs, colchicum dispert, biologics) have been well known to rheumatologists for years because they are used in the treatment of many inflammatory rheumatologic diseases. Another important issue is whether DMARDs, which can cause severe immunosuppression, pose a risk for Covid-19 infection and whether they have been discontinued beforehand. Although there are insufficient data on this subject, considering the risk of disease reactivation, patients may continue their DMARDs treatment under the supervision of a rheumatologist. In this article, the possible immunological mechanisms in the pathogenesis of Covid-19 infection and the efficacy and safety of various DMARDs used in the treatment are discussed from a rheumatologist's perspective in the light of recent literature data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senol Kobak
- Department of Internal Medicine and Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Istinye University, Liv Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
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15
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Uzunova G, Pallanti S, Hollander E. Presentation and management of anxiety in individuals with acute symptomatic or asymptomatic COVID-19 infection, and in the post-COVID-19 recovery phase. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract 2021; 25:115-131. [PMID: 33635172 DOI: 10.1080/13651501.2021.1887264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 is associated with neuropsychiatric complications, the most frequent one being anxiety. Multiple biological and psychosocial factors contribute to anxiety in COVID-19. Among the biological factors, stress, genetics, gender, immune system, resilience, anosmia, hypogeusia, and central nervous system infection with SARS-CoV-2 are key. Anxiety is a complication of COVID-19 that may exacerbate the infection course, and the infection may exacerbate anxiety. We present the mechanisms of anxiety in symptomatic or asymptomatic COVID-19. We discuss the presentation of anxiety in patients without or with prior psychiatric illness, and with co-morbidities. Timely diagnosis and management of anxiety in COVID-19 patients is important. Given the frequent complication of COVID-19 with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and Intensive Care Unit stay, anxiety may be a long-term complication. We review the diagnostic tools for anxiety in COVID-19, and summarise pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic treatments. We provide recommendations for diagnosis, treatment, prevention and follow up of anxiety in COVID-19.Key pointsPatients with COVID-19 (symptomatic or asymptomatic) exhibit a high frequency of neuropsychiatric complications with highest percentage attributed to anxiety.Multiple biological and psychosocial risk factors for anxiety exist in COVID-19-ill individuals. Biological risk factors include stress, resilience, genetics, gender, age, immune system, direct infection of the central nervous system (CNS) with SARS-CoV-2, comorbid psychiatric and general medical illnesses, ARDS and ICU stay. Anosmia and hypogeusia are COVID-19-specific anxiety risk factors. Knowledge of the anxiety risk factors is essential to focus on timely interventions, because anxiety may be a complication of and exacerbate the COVID-19 course.An inverse correlation exists between resilience and anxiety because of COVID-19, and therefore efforts should be made to increase resilience in COVID-19 patients.In COVID-19, important anxiety mechanism is neuroinflammation resulting from activation of the immune system and an ensuing cytokine storm.The general approach to management of anxiety in COVID-19 should be compassionate, similar to that during trauma or disaster, with efforts focussed on instilling a sense of hope and resilience.In selecting pharmacological treatment of anxiety, the stress response and immune system effects should be key. Medications with cardio-respiratory adverse effects should be avoided in patients with respiratory problems.Anxiety is a disorder that will require for long-term follow up at least one month after COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genoveva Uzunova
- Psychiatric Research Institute at Montefiore-Einstein, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Stefano Pallanti
- Istituto di Neuroscienze, Firenze, Italy.,Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Eric Hollander
- Autism and Obsessive Compulsive Spectrum Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Psychiatric Research Institute at Montefiore-Einstein, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
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16
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Maslennikov R, Ivashkin V, Vasilieva E, Chipurik M, Semikova P, Semenets V, Russkova T, Levshina A, Grigoriadis D, Magomedov S, Efremova I, Dzhakhaya N. Interleukin 17 antagonist netakimab is effective and safe in the new coronavirus infection (COVID-19). Eur Cytokine Netw 2021; 32:8-14. [PMID: 34346869 PMCID: PMC8491178 DOI: 10.1684/ecn.2021.0463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cytokine release syndrome is a serious complication of the new coronavirus infection (COVID-19). The aim of the study was to assess effectiveness and safety of the IL-17 antagonist nekatimab for its treatment. The retrospective study included COVID-19 patients with C-reactive protein levels >60 mg/L. Patients received either netakimab (group NET), IL-6 antagonist tocilizumab (group TOC) or no anti-cytokine treatment (group CON). Forty-four patients were enrolled in the NET group, 27 patients in the TOC group, and 47 patients in the CON group. Mortality was lower in the NET group than in TOC and CON groups (2.3% vs. 14.8% and 31.9%; p = 0.018 and p < 0.001). NET group patients required intensive care unit admission (6.8% vs. 25.9% and 46.3%; p = 0.025 and p < 0.001) and mechanical ventilation (4.6% vs. 22.2% and 31.9%; p = 0.022 and p = 0.002) less frequently than patients of the TOC and CON groups. After 7-10 days of anti-cytokine drug administration, a reduction in lung lesion volume (p = 0.016) and an increase in the proportion of patients who did not need oxygen support (p = 0.005) or stayed in prone position (p = 0.044) was observed in the NET group only group; C-reactive protein levels were the same in the TOC and NET groups (p = 0.136) and lower in the CON group (p < 0.001 and p = 0.005). IL-6 levels decreased in the NET group (p = 0.005) and did not change in the TOC group (p = 0.953). There was no difference in the incidence of side effects between groups. The IL-17 antagonist netakimab is effective and safe in the treatment of cytokine release syndrome in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Maslennikov
- grid.448878.f0000 0001 2288 8774Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sechenov University, Pogodinskaya str., 1, bld. 1, Moscow, 119435 Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir Ivashkin
- grid.448878.f0000 0001 2288 8774Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sechenov University, Pogodinskaya str., 1, bld. 1, Moscow, 119435 Russian Federation
| | - Ekaterina Vasilieva
- grid.448878.f0000 0001 2288 8774Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sechenov University, Pogodinskaya str., 1, bld. 1, Moscow, 119435 Russian Federation
| | - Maxim Chipurik
- grid.448878.f0000 0001 2288 8774Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sechenov University, Pogodinskaya str., 1, bld. 1, Moscow, 119435 Russian Federation
| | - Polina Semikova
- grid.448878.f0000 0001 2288 8774Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sechenov University, Pogodinskaya str., 1, bld. 1, Moscow, 119435 Russian Federation
| | - Victoria Semenets
- grid.448878.f0000 0001 2288 8774Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sechenov University, Pogodinskaya str., 1, bld. 1, Moscow, 119435 Russian Federation
| | - Tatyana Russkova
- grid.448878.f0000 0001 2288 8774Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sechenov University, Pogodinskaya str., 1, bld. 1, Moscow, 119435 Russian Federation
| | - Anna Levshina
- grid.448878.f0000 0001 2288 8774Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sechenov University, Pogodinskaya str., 1, bld. 1, Moscow, 119435 Russian Federation
| | - Diana Grigoriadis
- grid.448878.f0000 0001 2288 8774Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sechenov University, Pogodinskaya str., 1, bld. 1, Moscow, 119435 Russian Federation
| | - Shamil Magomedov
- grid.448878.f0000 0001 2288 8774Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sechenov University, Pogodinskaya str., 1, bld. 1, Moscow, 119435 Russian Federation
| | - Irina Efremova
- grid.448878.f0000 0001 2288 8774Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sechenov University, Pogodinskaya str., 1, bld. 1, Moscow, 119435 Russian Federation
| | - Natiya Dzhakhaya
- grid.448878.f0000 0001 2288 8774Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sechenov University, Pogodinskaya str., 1, bld. 1, Moscow, 119435 Russian Federation
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17
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Taliani G, Follini E, Guglielmetti L, Bernuzzi P, Faggi A, Ferrante P, Fronti E, Gerna L, Leoni MC, Paolillo F, Ratti G, Ruggieri A, Valdatta C, Donisi A, Zangrandi A, Pochintesta L, Moroni C, Sacchini D, Vallisa D, Codeluppi M. Case Report: B Lymphocyte Disorders Under COVID-19 Inflammatory Pressure. Front Oncol 2021; 10:582901. [PMID: 33585201 PMCID: PMC7874205 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.582901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infects humans through the angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2) receptor expressed on many cells, including lymphocytes. In Covid-19 patients IL-6 is overexpressed, and hyperactivated plasmacytoid lymphocytes are detected in peripheral blood film. We hypothesize that, due to the unpredictable interaction between the new virus and the B cell lineage of infected patients, a cascade of out of control events can ensue, capable of determining unexpected pathologic disorders involving such lineage. Here we report two cases of autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) and two cases of B-cell hematological malignancies developed or reactivated during acute SARS-CoV-2 infection. The temporal relationship of the events may suggest a potential causal relationship between SARS-CoV-2 infection and the hematopoietic disorders. We suggest that special attention should be paid to COVID-19 patients with underlining B cell lineage disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Taliani
- Infectious Diseases Unit, "Guglielmo da Saliceto" Piacenza Hospital, Piacenza, Italy.,Anti-COVID-19 Task Force of the Italian Civil Protection, Rome, Italy.,Infectious and Tropical Disease Unit, Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Follini
- Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplant (BMT) Unit, "Guglielmo da Saliceto" Piacenza Hospital, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Guglielmetti
- Infectious Diseases Unit, "Guglielmo da Saliceto" Piacenza Hospital, Piacenza, Italy.,Sorbonne Université, INSERM, U1135, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, Cimi-Paris, équipe 13, Paris, France.,APHP, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Centre National de Référence des Mycobactéries et de la Résistance des Mycobactéries aux Antituberculeux, Paris, France
| | - Patrizia Bernuzzi
- Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplant (BMT) Unit, "Guglielmo da Saliceto" Piacenza Hospital, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Alberto Faggi
- Infectious Diseases Unit, "Guglielmo da Saliceto" Piacenza Hospital, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Patrizia Ferrante
- Infectious Diseases Unit, "Guglielmo da Saliceto" Piacenza Hospital, Piacenza, Italy.,Institute for Cross-Disciplinary Physics and Complex Systems IFISC (UIB-CSIC), Campus Universitat Illes Balears, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Elisa Fronti
- Infectious Diseases Unit, "Guglielmo da Saliceto" Piacenza Hospital, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Laura Gerna
- Infectious Diseases Unit, "Guglielmo da Saliceto" Piacenza Hospital, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Leoni
- Infectious Diseases Unit, "Guglielmo da Saliceto" Piacenza Hospital, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Franco Paolillo
- Infectious Diseases Unit, "Guglielmo da Saliceto" Piacenza Hospital, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Giovanna Ratti
- Infectious Diseases Unit, "Guglielmo da Saliceto" Piacenza Hospital, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Alessandro Ruggieri
- Infectious Diseases Unit, "Guglielmo da Saliceto" Piacenza Hospital, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Caterina Valdatta
- Infectious Diseases Unit, "Guglielmo da Saliceto" Piacenza Hospital, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Alessandra Donisi
- Migration Health Unit, Primary Health Care Department, "Guglielmo da Saliceto" Piacenza Hospital, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Adriano Zangrandi
- Pathology Unit, "Guglielmo da Saliceto" Piacenza Hospital, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Lara Pochintesta
- Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplant (BMT) Unit, "Guglielmo da Saliceto" Piacenza Hospital, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Carlo Moroni
- Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplant (BMT) Unit, "Guglielmo da Saliceto" Piacenza Hospital, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Daria Sacchini
- Infectious Diseases Unit, "Guglielmo da Saliceto" Piacenza Hospital, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Daniele Vallisa
- Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplant (BMT) Unit, "Guglielmo da Saliceto" Piacenza Hospital, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Mauro Codeluppi
- Infectious Diseases Unit, "Guglielmo da Saliceto" Piacenza Hospital, Piacenza, Italy
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18
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George JA, Mayne ES. The Novel Coronavirus and Inflammation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1321:127-138. [PMID: 33656719 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-59261-5_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 virus which causes COVID-19 disease was initially described in the Hubei Province of China and has since spread to more than 200 countries and territories of the world. Severe cases of the disease are characterised by release of high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and other inflammatory mediators in a process characterised as a cytokine storm. These inflammatory mediators are associated with pathological leukocyte activation states with tissue damage. Here, we review these effects with a focus on their potential use in diagnosis, patient stratification and prognosis, as well as new drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A George
- Department of Chemical Pathology, National Health Laboratory Services and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - E S Mayne
- Department of Immunology, National Health Laboratory Services and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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19
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Scarpa R, Caso F, Costa L, Passavanti S, Vitale MG, Trojaniello C, Del Puente A, Ascierto PA. May the analysis of 1918 influenza pandemic give hints to imagine the possible magnitude of Corona Virus Disease-2019 (COVID-19)? J Transl Med 2020; 18:489. [PMID: 33353549 PMCID: PMC7753514 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02673-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 1918 an unknown infectious agent spread around the world infecting over one-third of the general population and killing almost 50 million people. Many countries were at war, the First World War. Since Spain was a neutral country and Spanish press could report about the infection without censorship, this condition is commonly remembered as "Spanish influenza". This review examines several aspects during the 1918 influenza pandemic to bring out evidences which might be useful to imagine the possible magnitude of the present coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). METHODS In the first part of this review we will examine the origin of the SARS-Coronavirus-2 and 1918 Spanish Influenza Virus and the role played by host and environment in its diffusion. We will also include in our analysis an evaluation of different approaches utilized to restrain the spread of pandemic and to treat infected patients. In the second part, we will try to imagine the magnitude of the present COVID-19 pandemic and the possible measures able to restrain in the present environment its spread. RESULTS Several factors characterize the outcome in a viral pandemic infection. They include the complete knowledge of the virus, the complete knowledge of the host and of the environment where the host lives and the pandemic develops. CONCLUSION By comparing the situation seen in 1918 with the current one, we are now in a more favourable position. The experience of the past teaches us that their success is linked to a rapid, constant and lasting application. Then, rather than coercion, awareness of the need to observe such prevention measures works better.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Scarpa
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via Sergio, Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy.
| | - Francesco Caso
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via Sergio, Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Luisa Costa
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via Sergio, Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Saverio Passavanti
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via Sergio, Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Vitale
- Department of Melanoma, Cancer Immunotherapy and Development Therapeutics, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS Fondazione Pascale, Naples, Italy
| | - Claudia Trojaniello
- Department of Melanoma, Cancer Immunotherapy and Development Therapeutics, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS Fondazione Pascale, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Del Puente
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via Sergio, Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo A Ascierto
- Department of Melanoma, Cancer Immunotherapy and Development Therapeutics, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS Fondazione Pascale, Naples, Italy
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20
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Baralić K, Jorgovanović D, Živančević K, Antonijević Miljaković E, Antonijević B, Buha Djordjevic A, Ćurčić M, Đukić-Ćosić D. Safety assessment of drug combinations used in COVID-19 treatment: in silico toxicogenomic data-mining approach. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2020; 406:115237. [PMID: 32920000 PMCID: PMC7483129 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2020.115237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Improvement of COVID-19 clinical condition was seen in studies where combination of antiretroviral drugs, lopinavir and ritonavir, as well as immunomodulant antimalaric, chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine together with the macrolide-type antibiotic, azithromycin, was used for patient's treatment. Although these drugs are "old", their pharmacological and toxicological profile in SARS-CoV-2 - infected patients are still unknown. Thus, by using in silico toxicogenomic data-mining approach, we aimed to assess both risks and benefits of the COVID-19 treatment with the most promising candidate drugs combinations: lopinavir/ritonavir and chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine + azithromycin. The Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD; http://CTD.mdibl.org), Cytoscape software (https://cytoscape.org) and ToppGene Suite portal (https://toppgene.cchmc.org) served as a foundation in our research. Our results have demonstrated that lopinavir/ritonavir increased the expression of the genes involved in immune response and lipid metabolism (IL6, ICAM1, CCL2, TNF, APOA1, etc.). Chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine + azithromycin interacted with 6 genes (CCL2, CTSB, CXCL8, IL1B, IL6 and TNF), whereas chloroquine and azithromycin affected two additional genes (BCL2L1 and CYP3A4), which might be a reason behind a greater number of consequential diseases. In contrast to lopinavir/ritonavir, chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine + azithromycin downregulated the expression of TNF and IL6. As expected, inflammation, cardiotoxicity, and dyslipidaemias were revealed as the main risks of lopinavir/ritonavir treatment, while chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine + azithromycin therapy was additionally linked to gastrointestinal and skin diseases. According to our results, these drug combinations should be administrated with caution to patients suffering from cardiovascular problems, autoimmune diseases, or acquired and hereditary lipid disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Baralić
- Department of Toxicology "Akademik Danilo Soldatović", Center for Toxicological Risk Assessment, University of Belgrade - Faculty of Pharmacy, Serbia.
| | - Dragica Jorgovanović
- Department of Toxicology "Akademik Danilo Soldatović", Center for Toxicological Risk Assessment, University of Belgrade - Faculty of Pharmacy, Serbia
| | - Katarina Živančević
- Department of Toxicology "Akademik Danilo Soldatović", Center for Toxicological Risk Assessment, University of Belgrade - Faculty of Pharmacy, Serbia
| | - Evica Antonijević Miljaković
- Department of Toxicology "Akademik Danilo Soldatović", Center for Toxicological Risk Assessment, University of Belgrade - Faculty of Pharmacy, Serbia.
| | - Biljana Antonijević
- Department of Toxicology "Akademik Danilo Soldatović", Center for Toxicological Risk Assessment, University of Belgrade - Faculty of Pharmacy, Serbia.
| | - Aleksandra Buha Djordjevic
- Department of Toxicology "Akademik Danilo Soldatović", Center for Toxicological Risk Assessment, University of Belgrade - Faculty of Pharmacy, Serbia.
| | - Marijana Ćurčić
- Department of Toxicology "Akademik Danilo Soldatović", Center for Toxicological Risk Assessment, University of Belgrade - Faculty of Pharmacy, Serbia.
| | - Danijela Đukić-Ćosić
- Department of Toxicology "Akademik Danilo Soldatović", Center for Toxicological Risk Assessment, University of Belgrade - Faculty of Pharmacy, Serbia.
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21
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Bilal B, Saleem F, Fatima SS. Alcohol consumption and obesity: The hidden scare with COVID-19 severity. Med Hypotheses 2020; 144:110272. [PMID: 33254576 PMCID: PMC7492811 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Obese individuals seem to be at the highest risk of contracting COVID-19 infection. Furthermore, severity of morbidity and mortality rates are higher in the developed world as compared to the developing world. One probable reason for this difference could be the difference in living conditions and exposure to other infections. Secondly, the difference in food especially, alcohol use may have deteriorating effects superimposed with obesity. Our hypothesis suggests that a combination of alcohol consumption and obesity causes low immunity and makes the individual prone to develop 'cytokine storm' and 'acute respiratory distress syndrome'; the hallmark of COVID-19 mortality and morbidity. Thus, we propose that reducing any one trigger can have a beneficial effect in combating the disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bushra Bilal
- Muhammad Ali Jinnah University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | - Syeda Sadia Fatima
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.
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22
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Liu WD, Chang SY, Lan TY, Lin YC, Kao JH, Liao CH, Tsai MJ, Kuo PH, Huang YS, Wang JT, Sheng WH, Hsieh SC, Chiang BL, Chen YC, Chang SC. Experience of the use of hydroxychloroquine on patients with COVID-19: A perspective on viral load and cytokine kinetics. J Formos Med Assoc 2020; 120:1269-1273. [PMID: 32888840 PMCID: PMC7447255 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2020.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Until now, there are no approved treatment against COVID-19. Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) was hypothesized to be active against SARS-CoV2 via antiviral and anti-inflammatory effect; however, HCQ for COVID-19 in clinical use remained debating. In this preliminary report, we presented six patients with mild to moderate COVID-19. They were treated with HCQ for 14 days from the day of COVID-19 diagnosis. Serial viral load from respiratory specimens were performed every other day. Cytokine profile was checked before HCQ initiation and on the 14th day of HCQ treatment. All patients receiving HCQ completed 14-day course without complication. Among the six patients, the mean duration from symptom onset to last detectable viral load was 34 ± 12 days, which was similar to those without specific treatment in previous reports. Low level of interferon-gamma was noted in all patients of different stage of infection and three patients had elevation of IL-17 level. Prolonged virus shedding is still observed regardless HCQ. The impact of HCQ on cytokine kinetics remained unclear; however, IL-17 could be an inflammatory marker for disease status monitor and a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang-Da Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Sui-Yuan Chang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Ting-Yuan Lan
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Yen-Chun Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Jui-Hung Kao
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Chun-Hua Liao
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Children's Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Jui Tsai
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Po-Hsien Kuo
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Shan Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Jann-Tay Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Center of Infection Control, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Wang-Huei Sheng
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Education, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Song-Chou Hsieh
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Bor-Luen Chiang
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Children's Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Yee-Chun Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Center of Infection Control, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Shan-Chwen Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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23
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Dos Santos WG. Natural history of COVID-19 and current knowledge on treatment therapeutic options. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 129:110493. [PMID: 32768971 PMCID: PMC7332915 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite intense research there is currently no effective vaccine available against the new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in the later 2019 and responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic. This infectious and communicable disease has become one of the major public health challenges in the world. The clinical management of COVID-19 has been limited to infection prevention and control measures associated with supportive care such as supplemental oxygen and mechanical ventilation. Meanwhile efforts to find an effective treatment to inhibit virus replication, mitigate the symptoms, increase survival and decrease mortality rate are ongoing. Several classes of drugs, many of them already in use for other diseases, are being evaluated based on the body of clinical knowledge obtained from infected patients regarding to the natural history and evolution of the infection. Herein we will provide an updated overview of the natural history and current knowledge on drugs and therapeutic agents being tested for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19. These include different classes of drugs such as antiviral agents (chloroquine, ivermectin, nitazoxanide, hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir, remdesivir, tocilizumab), supporting agents (Vitamin C, Vitamin D, azithromycin, corticosteroids) and promising investigational vaccines. Considering the controversies and excessive number of compounds being tested and reported in the literature we hope that this review can provide useful and updated consolidated information on potential drugs used to prevent, control and treat COVID-19 patients worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wagner Gouvea Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Department of Biomedicine, Graduate Program in Applied Health Sciences, Special Academic Unit of Health Sciences, Federal University of Jataí-UFJ, BR 364, Km 195, Nº 3800, CEP 75801-615, Jataí, Goiás, Brazil.
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24
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Duret PM, Spielmann L, Messer L. Response to: 'Correspondence on Recovery from COVID-19 in a patient with spondyloarthritis treated with TNF-alpha inhibitor etanercept. A report on a COVID-19 patient with psoriatic arthritis receiving ustekinumab' by Messina et al. Ann Rheum Dis 2020; 80:e80. [PMID: 32816687 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-218147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Marie Duret
- Service de Rhumatologie, Hôpitaux Civils de Colmar, Colmar, Alsace, France
| | - Lionel Spielmann
- Service de Rhumatologie, Hôpitaux Civils de Colmar, Colmar, Alsace, France
| | - Laurent Messer
- Service de Rhumatologie, Hôpitaux Civils de Colmar, Colmar, Alsace, France
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25
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The immune system and COVID-19: Friend or foe? Life Sci 2020; 256:117900. [PMID: 32502542 PMCID: PMC7266583 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIM Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a novel highly contagious infection caused by SARS-CoV-2, which has been became a global public health challenge. The pathogenesis of this virus is not yet clearly understood, but there is evidence of a hyper-inflammatory immune response in critically ill patients, which leads to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and multi-organ failure. MATERIAL AND METHODS A literature review was performed to identify relevant articles on COVID-19 published up to April 30, 2020. The search resulted in 361 total articles. After reviewing the titles and abstracts for inclusion, some irrelevant papers were excluded. Additional relevant articles were identified from a review of citations referenced. KEY FINDINGS SARS-CoV-2, directly and indirectly, affects the immune system and avoids being eliminated in early stages. On the other hand, the secretion of inflammatory cytokines creates critical conditions that lead to multi-organ failure. SIGNIFICANCE The immune system which is affected by the virus tries to respond via a cytokine storm and hyperinflammation, which itself leads to further multi-organ damage and even death.
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26
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Ceccarelli G, Nardi K, Marchesani F. Letter to the Editor in response to the article "Could IL-17 represent a new therapeutic target for the treatment and/or management of COVID-19-related respiratory syndrome?". Pharmacol Res 2020; 158:104933. [PMID: 32445955 PMCID: PMC7239007 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Ceccarelli
- Ospedale di Macerata, Division of Dermatology, Via Santa Lucia 2, Macerata, 62100, Italy; Ospedale di Macerata, Division of Medicina COVID, Via Santa Lucia 2, Macerata, 62100, Italy.
| | - Katiuscia Nardi
- Ospedale di Macerata, Division of Medicina COVID, Via Santa Lucia 2, Macerata, 62100, Italy; Ospedale di Macerata, Division of Neurology, Via Santa Lucia 2, Macerata, 62100, Italy
| | - Francesca Marchesani
- Ospedale di Macerata, Division of Medicina COVID, Via Santa Lucia 2, Macerata, 62100, Italy; Ospedale di Macerata, Division of Pneumology, Via Santa Lucia 2, Macerata, 62100, Italy
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27
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Raucci F, Mansour AA, Casillo GM, Saviano A, Caso F, Scarpa R, Mascolo N, Iqbal AJ, Maione F. Interleukin-17A (IL-17A), a key molecule of innate and adaptive immunity, and its potential involvement in COVID-19-related thrombotic and vascular mechanisms. Autoimmun Rev 2020; 19:102572. [PMID: 32376393 PMCID: PMC7252120 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Raucci
- ImmunoPharmaLab, Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Adel Abo Mansour
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences (ICVS), College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Guraiger, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gian Marco Casillo
- ImmunoPharmaLab, Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Anella Saviano
- ImmunoPharmaLab, Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Caso
- Rheumatology Research Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Raffaele Scarpa
- Rheumatology Research Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Nicola Mascolo
- ImmunoPharmaLab, Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Asif Jilani Iqbal
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences (ICVS), College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; ImmunoPharmaLab, Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Francesco Maione
- ImmunoPharmaLab, Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy.
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