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do Prado Schneidewind FCC, de Castilho PF, Galvão F, de Andrade Dos Santos JV, da Silva Dantas FG, Negri M, da Silva Pinto L, Moraes CAF, Freitas J, de Souza PRB, Nogueira CR, de Oliveira KMP. Effects of bioconversion by Battus polydamas on the chemical composition of Aristolochia spp. and evaluation of antimicrobial activity and biocompatibility. Fitoterapia 2024; 175:105949. [PMID: 38583636 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2024.105949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Aristolochia plants are emblematic from an ethnopharmacological viewpoint and are know to possess numerous biological properties, including antiseptic. However, the medicinal potential of these species is debatable because of their representative chemical constituents, aristolochic acids (AAs) and aristolactams (ALs), which are associated, for instance, with nephropathy and cancer. These contrasting issues have stimulated the development of approaches intended to detoxification of aristoloquiaceous biomasses, among which is included the bioconversion method using larvae of the specialist phytophagous insect Battus polydamas, previously shown to be viable for chemical diversification and to reduce toxicity. Thus, eleven Aristolochia spp. were bioconverted, and the antimicrobial activities of the plant methanolic extracts and its respective bioconversion products were evaluated. The best results were found for Aristolochia esperanzae, Aristolochia gibertii, and Aristolochia ringens against Bacillus cereus, with MIC ranging from 7.8 to 31.25 μg/mL. These three species were selected for chemical, antioxidant, cytotoxic, hemolytic, and mutagenic analyses. Chemical analysis revealed 65 compounds, 21 of them possible bioconversion products. The extracts showed potential to inhibit the formation and degradation of B. cereus biofilms. Extracts of A. gibertii and its bioconverted biomass showed antioxidant activity comparable to dibutylhydroxytoluene (BHT) standard. Bioconversion decreased the hemolytic activity of A. esperanzae and the cytotoxicities of A. esperanzae and A. gibertii. None of the extracts was found to be mutagenic. The bioactivities of the fecal extracts were maintained, and biocompatibility was improved. Therefore, the results obtained in this study reveal positive expectations about the natural detoxification process of the Aristolochia species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fernanda Galvão
- Faculdade de Ciências de Saúde, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Dourados, MS, Brazil
| | | | | | - Melyssa Negri
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Biomedicina, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Luciano da Silva Pinto
- Centro de Ciências Exatas e de Tecnologia, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos André Ferreira Moraes
- Centro de Ciências Exatas e de Tecnologia, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Joelcio Freitas
- Instituto Nacional da Mata Atlântica, Divisão de Ciências, Santa Teresa, ES, Brazil
| | | | - Cláudio Rodrigo Nogueira
- Faculdade de Ciências Exatas e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Dourados, MS, Brazil.
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Wu Y, Silver RE, Guo L. Traditional Chinese Medicine: Communicating Informational and Symbolic Functions in the Linguistic Landscape. HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2024:1-12. [PMID: 38797965 DOI: 10.1080/10410236.2024.2346676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
While dissemination of information is a key function of health communication, signage at medical facilities has other functions: signs can be a type of marketing (e.g., services offered), can promote credibility and inspire trust, can exacerbate or ameliorate social inequalities and can provide educational opportunities. All of these functions are influenced by cultural, contextual and social factors as evidenced by a linguistic landscape (LL) perspective. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is a particularly instructive case for considering the functions of signage in healthcare LL as it has a strong cultural component from its historical Chinese roots, but its practice has been popularized around the globe in recent years. Given the role of TCM as a main or complementary medical treatment and healthcare option, this study investigates TCM LLs as sites of healthcare communication. Specifically, we analyze a set of 1,659 signs from two TCM hospitals in a multilingual, ethnic minority region of China as a case study which can be useful for healthcare providers when considering their own use of LL. We describe the way language and other sign features are used for informational, symbolic and other functions, showing how explicit communication channels as well as implicit ideological channels can impact healthcare communication. We discuss these findings in light of the need for healthcare communication which is sensitive to stakeholder needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wu
- College of International Studies, Shenzhen University
| | | | - Libo Guo
- National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University
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Sun X, Li Y, Li J, Liang H, Zhang J, Chen X, Li Q, Pang X, Ding Q, Song J, Guo B, Ma B. Bioactive metabolites reveal the therapeutic consistency of epimedii folium from multi-plant sources for the treatment of kidney-yang deficiency. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 319:117215. [PMID: 37774896 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Epimedii Folium (Yin-yang-huo in Chinese), a traditional and commonly used herbal medicine (HM), is a representative of multi-plant sources. To date, little is known about the reasons for similar therapeutic effects of this HM from multi-plant sources. AIM OF THE STUDY To investigate the underlying reasons for the similar pharmacological effects of Epimedii Folium from two botanical sources (Epimedium koreanum Nakai and Epimedium wushanense T. S. Ying). MATERIALS AND METHODS Firstly, the phytochemicals of the extracts of E. koreanum and E. wushanense were systematically analyzed. Meanwhile, their pharmacological effects on kidney-yang deficiency (KYD) syndrome were evaluated in rats induced by hydrocortisone. Subsequently, we proposed a combined effect index (CEI) to assess the effects of two plants on the secretion of testosterone by combing the system exposure of twelve active components in vivo with their regulation activities of testosterone production in vitro. Moreover, the label-free proteomics and Western blot analysis were conducted to evaluate the possible mechanism of Epimedii Folium from two botanical sources. RESULTS E. koreanum and E. wushanense exhibited similar pharmacological effects on KYD syndrome with promoting the mating behaviors and testosterone levels of rats, although there is a certain difference in the main components between two plants. The CEI analysis showed that there was no difference (P > 0.05) in the sum of CEIs of two Epimedium, indicating that their similar therapeutic effects are attributed to bioactive metabolites in vivo. Furthermore, Epimedii Folium can regulate testosterone production in rat Leydig cell via reversing expressions of key steroidogenic enzymes, such as steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) and 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD). CONCLUSION Our results supply critical evidence for the similar pharmacological effects of two Epimedium species, acting by consistent bioactive components directly exposing in vivo, not chemical compositions presenting in herbs. It provides a reasonable scientific basis for understanding of the HMs originated from multi-plant sources for the same clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinguang Sun
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Yingfei Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Juan Li
- Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430065, China.
| | - Haizhen Liang
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Jie Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Xiaojuan Chen
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Qi Li
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Xu Pang
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Qianzhi Ding
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Juan Song
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Baolin Guo
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Baiping Ma
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China.
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Zhou Q, Jiang L, Su T, Liu G, Yang L. Overview of aristolochic acid nephropathy: an update. Kidney Res Clin Pract 2023; 42:579-590. [PMID: 37448287 PMCID: PMC10565449 DOI: 10.23876/j.krcp.22.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Aristolochic acid nephropathy (AAN) is a rapidly progressive renal interstitial fibrosis caused by medical or environmental exposure to aristolochic acid (AA). Since the outbreak of AAN in Belgium was reported nearly 30 years ago, the safety of herbal remedies has drawn considerable attention, and AAN has become a global public health problem. Breakthroughs have been made to better understand the disease, including the toxicity of AAs, the possible mechanisms of AAN, the disease patterns, and the pathological features; however, some critical problems remain unresolved. Because of the insidious onset of the disease, the incidence of AAN and the prevalence of exposure to AAs are unknown and might be largely underestimated. During the past decades, AA-containing herbs have been strictly administrated in many regions and the occurrence of AAN has declined sharply, yet cases of AAN are still sporadically reported. Despite the progress in the understanding of the disease's pathogenesis, there is no effective treatment for delaying or reversing the renal deterioration caused by AAN. Therefore, the risk of exposure to AAs should be taken seriously by public health workers and clinicians. In this review, we updated the latest data on AAN, summarized the advances throughout these years, and put forward some challenges for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Zhou
- Division of Renal, Department of Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Institute of Nephrology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Division of Renal, Department of Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Institute of Nephrology, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Research Units of Diagnosis and Treatment of Immune-mediated Kidney Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Su
- Division of Renal, Department of Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Institute of Nephrology, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Research Units of Diagnosis and Treatment of Immune-mediated Kidney Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Division of Renal, Department of Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Institute of Nephrology, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Research Units of Diagnosis and Treatment of Immune-mediated Kidney Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Yang
- Division of Renal, Department of Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Institute of Nephrology, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Research Units of Diagnosis and Treatment of Immune-mediated Kidney Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Liao CI, Fang HC, Lee PT, Hsu CY, Chen CL, Huang CW, Chen XY, Ou SH, Tsai CT, Chou KJ. Trends in the incidence of urothelial carcinoma in Taiwan after the ban on aristolochic acid-containing Chinese herbal preparations, 2001-2018: a national population-based cohort study. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2023:10.1007/s00432-023-04771-6. [PMID: 37061628 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-023-04771-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Urothelial carcinoma (UC) of the bladder (BUC) and the upper urinary tract (UTUC) are the two most common UCs. The incidence of UTUC in Taiwan is the highest worldwide. Aristolochic acid (AA) was identified as the main cause of UTUC in Taiwan. To explore trends in the incidence of UC in Taiwan after the ban on Chinese herbal preparations containing AA in 2003. METHODS We used data from the Taiwanese National Health Insurance Research Database-linked Taiwanese National Cancer Registry for 2001-2018. UC was defined in accordance with the International Classification of Disease for Oncology. The age-standardized incidence was calculated on the basis of the World Health Organization standard population. Trends in the incidence were calculated as the annual percent change (APC) by using the Joinpoint regression program. RESULTS Over the investigated period, the incidence of UC decreased at an average annual percent change (AAPC) of - 1.19% (95% CI - 1.47 ~ - 0.91, P < 0.001). However, the incidence in UTUC significantly increased, with the AAPC being 1.47% (95% CI 1.03 ~ 1.90, P < 0.001). In contrast, the incidence of BUC significantly decreased, with the overall AAPC being - 1.92% (95% CI - 2.3 ~ - 1.54, P < 0. 001). From 2001 to 2018, the overall incidence of UCs and BUC decreased in Taiwan, but the incidence of UTUC significantly increased. CONCLUSION We suggest to apply the same review standards of new drug development process to herbal preparations and incorporate them into the adverse drug reaction or poison surveillance system. Most importantly, raise public awareness of the potential toxicity of phytotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-I Liao
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 112, Taiwan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pingtung Veterans General Hospital, Pingtung, 900, Taiwan
| | - Hua-Chang Fang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, 386 Ta-Chung 1st Rd, 813, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 112, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan
| | - Po-Tsang Lee
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, 386 Ta-Chung 1st Rd, 813, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 112, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yang Hsu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, 386 Ta-Chung 1st Rd, 813, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 112, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Liang Chen
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, 386 Ta-Chung 1st Rd, 813, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 112, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Wei Huang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, 386 Ta-Chung 1st Rd, 813, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 112, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan
| | - Xin-You Chen
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, 386 Ta-Chung 1st Rd, 813, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 112, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hsiang Ou
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 112, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pingtung Veterans General Hospital, Pingtung, 900, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Teng Tsai
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, 386 Ta-Chung 1st Rd, 813, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kang-Ju Chou
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, 386 Ta-Chung 1st Rd, 813, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 112, Taiwan.
- School of Medicine, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan.
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Upton R. Nomenclature: Herbal Taxonomy in the Global Commerce of Botanicals. PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS 2023; 122:221-260. [PMID: 37392313 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-26768-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
In the world trade of medicinal plants, the naming of plants is fundamental to understanding which species are acceptable for therapeutic use. There are a variety of nomenclatural systems that are used, inclusive of common names, Latinized binomials, Galenic or pharmaceutical names, and pharmacopeial definitions. Latinized binomials are the primary system used for naming wild plants, but these alone do not adequately define medicinal plant parts. Each system has its specific applications, advantages, and disadvantages. The topic of medicinal plant nomenclature is discussed broadly by underscoring when and how varying nomenclatural systems should be used. It is emphasized that pharmacopeial definitions represent the only naming system that integrates plant identity, relevant plant parts, and the specific quality metrics to which a material must comply, thus affording the most appropriate identification method available for medicinal plant materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Upton
- American Herbal Pharmacopoeia, P.O. Box 66809, Scotts Valley, CA, 95067, USA.
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Das S, Thakur S, Korenjak M, Sidorenko VS, Chung FFL, Zavadil J. Aristolochic acid-associated cancers: a public health risk in need of global action. Nat Rev Cancer 2022; 22:576-591. [PMID: 35854147 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-022-00494-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Aristolochic acids (AAs) are a group of naturally occurring compounds present in many plant species of the Aristolochiaceae family. Exposure to AA is a significant risk factor for severe nephropathy, and urological and hepatobiliary cancers (among others) that are often recurrent and characterized by the prominent mutational fingerprint of AA. However, herbal medicinal products that contain AA continue to be manufactured and marketed worldwide with inadequate regulation, and possible environmental exposure routes receive little attention. As the trade of food and dietary supplements becomes increasingly globalized, we propose that further inaction on curtailing AA exposure will have far-reaching negative effects on the disease trends of AA-associated cancers. Our Review aims to systematically present the historical and current evidence for the mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of AA, and the effect of removing sources of AA exposure on cancer incidence trends. We discuss the persisting challenges of assessing the scale of AA-related carcinogenicity, and the obstacles that must be overcome in curbing AA exposure and preventing associated cancers. Overall, this Review aims to strengthen the case for the implementation of prevention measures against AA's multifaceted, detrimental and potentially fully preventable effects on human cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samrat Das
- Epigenomics and Mechanisms Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer WHO, Lyon, France
| | - Shefali Thakur
- Epigenomics and Mechanisms Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer WHO, Lyon, France
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Vestec, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michael Korenjak
- Epigenomics and Mechanisms Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer WHO, Lyon, France
| | - Viktoriya S Sidorenko
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Felicia Fei-Lei Chung
- Epigenomics and Mechanisms Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer WHO, Lyon, France.
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia.
| | - Jiri Zavadil
- Epigenomics and Mechanisms Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer WHO, Lyon, France.
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8
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Upadhyay R, Batuman V. Aristolochic acid I induces proximal tubule injury through ROS/HMGB1/mt DNA mediated activation of TLRs. J Cell Mol Med 2022; 26:4277-4291. [PMID: 35765703 PMCID: PMC9345294 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aristolochic acids (AAs) are extracted from certain plants as folk remedies for centuries until their nephrotoxicity and carcinogenicity were recognized. Aristolochic acid I (AAI) is one of the main pathogenic compounds, and it has nephrotoxic, carcinogenic and mutagenic effects. Previous studies have shown that AAI acts mainly on proximal renal tubular epithelial cells; however, the mechanisms of AAI‐induced proximal tubule cell damage are still not fully characterized. We exposed human kidney proximal tubule cells (PTCs; HK2 cell line) to AAI in vitro at different time/dose conditions and assessed cell proliferation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, nitric oxide (NO) production, m‐RNA/ protein expressions and mitochondrial dysfunction. AAI exposure decreased proliferation and increased apoptosis, ROS generation / NO production in PTCs significantly at 24 h. Gene/ protein expression studies demonstrated activation of innate immunity (TLRs 2, 3, 4 and 9, HMGB1), inflammatory (IL6, TNFA, IL1B, IL18, TGFB and NLRP3) and kidney injury (LCN2) markers. AAI also induced epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) and mitochondrial dysfunction in HK2 cells. TLR9 knock‐down and ROS inhibition were able to ameliorate the toxic effect of AAI. In conclusion, AAI treatment caused injury to PTCs through ROS‐HMGB1/mitochondrial DNA (mt DNA)‐mediated activation of TLRs and inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Upadhyay
- Section of Nephrology and Hypertension, John W. Deming Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Vecihi Batuman
- Section of Nephrology and Hypertension, John W. Deming Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.,Medicine Service, Section of Nephrology, Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care System (SLVHCS), New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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Dong Y, Wei X, Qiang T, Liu J, Che P, Qi Y, Zhang B, Liu H. RAD-Seq and Ecological Niche Reveal Genetic Diversity, Phylogeny, and Geographic Distribution of Kadsura interior and Its Closely Related Species. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:857016. [PMID: 35557741 PMCID: PMC9087809 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.857016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Most plants of Kadsura have economic value and medicinal application. Among them, K. interior and its closely related species have been demonstrated to have definite efficacy. However, the taxonomy and phylogenetic relationship of Kadsura in terms of morphology and commonly used gene regions remain controversial, which adversely affects its rational application. In this study, a total of 107 individuals of K. interior, K. heteroclita, K. longipedunculata, K. oblongifolia, and K. coccinea were studied from the perspectives of genetic diversity, phylogeny, and ecology via single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) developed through restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq). Based on these SNPs, the genetic diversity, phylogenetic reconstruction, and population genetic structure were analyzed. Subsequently, divergence time estimation and differentiation scenario simulation were performed. Meanwhile, according to the species distribution records and bioclimatic variables, the Last Glacial Maximum and current potential distributions of five species were constructed, and the main ecological factors affecting the distribution of different species were extracted. The F ST calculated showed that there was a moderate degree of differentiation among K. heteroclita, K. longipedunculata, and K. oblongifolia, and there was a high degree of genetic differentiation between K. interior and the above species. The phylogenetic tree indicated that each of the species was monophyletic. The results of population genetic structure and divergence scenario simulation and D-statistics showed that there were admixture and gene flow among K. heteroclita, K. longipedunculata, and K. oblongifolia. The results of ecological niche modeling indicated that the distribution areas and the bioclimatic variables affecting the distribution of K. interior and its related species were different. This study explored the differences in the genetic divergence and geographical distribution patterns of K. interior and its related species, clarifying the uniqueness of K. interior compared to its relatives and providing a reference for their rational application in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Dong
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xueping Wei
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Engineering Research Center of Tradition Chinese Medicine Resource, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Tingyan Qiang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jiushi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Engineering Research Center of Tradition Chinese Medicine Resource, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Che
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yaodong Qi
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Engineering Research Center of Tradition Chinese Medicine Resource, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Bengang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Engineering Research Center of Tradition Chinese Medicine Resource, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Haitao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Engineering Research Center of Tradition Chinese Medicine Resource, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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10
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Xu J, Liu J, Li B, Wei X, Qi Y, Zhang B, Liu H, Xiao P. Comparison of blood tonic efficacy and chemical constituents of Kadsura interior A.C. Smith and its closely related species. Chin Med 2022; 17:14. [PMID: 35039063 PMCID: PMC8762946 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-021-00544-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The stems of Kadsura interior A. C. Smith are used as traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) Kadsurae Caulis, with the traditional efficacy of tonifying and invigorating the blood, therefore being favored to treat blood deficiency (BD) widely. However, the stems of K. interior and its closely related species are morphologically similar and they may readily be misused as Kadsurae Caulis, thus likely to exert negative effects on clinical efficacy and clinical medication safety. METHODS Firstly, blood tonic efficacies of the stems of K. interior (KIS) and its closely related species were compared using BD mouse model induced by 1-acetyl-2-phenylhydrazine (APH) and cyclophosphamide (CTX). Secondly, the chemical constituents from the stems of K. interior and its closely related species were evaluated and compared using a plant metabolomics approach. Plant metabolomics in this study aims at discovering differential metabolites and comprehensively assessing the chemical constituents by combining state-of-the-art high-resolution UPLC-Q/TOF-MS/MS technique and multivariate data analysis. Finally, based on the pharmacological data and the chemical constituents in UPLC-Q/TOF-MS fingerprints, the potential blood tonic active markers were screened by the spectrum-effect relationship analysis and quantified by UPLC-UV-DAD. RESULTS The ethanol extract of the stems of K. interior significantly increased the levels of hematocrit (HCT), hemoglobin (HGB), and red blood cells (RBC) in BD mice. In addition, it significantly increased the serum levels of interleukin 3 (IL-3), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and macrophage-stimulating factor (M-CSF) in BD mice (P < 0.01). The blood tonic efficacy of the stems of K. interior was superior to those of its closely related species, especially at the dose of 200 mg/kg. Six differential compounds in the stems of K. interior were screened out to distinguish it from its closely related species. In combination with the results of the spectrum-effect relationship analysis, heteroclitin D, interiorin C, and heteroclitin G were identified as potential bioactive markers. The contents of heteroclitin D and heteroclitin G in the freeze-dried powder of KIS were 15.90 and 3.74 μg/mg. CONCLUSIONS This study illustrated the differences in the blood tonic efficacies and the chemical constituents of the stems of K. interior and its closely related species, and pinpointed the potential bioactive markers of K. interior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
- Engineering Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resource, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jiushi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
- Engineering Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resource, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
- Engineering Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resource, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xueping Wei
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
- Engineering Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resource, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yaodong Qi
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
- Engineering Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resource, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Bengang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
- Engineering Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resource, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Haitao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China.
- Engineering Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resource, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| | - Peigen Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
- Engineering Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resource, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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11
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Nephrotoxicity of Herbal Products in Europe-A Review of an Underestimated Problem. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084132. [PMID: 33923686 PMCID: PMC8074082 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently in Europe, despite the many advances in production technology of synthetic drugs, the interest in natural herbal medicines continues to increase. One of the reasons for their popular use is the assumption that natural equals safe. However, herbal medicines contain pharmacologically active ingredients, some of which have been associated with adverse effects. Kidneys are particularly susceptible to injury induced by toxins, including poisonous constituents from medicinal plants. The most recognized herb-induced kidney injury is aristolochic acid nephropathy connected with misuse of certain Traditional Chinese herbal medicines. Data concerning nephrotoxicity of plant species of European origin are scarce. Here, we critically review significant data of the nephrotoxicity of several plants used in European phytotherapy, including Artemisia herba-alba, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Euphorbia paralias, and Aloe). Causative mechanisms and factors predisposing to intoxications from the use of herbs are discussed. The basic intention of this review is to improve pharmacovigilance of herbal medicine, especially in patients with chronic kidney diseases.
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12
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Jia Y, Lei L, Luo X, Zhao Z, Wang M, van Andel T. Analysis of historical changes in traditional Chinese medicine based on an Indonesian collection of Chinese materia medica from c. 1870. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 269:113714. [PMID: 33352236 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Traditional Chinese Medicine is subject to changes over time: product names, botanical ingredients, processing methods and uses have varied throughout the course of history. Historic collections of Chinese materia medica (CMM) are of great value for research on the evolvement, development and variability of Chinese herbal medicine over time. These changes may have a significant influence on the safety and efficiency of nowadays' clinical practice. Here we investigate a historic collection of Chinese medicinal products purchased in Indonesia in c. 1870, containing about 395 specimens. AIM OF THE STUDY This study compares the specimens contained in late 19th century collection of CMM with contemporary marketed materials by investigating changes in vernacular names, botanical identity and processing methods which are important aspects for safety and clinical practice today. MATERIALS AND METHODS The contents and associated documentation of the CMM collection of Dr. C.H.A. Westhoff (University Museum Utrecht) were revised by means of morphological identification and study of the associated historic documentation. We compared this Westhoff collection with contemporary CMM, information from literature and various quality standards, including the official Chinese pharmacopoeia. RESULTS The Westhoff collection represents a unique, well preserved collection of Chinese materia medica, with original uniform bottles, Chinese labels and a partly intact handwritten catalogue. Among the 395 specimens (bottles) of CMM surveyed, there are 387 contain a single component drug, while eight contain multiple components drugs. A total of 293 of the 395 specimens are mentioned in the modern Chinese pharmacopoeia. Ca. 25% of the specimens had been processed, such as stir-fried with or without adjuvants. Our analysis of local Chinese names, botanical content and processing methods indicate that this collection originates from southern part of China, possibly including in the region of Taiwan and was meant as a showcase for pharmaceutical education and/or as curiosity object. CONCLUSION Differences in vernacular names, plant parts and processing methods between the Westhoff collection and the current Chinese pharmacopoeia illustrate the regional variety of CMM and changes in CMM in the course of time. This work contributes to the understanding of the evolvement of CMM from a historic perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusheng Jia
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, 2333, CR, Leiden, the Netherlands; LU-European Center for Chinese Medicine and Natural Compounds, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333, BE, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Lei Lei
- Chengdu Institute for Food and Drug Control, Key Laboratory for Quality Monitoring and Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine (NMPA), Wuxing Erlu 10, Wuhou District, Chengdu, 610045, China
| | - Xiao Luo
- Chengdu Institute for Food and Drug Control, Key Laboratory for Quality Monitoring and Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine (NMPA), Wuxing Erlu 10, Wuhou District, Chengdu, 610045, China
| | - Zhongzhen Zhao
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, SAR
| | - Mei Wang
- LU-European Center for Chinese Medicine and Natural Compounds, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333, BE, Leiden, the Netherlands; Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333, BE, Leiden, the Netherlands; SU BioMedicine, Post Bus 546, 2300, AM, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Tinde van Andel
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, 2333, CR, Leiden, the Netherlands; Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333, BE, Leiden, the Netherlands.
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Li Z, Li C, Zhang X, Tang S, Yang H, Cui X, Huang L. Policies and Problems of Modernizing Ethnomedicine in China: A Focus on the Yi and Dai Traditional Medicines of Yunnan Province. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2020; 2020:1023297. [PMID: 32855645 PMCID: PMC7443223 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1023297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Yunnan is a multiethnic province in southwest China, rich in Materia medica resources, and is popularly known as the kingdom of plants. Biomedicine and public health industry have been the industrial pillars of Yunnan since 2016, which is the important pharmaceutical industrial base for Dai and Yi medicine in China. This review of the Yunnan ethnic medicine industry describes some of the problems to be solved in the development of sustainable ethnomedicine in China. We investigated Chinese patent medicines (CPMs) declared as ethnomedicine on the drug instructions and identified 28 Dai patent medicines (DPMs) and 73 Yi patent medicines (YPMs) that were approved for clinical use in China. In further research, the clinical indications of these CPMs were determined, and the quality standard of medicinal materials and their usage frequencies in DPMs and YPMs were investigated. We also collected and analyzed the data on use of botanical and animal sources of medicines, the rare and endangered medicinal materials, and toxic medicines in DPMs and YPMs. The application of zootherapy in Yi traditional medicine was introduced from its abundant ancient documents and records; based on the "YaGei" theory in Dai traditional medicine, toxic medicines can be relatively safe in DPMs. However, for promoting the Yunnan traditional medicine industry, it is necessary to strengthen medical research to expand evidence-based clinical practice and balance ethnomedicine production and sustainable utilization of Materia medica resources, especially the animal sources of medicines, toxic medicines, and the protected wild resources reported in this survey. Only in this way can industrialization of ethnomedicine promote the improvement of human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Li
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
- Yunnan Province Resources of Development and Collaborative Innovation Center for New Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Caifeng Li
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xiaobo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-Di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shihuan Tang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongjun Yang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuming Cui
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Luqi Huang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-Di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Chen J, Zhao Q, Si D, Nie A, Wang Y, Deng Z, Wen Y, Chen F, Zhang L, Dong B, Yang J. Comprehensive profiling of Stephania tetrandra (Fangji) by stepwise DFI and NL-dependent structure annotation algorithm-based UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS and direct authentication by LMJ-HRMS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 185:113225. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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15
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van Hunsel F, van de Koppel S, Skalli S, Kuemmerle A, Teng L, Wang JB, Barnes J. Analysis of Hepatobiliary Disorder Reports Associated With the Use of Herbal Medicines in the Global Suspected ADR Database Vigibase. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1326. [PMID: 31780942 PMCID: PMC6851844 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Use of herbal medicines (HMs) is widespread across the world, with many people relying on HMs for their primary healthcare or using HMs in the context of a healthy life style. HMs originate from plant material and, as such, are often seen as "natural" and believed to be (relatively) safe by patients. Hepatobiliary disorders have been associated with numerous HMs. Aim: This paper aims to analyze reporting patterns for hepatobiliary disorders associated with HMs use from reports submitted to the WHO global database of individual case safety reports (ICSRs) VigiBase. Methods: A data extraction in VigiBase, the WHO international database of ICSR reports, was performed by the Uppsala Monitoring Centre on 2019-01-16. The dataset contained all ICSRs where an HM was identified with the UMC-assigned ATC code "V90: unspecified herbal and traditional medicine" and where the HM was classified as being either the suspected drug or an interacting drug, and containing at least one adverse reaction in the MedDRA® System Organ Class (SOC) Hepatobiliary Disorders (HBD). Descriptive analyses in Excel 2013® were used to determine general characteristics of the reports in the broad data set, including total number of reports, reporting country and patient characteristics. For single suspect herbal reports, reports categorized as "serious" according to CIOMS criteria (CIOMS), 2001) were extracted. Results: In total, 2,483 reports describing with at least one ADR in the SOC HBD were extracted from VigiBase. In total, 780 (31.4%) reports concern only one suspect HM. However, for 188 reports of these reports (24.1%), the single suspect herbal preparation contains more than one herbal ingredient. The 592 reports for single suspect herbal preparations described a total of 764 ADRs in the SOC HBD. Jaundice was the most reported ADR for these reports. Conclusion: Almost 2,500 reports for HMs and with at least one ADR coded to the MedDRA® SOC HBD were retrieved from VigiBase. Of the HBD SOC HM reports, around 25% concerned a single herbal species as the suspect "drug." Substantial issues with coding of the suspect herbal drugs were found. In-depth causality assessment of the cases is needed to draw conclusions on the strength of the relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence van Hunsel
- The Netherlands Pharmacovigilance Centre Lareb, ‘s-Hertogenbosch, Netherlands
| | - Sonja van de Koppel
- The Netherlands Pharmacovigilance Centre Lareb, ‘s-Hertogenbosch, Netherlands
| | - Souad Skalli
- Microbiology and Molecular Biology Team, Center of Plant and Microbial Biotechnology, Biodiversity and Environment, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Andrea Kuemmerle
- Department of Medicine, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lida Teng
- Department of Health Economics and Outcomes Research, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jia-bo Wang
- Institute of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Beijing Integrative Medical Center for Liver Diseases, Beijing 302 Hospital of China, Beijing, China
| | - Joanne Barnes
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Feng Z, Hou J, Yu Y, Wu W, Deng Y, Wang X, Zhi H, Zhang L, Wu W, Guo DA. Dissecting the Metabolic Phenotype of the Antihypertensive Effects of Five Uncaria Species on Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:845. [PMID: 31417403 PMCID: PMC6682664 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The sourcing of plants from multiple botanical origins is a common phenomenon in traditional Chinese medicines. Uncaria Stem with Hooks (UHs) are approved for using five botanical origins in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2015 Edition). All five UHs are commonly used for treating hypertension even though the plants have different chromatographic fingerprints based on our previous study. However, their hypotensive effects and metabolic phenotypes have not been fully studied. In the present study, spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) were orally administered five aqueous extracts (4 g crude drug/kg) prepared from the different UHs over a 6-week period. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) was measured every week, and urine was collected after SBP measurement. Untargeted metabonomics was performed using ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) coupled with an LTQ-Orbitrap mass spectrometer. Bidirectional orthogonal projection to latent structures discriminant analysis (O2PLS-DA), Student's t test, and correlation analysis were used for pattern recognition and the selection of significant metabolites. A similar and prolonged reduction in SBP was observed in each of the groups given the five different UHs, while the metabolic profiles were perturbed slightly compared with that of SHR. Further analysis has shown that only a few common, different components were observed within the five groups, which showed the similar antihypertensive effect in spite of the distinct metabolic pathways due to their different alkaloid composition. These results help in understanding the mechanisms of the phenomenon "different species, same effect" of UHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijin Feng
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinjun Hou
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenyong Wu
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanping Deng
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xia Wang
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Haijuan Zhi
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Linlin Zhang
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wanying Wu
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - De-An Guo
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Risk assessment of genotoxic and carcinogenic alkenylbenzenes in botanical containing products present on the Chinese market. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 115:344-357. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Raclariu AC, Heinrich M, Ichim MC, de Boer H. Benefits and Limitations of DNA Barcoding and Metabarcoding in Herbal Product Authentication. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2018; 29:123-128. [PMID: 28906059 PMCID: PMC5836936 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Herbal medicines play an important role globally in the health care sector and in industrialised countries they are often considered as an alternative to mono-substance medicines. Current quality and authentication assessment methods rely mainly on morphology and analytical phytochemistry-based methods detailed in pharmacopoeias. Herbal products however are often highly processed with numerous ingredients, and even if these analytical methods are accurate for quality control of specific lead or marker compounds, they are of limited suitability for the authentication of biological ingredients. OBJECTIVE To review the benefits and limitations of DNA barcoding and metabarcoding in complementing current herbal product authentication. METHOD Recent literature relating to DNA based authentication of medicinal plants, herbal medicines and products are summarised to provide a basic understanding of how DNA barcoding and metabarcoding can be applied to this field. RESULTS Different methods of quality control and authentication have varying resolution and usefulness along the value chain of these products. DNA barcoding can be used for authenticating products based on single herbal ingredients and DNA metabarcoding for assessment of species diversity in processed products, and both methods should be used in combination with appropriate hyphenated chemical methods for quality control. CONCLUSIONS DNA barcoding and metabarcoding have potential in the context of quality control of both well and poorly regulated supply systems. Standardisation of protocols for DNA barcoding and DNA sequence-based identification are necessary before DNA-based biological methods can be implemented as routine analytical approaches and approved by the competent authorities for use in regulated procedures. © 2017 The Authors. Phytochemical Analysis Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ancuta Cristina Raclariu
- Natural History MuseumUniversity of OsloP.O. Box 1172, Blindern0318OsloNorway
- Stejarul Research Centre for Biological SciencesNational Institute of Research and Development for Biological SciencesAlexandru cel Bun Street, 6610004Piatra NeamtRomania
| | - Michael Heinrich
- Research Group of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, Research Cluster ‘Biodiversity and Medicines’, UCL School of PharmacyUniversity of London29–39 Brunswick SqLondonWC1N 1AXUK
| | - Mihael Cristin Ichim
- Stejarul Research Centre for Biological SciencesNational Institute of Research and Development for Biological SciencesAlexandru cel Bun Street, 6610004Piatra NeamtRomania
| | - Hugo de Boer
- Natural History MuseumUniversity of OsloP.O. Box 1172, Blindern0318OsloNorway
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Chan W, Pavlović NM, Li W, Chan CK, Liu J, Deng K, Wang Y, Milosavljević B, Kostić EN. Quantitation of Aristolochic Acids in Corn, Wheat Grain, and Soil Samples Collected in Serbia: Identifying a Novel Exposure Pathway in the Etiology of Balkan Endemic Nephropathy. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:5928-5934. [PMID: 27362729 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b02203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
While to date investigations provided convincing evidence on the role of aristolochic acids (AAs) in the etiology of Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN) and upper urothelial cancer (UUC), the exposure pathways by which AAs enter human bodies to cause BEN and UUC remain obscure. The goal of this study is to test the hypothesis that environmental pollution by AAs and root uptake of AAs in the polluted soil may be one of the pathways by which AAs enter the human food chain. The hypothesis driving this study was that the decay of Aristolochia clematitis L., a AA-containing herbaceous plant that is found growing widespread in the endemic regions, could release free AAs to the soil, which could be taken up by food crops growing nearby, thereby transferring this potent human nephrotoxin and carcinogen into their edible parts. Using the highly sensitive and selective high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with fluorescence detection method, we identified and quantitated in this study for the first time AAs in corn, wheat grain, and soil samples collected from the endemic village Kutles in Serbia. Our results provide the first direct evidence that food crops and soil in the Balkans are contaminated with AAs. It is possible that the presence of AAs in edible parts of crops originating from the AA-contaminated soil could be one of the major pathways by which humans become exposed to AAs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Biljana Milosavljević
- Institute for Forensic Medicine Medical Faculty, University of Niš , 18000 Niš, Serbia
| | - Emina N Kostić
- Clinic of Nephrology, Clinical Center Niš , 18000 Niš, Serbia
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Drobnik J. Chinese vegetative materia medica in a venereological treatise by Jean Astruc from 1740. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 187:293-301. [PMID: 27132716 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.04.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Historical medical sources can be still queried for forgotten cures and remedies. Traditional Chinese medicine has dealt with lues venerea (syphilis) since the Five Dynasties period (10th century). Chinese indigenous materia medica and remedies recorded, studied or imported by the Europeans can reveal known or quite unknown medicinal plants. The studied Jean Astruc's work is a published ethnopharmacological survey carried out in Beijing in the 1730s and it deserves a modern interpretation. AIM OF THE STUDY This is the first proposal to identify historical Chinese medicinal plants listed in a scarcely known medical treatise De Morbis venereis… ('On venereal diseases…') by Jean Astruc from 1740. I searched for the current uses and position of the taxonomically identified herbal stock in both traditional Chinese and official medical knowledge, with special attention to syphilis. MATERIAL AND METHODS Chinese names of drugs and their botanical identities (originally expressed by means of pre-Linnaean polynomials, and now interpreted as accepted binomials) were independently cross-checked with younger till most recent taxonomical and ethnopharmacological sources. Plants and drugs identified this way were queried for their modern applications in traditional Chinese and official medicine with special attention to sexually transmitted diseases (STD) and other uses which are similar to the 18th-century understanding of venereology. RESULTS For 24 items of medicinal stock, 34 medicinal plants have been identified or suspected: Acacia catechu, Achyranthes bidentata, Akebia quinata, Angelica dahurica, A. sinensis, Aquilaria sinensis, Aralia cordata, Aristolochia fangchi, Chaenomeles sinensis, Ch. speciosa, Clematis vitalba, Coix lacryma-jobi, Commiphora myrrha, Cydonia oblonga, Daemonorops draco, D. jenkinsiana, Dictamnus dasycarpus, Dryobalanops sumatrensis, Forsythia suspensa, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Lonicera confusa, L. hypoglauca, L. japonica, Ligusticum striatum (=L. chuanxiong), Piper kadsura, Pterocarpus officinalis, Saposhnikovia divaricata, Sassafras tzumu, Smilax china, S. glabra, Stephania tetrandra, Styphnolobium japonicum, Trichosanthes japonica, T. kirilowii; China wax is also mentioned. Out of them, only Lonicera japonica is being used in China in late syphilis, Achyranthes bidentata in gonorrhoea, and Dictamnus dasycarpus in gynaecological problems. In the Astruc's study, 3 medicinal plant species and 5 further plant genera are correctly determined; other plant parts were misidentified. CONCLUSIONS Antisyphilitic actions ascribed to the Chinese medical formulas and their constituents studied by Astruc, seem to have come from Hg or As compounds rather than from vegetative materia medica. The formulas contained only one species still known in TCM as a remedy for syphilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Drobnik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, ul. Ostrogórska 30, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland.
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Kristanc L, Kreft S. European medicinal and edible plants associated with subacute and chronic toxicity part II: Plants with hepato-, neuro-, nephro- and immunotoxic effects. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 92:38-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Global Mapping of Traditional Chinese Medicine into Bioactivity Space and Pathways Annotation Improves Mechanistic Understanding and Discovers Relationships between Therapeutic Action (Sub)classes. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2016; 2016:2106465. [PMID: 26989424 PMCID: PMC4775820 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2106465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) still needs more scientific rationale to be proven for it to be accepted further in the West. We are now in the position to propose computational hypotheses for the mode-of-actions (MOAs) of 45 TCM therapeutic action (sub)classes from in silico target prediction algorithms, whose target was later annotated with Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway, and to discover the relationship between them by generating a hierarchical clustering. The results of 10,749 TCM compounds showed 183 enriched targets and 99 enriched pathways from Estimation Score ≤ 0 and ≥ 5% of compounds/targets in a (sub)class. The MOA of a (sub)class was established from supporting literature. Overall, the most frequent top three enriched targets/pathways were immune-related targets such as tyrosine-protein phosphatase nonreceptor type 2 (PTPN2) and digestive system such as mineral absorption. We found two major protein families, G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR), and protein kinase family contributed to the diversity of the bioactivity space, while digestive system was consistently annotated pathway motif, which agreed with the important treatment principle of TCM, “the foundation of acquired constitution” that includes spleen and stomach. In short, the TCM (sub)classes, in many cases share similar targets/pathways despite having different indications.
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Bunel V, Antoine MH, Stévigny C, Nortier J, Duez P. New in vitro insights on a cell death pathway induced by magnolol and honokiol in aristolochic acid tubulotoxicity. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 87:77-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2015] [Revised: 11/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Nortier J, Pozdzik A, Roumeguere T, Vanherweghem JL. Néphropathie aux acides aristolochiques (« néphropathie aux herbes chinoises »). Nephrol Ther 2015; 11:574-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nephro.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Guo LX, Li R, Liu K, Yang J, Li HJ, Li SL, Liu JQ, Liu LF, Xin GZ. Structural characterization and discrimination of Chinese medicinal materials with multiple botanical origins based on metabolite profiling and chemometrics analysis: Clematidis Radix et Rhizoma as a case study. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1425:129-40. [PMID: 26610614 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs)-based products are becoming more and more popular over the world. To ensure the safety and efficacy, authentication of Chinese medicinal materials has been an important issue, especially for that with multiple botanical origins (one-to-multiple). Taking Clematidis Radix et Rhizoma (CRR) as a case study, we herein developed an integrated platform based on metabolite profiling and chemometrics analysis to characterize, classify, and predict the "one-to-multiple" herbs. Firstly, the predominant constituents, triterpenoid saponins, in three Clematis CRR were rapid characterized by a novel UPLC-QTOF/MS-based strategy, and a total of 49 triterpenoid saponins were identified. Secondly, metabolite profiling was performed by UPLC-QTOF/MS, and 4623 variables were extracted and aligned as dataset. Thirdly, by using pattern recognition analysis, a clear separation of the three Clematis CRR was achieved as well as a total number of 28 variables were screened as the valuable variables for discrimination. By matching with identified saponins, these 28 variables were corresponding to 10 saponins which were identified as marker compounds. Fourthly, based on the relative intensity of the marker compounds-related variables, genetic algorithm optimized support vector machines (GA-SVM) was employed to predict the species of CRR samples. The obtained model showed excellent prediction performance with a prediction accuracy of 100%. Finally, a heatmap visualization was employed for clarifying the distribution of identified saponins, which could be useful for phytochemotaxonomy study of Clematis herbs. These results indicated that our proposed platform was a powerful tool for chemical profiling and discrimination of herbs with multiple botanical origins, providing promising perspectives in tracking the formulation processes of TCMs products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Xiu Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Chinese Medicines Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Rui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Chinese Medicines Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Ke Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Chinese Medicines Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Jie Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Chinese Medicines Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Hui-Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Chinese Medicines Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Song-Lin Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Metabolomics, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China
| | - Jian-Qun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 818 Xingwan Road, Nanchang 330004, Jiangxi, China
| | - Li-Fang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Chinese Medicines Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Gui-Zhong Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Chinese Medicines Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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Yamani A, Bunel V, Antoine MH, Husson C, Stévigny C, Duez P, Elachouri M, Nortier J. Substitution between Aristolochia and Bryonia genus in North-Eastern Morocco: toxicological implications. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 166:250-260. [PMID: 25797117 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Although acknowledged as toxic herbs, Aristolochia species are still widely used worldwide. The aristolochic acids (AA) they contain can induce the so-called "aristolochic acid nephropathy", leading to renal fibrosis and upper urinary tract cancer. Traditional Moroccan medicine still often uses Aristolochia species under the vernacular name of Bereztem for the treatment of numerous ailments, notably cancer, diabetes or digestive tract disorders. As the botanical identity and renal toxicity of used species remain unexplored, the safety of patients may be threatened. MATERIAL AND METHODS Ethnopharmacological data were collected from herbalists from the provinces of Oujda and Berkane, located in North-Eastern Morocco. Samples of Bereztem were collected at herbalist shops and checked for their content in AA using TLC and LC-MS methods. The toxicity of crude methanolic extracts of each herb was assessed on a HK-2 cell-based in vitro model by measurement of the cell survival to evaluate cytotoxicity and by assessment of renal-specific toxicity via (i) the evaluation of genes (E-cadherin and α-smooth muscle actin) expression by RT-qPCR; (ii) the quantities of β-catenin and vimentin by immunofluorescence microscopy; (iii) the secretion of fibronectin; and (iv) the excretion of interleukin-6. RESULTS The survey indicated that, among 42 herbalists visited, 33 were retailers of Bereztem, which was generally sold as a cancer treatment. Botanical investigations revealed that Aristolochia longa was frequently substituted by Bryonia dioica, which was associated with a higher cytotoxicity. Parameters specific to renal toxicity were also found to be enhanced, as compared to Aristolochia baetica and A. longa: down-regulation of β-catenin and E-cadherin and up-regulation of vimentin and α-smooth muscle actin, and secretion of fibronectin and interleukin-6. CONCLUSION In accordance with the Moroccan regulations, the use of so-called Aristolochia species should be discontinued. On one hand, the correctly identified aristolochia contain nephrotoxic aristolochic acids; on the other hand, aristolochia are massively substituted in North-Eastern Morocco and adulterated by a well-known toxic herb, B. dioica. Our data indicate that the bryony renal toxicity may be deleterious in shorter time periods than aristolochia. Reinforced on-site controls are needed to remind herbalists and harvesters that these herbs should be prohibited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal Yamani
- Laboratory of Experimental Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium; Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Bromatology and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium; Laboratory of Physiology and Ethnopharmacology, URAC-40, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed First University, Oujda, Morocco
| | - Valérian Bunel
- Laboratory of Experimental Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium; Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Bromatology and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Marie-Hélène Antoine
- Laboratory of Experimental Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Cécile Husson
- Laboratory of Experimental Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Caroline Stévigny
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Bromatology and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pierre Duez
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Bromatology and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium; Laboratory of Therapeutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Université de Mons (UMONS), Mons, Belgium
| | - Mostafa Elachouri
- Laboratory of Physiology and Ethnopharmacology, URAC-40, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed First University, Oujda, Morocco
| | - Joëlle Nortier
- Laboratory of Experimental Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
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Li L, Bonneton F, Chen XY, Laudet V. Botanical compounds and their regulation of nuclear receptor action: the case of traditional Chinese medicine. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 401:221-37. [PMID: 25449417 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2014.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) are major pharmacological targets that allow an access to the mechanisms controlling gene regulation. As such, some NRs were identified as biological targets of active compounds contained in herbal remedies found in traditional medicines. We aim here to review this expanding literature by focusing on the informative articles regarding the mechanisms of action of traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs). We exemplified well-characterized TCM action mediated by NR such as steroid receptors (ER, GR, AR), metabolic receptors (PPAR, LXR, FXR, PXR, CAR) and RXR. We also provided, when possible, examples from other traditional medicines. From these, we draw a parallel between TCMs and phytoestrogens or endocrine disrupting chemicals also acting via NR. We define common principle of action and highlight the potential and limits of those compounds. TCMs, by finely tuning physiological reactions in positive and negative manners, could act, in a subtle but efficient way, on NR sensors and their transcriptional network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Li
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon; Université de Lyon; Université Lyon 1; CNRS UMR 5242; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, France.; School of Ecological and Environmental Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - François Bonneton
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon; Université de Lyon; Université Lyon 1; CNRS UMR 5242; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, France
| | - Xiao Yong Chen
- School of Ecological and Environmental Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Vincent Laudet
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon; Université de Lyon; Université Lyon 1; CNRS UMR 5242; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, France..
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Chinese herbs containing aristolochic acid associated with renal failure and urothelial carcinoma: a review from epidemiologic observations to causal inference. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:569325. [PMID: 25431765 PMCID: PMC4241283 DOI: 10.1155/2014/569325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Herbal remedies containing aristolochic acid (AA) have been designated to be a strong carcinogen. This review summarizes major epidemiologic evidence to argue for the causal association between AA exposure and urothelial carcinoma as well as nephropathy. The exposure scenarios include the following: Belgian women taking slimming pills containing single material Guang Fang Ji, consumptions of mixtures of Chinese herbal products in the general population and patients with chronic renal failure in Taiwan, occupational exposure in Chinese herbalists, and food contamination in farming villages in valleys of the Danube River. Such an association is corroborated by detecting specific DNA adducts in the tumor tissue removed from affected patients. Preventive actions of banning such use and education to the healthcare professionals and public are necessary for the safety of herbal remedies.
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Bennett BC, Balick MJ. Does the name really matter? The importance of botanical nomenclature and plant taxonomy in biomedical research. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 152:387-392. [PMID: 24321863 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/23/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Medical research on plant-derived compounds requires a breadth of expertise from field to laboratory and clinical skills. Too often basic botanical skills are evidently lacking, especially with respect to plant taxonomy and botanical nomenclature. Binomial and familial names, synonyms and author citations are often misconstrued. The correct botanical name, linked to a vouchered specimen, is the sine qua non of phytomedical research. Without the unique identifier of a proper binomial, research cannot accurately be linked to the existing literature. Perhaps more significant, is the ambiguity of species determinations that ensues of from poor taxonomic practices. This uncertainty, not surprisingly, obstructs reproducibility of results-the cornerstone of science. MATERIALS AND METHODS Based on our combined six decades of experience with medicinal plants, we discuss the problems of inaccurate taxonomy and botanical nomenclature in biomedical research. This problems appear all too frequently in manuscripts and grant applications that we review and they extend to the published literature. We also review the literature on the importance of taxonomy in other disciplines that relate to medicinal plant research. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In most cases, questions regarding orthography, synonymy, author citations, and current family designations of most plant binomials can be resolved using widely-available online databases and other electronic resources. Some complex problems require consultation with a professional plant taxonomist, which also is important for accurate identification of voucher specimens. Researchers should provide the currently accepted binomial and complete author citation, provide relevant synonyms, and employ the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group III family name. Taxonomy is a vital adjunct not only to plant-medicine research but to virtually every field of science. CONCLUSIONS Medicinal plant researchers can increase the precision and utility of their investigations by following sound practices with respect to botanical nomenclature. Correct spellings, accepted binomials, author citations, synonyms, and current family designations can readily be found on reliable online databases. When questions arise, researcher should consult plant taxonomists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley C Bennett
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA.
| | - Michael J Balick
- Institute of Economic Botany, The New York Botanical Garden, 2900 Southern Blvd., Bronx, New York 10458, USA.
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Li XW, Morinaga O, Tian M, Uto T, Yu J, Shang MY, Wang X, Cai SQ, Shoyama Y. Development of an Eastern blotting technique for the visual detection of aristolochic acids in Aristolochia and Asarum species by using a monoclonal antibody against aristolochic acids I and II. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2013; 24:645-653. [PMID: 23761269 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2012] [Revised: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Aristolochic acids (AAs) are naturally occurring nephrotoxicants and human carcinogens. Aristolochic acid I (AA-I) and aristolochic acid II (AA-II) are two important AAs with clear toxicity. OBJECTIVE To obtain a monoclonal antibody (MAb) recognising AA-I and AA-II and develop an Eastern blotting technique for the specific visualisation and easy determination of AA-I and AA-II in plant extracts or tissues of Aristolochia and Asarum species. METHODS A hybridoma secreting MAb against AAs was prepared by cell fusion with splenocytes derived from a mouse immunised with AA-I-keyhole limpet haemocyanin (KLH) conjugate and the myeloma cell line SP2/0-Ag14. AA-I and AA-II were separated by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and then blotted onto a positively charged polyethersulphone (PES) membrane using a modified carbodiimide method. The resulting membrane-bound AA-protein conjugates were linked to the newly prepared MAb and then to the secondary antibody labelled with peroxidase. 4-Chloro-1-naphthol was then added as the peroxidase substrate for staining. RESULTS MAb 2A10-10B showed a high specificity for AA-I (100%) and AA-II (69.3%) and low cross reactivity (≤ 2.2%) toward analogues that may disrupt detection of AA-I and AA-II in plants. An established Eastern blotting method was applied to the immunohistolocalisation of AA-I and AA-II in dry plant tissues, and this analysis showed that the phelloderm, cortex and phloem of Aristolochia manshuriensis stem may contain higher amounts of total AA-I and AA-II as compared with the pith and xylem. CONCLUSION This method was extremely useful for the visual screening of AA-I and AA-II among easily mistaken herbal medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, PR China; Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki International University, Sasebo, Nagasaki, 859-3298, Japan
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Molecular identification and cytotoxicity study of herbal medicinal materials that are confused by Aristolochia herbs. Food Chem 2013; 147:332-9. [PMID: 24206727 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.09.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Revised: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Herbal materials derived from Aristolochia species contain carcinogenic aristolochic acids (AAs) and have been used as traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) or adulterants of other TCMs. The purpose of this study is to identify the TCMs Stephaniae Tetrandrae Radix, Akebiae Caulis, Aucklandia Radix and Aristolochiae Fructus by sequencing the matK, rbcL, trnH-psbA and trnL-trnF DNA regions. The cytotoxicities of AAs and these TCMs were also studied in COS-7 and HEK-293 cells. Diagnostic polymorphic sites were identified in all the four DNA loci for the differentiation of genuine herbs from their adulterants/substitute. The 48 h IC50 of AAI were 78 μM (COS-7) and 70 μM (HEK-293) while the IC50 of AAII were higher than 100 μM in both cell lines. Except Aucklandia Radix, cytotoxicity study also showed that AA-containing herbs were more toxic than their corresponding genuine herbs and substitute.
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Yang CC, Wu CT, Chen LP, Hung KY, Liu SH, Chiang CK. Autophagy induction promotes aristolochic acid-I-induced renal injury in vivo and in vitro. Toxicology 2013; 312:63-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2013.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Li M, Au KY, Lam H, Cheng L, Jiang RW, But PPH, Shaw PC. Identification of Baiying (Herba Solani Lyrati) commodity and its toxic substitute Xungufeng (Herba Aristolochiae Mollissimae) using DNA barcoding and chemical profiling techniques. Food Chem 2012; 135:1653-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.06.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Yang HY, Wang JD, Lo TC, Chen PC. Occupational exposure to herbs containing aristolochic acids increases the risk of urothelial carcinoma in Chinese herbalists. J Urol 2012; 189:48-52. [PMID: 23164394 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2012.08.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Aristolochic acid can cause urothelial carcinoma. Herbal remedies containing aristolochic acids were previously categorized as proven group 1 human carcinogens by the WHO cancer agency, the International Agency for Research on Cancer. However, the health effect on workers exposed to aristolochic acid is unclear. Fangchi, a representative herb containing aristolochic acid, is commonly used in the Chinese herbal medicine industry. We determined whether workers exposed to fangchi are at increased risk for urothelial carcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS We designed a case-control study based in a national representative cohort of Chinese herbalists. This study analyzed 6,564 Chinese herbalists employed between 1985 and 1998. All incident cases of urothelial carcinoma that occurred between 1988 and 2001 were defined as the case group. Controls were selected from the baseline cohort in a randomized manner. A total of 24 cases and 140 controls were included in analysis. Information about fangchi exposure was obtained in a questionnaire survey administered in 2002. RESULTS Processing, selling or dispensing herbs containing fangchi significantly increased the risk of urothelial carcinoma (HR 2.4, 95% CI 1.1-5.3, p = 0.03). This relationship was independent of cigarette smoking or potential arsenic exposure from drinking water from deep wells. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to the Chinese herbal drug fangchi increases the risk of urothelial carcinoma in herbalists. Appropriate medical monitoring is warranted for workers who have similar exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Yu Yang
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital and School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Chen SPL, Ng SW, Poon WT, Lai CK, Ngan TMS, Tse ML, Chan TYK, Chan AYW, Mak TWL. Aconite poisoning over 5 years: a case series in Hong Kong and lessons towards herbal safety. Drug Saf 2012; 35:575-87. [PMID: 22631223 DOI: 10.2165/11597470-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aconite poisoning is a severe, life-threatening poisoning related to the use of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Despite current legislation, repeated poisoning cases are steadily encountered. OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to summarize the clinical features and to elucidate the causative and contributory factors leading to aconite poisoning. METHODS This study was conducted within the Hospital Authority Toxicology Reference Laboratory, which is the sole tertiary referral clinical toxicology laboratory in Hong Kong. This retrospective study reviewed all confirmed aconite poisoning cases handled by a clinical toxicology laboratory between April 2004 and July 2009. The diagnosis in all cases was confirmed biochemically by detecting aconitum alkaloids in urine specimens. Additionally, herbal specimens were morphologically identified and herbal formulae were studied and transcribed. The cause of poisoning for each case was determined whenever possible. RESULTS Fifty-two cases were examined in this aconite poisoning case series. Neurological, cardiovascular and gastrointestinal toxicities were encountered in 49 (94.2%), 46 (88.5%) and 31 (59.6%) patients, respectively. The poisoning was severe in 6 (11.5%) patients, moderate in 17 (32.7%) patients and mild in 29 (55.8%) patients. Amongst 44 patients (84.6%) in whom the underlying reasons of poisoning could be determined, four major causes were found. These included overdose - prescription of a higher than recommended dosage of aconite herbs in 17 (32.7%) cases; 'hidden' poisoning (the aconite herb was not prescribed but dispensed inadvertently) in 17 (32.7%) cases; usage of inadequately processed herbs in 7 (13.5%) cases; and dispensary error in 2 (3.9%) cases. No case fatality was recorded. CONCLUSION In the majority of cases in this series, the causes of poisoning can be traced to poor-quality herbs, poor quality of prescription practice, or dispensary errors. The quality issues of TCM practice should be critically addressed to minimize this poisoning threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sammy Pak Lam Chen
- Hospital Authority Toxicology Reference Laboratory, Princess Margaret Hospital, Hospital Authority, Hong Kong
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Abstract
Aristolochic acid, a potent human carcinogen produced by Aristolochia plants, is associated with urothelial carcinoma of the upper urinary tract (UUC). Following metabolic activation, aristolochic acid reacts with DNA to form aristolactam (AL)-DNA adducts. These lesions concentrate in the renal cortex, where they serve as a sensitive and specific biomarker of exposure, and are found also in the urothelium, where they give rise to a unique mutational signature in the TP53 tumor-suppressor gene. Using AL-DNA adducts and TP53 mutation spectra as biomarkers, we conducted a molecular epidemiologic study of UUC in Taiwan, where the incidence of UUC is the highest reported anywhere in the world and where Aristolochia herbal remedies have been used extensively for many years. Our study involves 151 UUC patients, with 25 patients with renal cell carcinomas serving as a control group. The TP53 mutational signature in patients with UUC, dominated by otherwise rare A:T to T:A transversions, is identical to that observed in UUC associated with Balkan endemic nephropathy, an environmental disease. Prominent TP53 mutational hotspots include the adenine bases of (5')AG (acceptor) splice sites located almost exclusively on the nontranscribed strand. A:T to T:A mutations also were detected at activating positions in the FGFR3 and HRAS oncogenes. AL-DNA adducts were present in the renal cortex of 83% of patients with A:T to T:A mutations in TP53, FGFR3, or HRAS. We conclude that exposure to aristolochic acid contributes significantly to the incidence of UUC in Taiwan, a finding with significant implications for global public health.
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Xue X, Gong LK, Maeda K, Luan Y, Qi XM, Sugiyama Y, Ren J. Critical role of organic anion transporters 1 and 3 in kidney accumulation and toxicity of aristolochic acid I. Mol Pharm 2011; 8:2183-92. [PMID: 21980933 DOI: 10.1021/mp100418u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ingestion of aristolochic acid (AA), especially its major constituent aristolochic acid I (AAI), results in severe kidney injury known as aristolochic acid nephropathy (AAN). Although hepatic cytochrome P450s metabolize AAI to reduce its kidney toxicity in mice, the mechanism by which AAI is uptaken by renal cells to induce renal toxicity is largely unknown. In this study, we found that organic anion transporters (OATs) 1 and 3, proteins known to transport drugs from the blood into the tubular epithelium, are responsible for the transportation of AAI into renal tubular cells and the subsequent nephrotoxicity. AAI uptake in HEK 293 cells stably transfected with human OAT1 or OAT3 was greatly increased compared to that in the control cells, and this uptake was dependent on the AAI concentration. Administration of probenecid, a well-known OAT inhibitor, to the mice reduced AAI renal accumulation and its urinary excretion and protected mice from AAI-induced acute tubular necrosis. Further, AAI renal accumulation and severe kidney lesions induced by AAl in Oat1 and Oat3 gene knockout mice all were markedly suppressed compared to those in the wild-type mice. Together, our results suggest that OAT1 and OAT3 have a critical role in AAl renal accumulation and toxicity. These transporters may serve as a potential therapeutic target against AAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Yang HY, Wang JD, Lo TC, Chen PC. Increased risks of upper tract urothelial carcinoma in male and female chinese herbalists. J Formos Med Assoc 2011; 110:161-8. [PMID: 21497279 DOI: 10.1016/s0929-6646(11)60026-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2009] [Revised: 12/29/2009] [Accepted: 02/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE It has been shown that herbs that contain aristolochic acid induce urological cancer. Chinese herbalists have easy access to such herbs. Our previous mortality study has shown a significantly increased risk of urological cancer in female but not male herbalists. To re-examine this risk in male herbalists, the incidence of urological cancer was analyzed. METHODS We enrolled all 6550 Chinese herbalists in Taiwan registered during 1985-2000, and we retrospectively followed the development of cancer until 2001 by analysis of data collected from the Taiwan Cancer Registry. Standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) were calculated for urological cancers in herbalists and compared with those for the general population in Taiwan. RESULTS There were 30 newly diagnosed cases of urological cancer and most of them were transitional cell carcinoma (93.1%). The mean age at diagnosis for urothelial carcinoma was 51.6 years, and 51.9% were in the upper urinary tract. After adjustment for age and sex, the SIR for all urological cancers was 3.51 [(95% confidence interval (CI): 2.37-5.01]. When stratified by location, the SIRs for kidney and upper urinary tract cancers and bladder cancer were 4.24 (95% CI: 2.47-6.80) and 2.86 (95% CI: 1.52-4.89), respectively. When analyzed by sex, the SIRs for all urological cancers, kidney and upper urinary tract cancers, and bladder cancer were also significantly increased in male herbalists. CONCLUSION The significant risk of urothelial carcinoma noted in male herbalists increases our suspicion that this is an occupational disease that renders regular health assessment of herbalists an urgent necessity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Yu Yang
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, National Taiwan University College of Public Health, Taipei, Taiwan
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Cao G, Shan Q, Zhang C, Zhang Y, Cai H, Cong X, Cai B. Pharmacokinetic parameters of morroniside in iridoid glycosides of Fructus corni processing based on back-propagation neural network. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2011; 49:989-993. [PMID: 21591872 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2010.551780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Fructus Corni is derived from the dry ripe sarcocarp of Cornus officinalis Sieb. et Zucc. (Cornaceae). Morroniside is an active constituent of Fructus Corni used in many traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs). This article describes a sensitive and specific assay for the quantitation of morroniside in rat plasma after oral administration of iridoid glycosides from Fructus Corni. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this article, back-propagation (BP) neural network method was fist developed for the prediction of pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters of morroniside in Fructus Corni. RESULTS The results show that mean square error (MSE) of neural network model with 11 hidden neurons and 90% training data is 0.092. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION This article provides a new method to calculate PK data, one do not need to figure out all the compartment parameters to acquire PK data of morroniside. Therefore, the BP neural network method would be useful for guiding the holistic PK study in consistence with the intrinsic theory and characteristics of TCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Cao
- Research Center of TCM Processing Technology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, PR China
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Abdelgadir AA, Ahmed EM, Eltohami MS. Isolation, Characterization and Quantity Determination of Aristolochic Acids, Toxic Compounds in Aristolochia bracteolata L. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH INSIGHTS 2011; 5:1-8. [PMID: 21487531 PMCID: PMC3072213 DOI: 10.4137/ehi.s6292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aristolochic Acids (AAs) are major components of plants in Aristolochia and have been found to be nephrotoxic, carcinogenic and mutagenic. Herein reported are the isolation, identification and quantity determination methods of Aristolochic Acid-I (AA-I) and Aristolochic Acid-II (AA-II) toxic compounds of Aristolochia bracteolata indigenous to Central Sudan and medicinally used in diverse biological functions including analgesic and diuretic effects, treatment of tumors, malaria and/or fevers. METHODS AND RESULTS AAs mixture was extracted with methanol from the defatted material of Aristolochia bracteolata whole plant at room temperature and was isolated from the aqueous methanol extract by chloroform. Moreover, Silica-gel column chromatography and Preparative Thin Layer Chromatography (PTLC) using chloroform/methanol gradient mixtures were used to isolate AAs mixtures as a yellow crystalline solid. A preliminary detection of AAs was made by Thin Layer Chromatography (silica-gel, chloroform: methanol (6:1)). The Rf value of the acids mixture was 0.43-0.46. The presence of AAs in plant sample was confirmed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography/Ultraviolet (HPLC/UV) analysis using 1% acetic acid and methanol (40:60) as mobile phase and maximum absorption wave length of 250 nm. Quantitative determination of AA-II (49.03 g/kg) and AA-I (12.98 g/kg) was also achieved by HPLC/UV. RECOMMENDATION It is recommended that the use of Aristolochia bracteolata as a medicinal plant should be extremely limited or strictly prohibited. The chromatograms obtained in this study can serve as fingerprints to identify AAs in plant samples.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elhadi M. Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Gezira, Sudan
- Corresponding author
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Dejaegher B, Alaerts G, Matthijs N. Methodology to develop liquid chromatographic fingerprints for the quality control of herbal medicines. ACTA CHROMATOGR 2010. [DOI: 10.1556/achrom.22.2010.2.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Assessment of herbal medicinal products: challenges, and opportunities to increase the knowledge base for safety assessment. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2009; 243:198-216. [PMID: 20018204 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2009.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2009] [Revised: 12/03/2009] [Accepted: 12/04/2009] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Although herbal medicinal products (HMP) have been perceived by the public as relatively low risk, there has been more recognition of the potential risks associated with this type of product as the use of HMPs increases. Potential harm can occur via inherent toxicity of herbs, as well as from contamination, adulteration, plant misidentification, and interactions with other herbal products or pharmaceutical drugs. Regulatory safety assessment for HMPs relies on both the assessment of cases of adverse reactions and the review of published toxicity information. However, the conduct of such an integrated investigation has many challenges in terms of the quantity and quality of information. Adverse reactions are under-reported, product quality may be less than ideal, herbs have a complex composition and there is lack of information on the toxicity of medicinal herbs or their constituents. Nevertheless, opportunities exist to capitalise on newer information to increase the current body of scientific evidence. Novel sources of information are reviewed, such as the use of poison control data to augment adverse reaction information from national pharmacovigilance databases, and the use of more recent toxicological assessment techniques such as predictive toxicology and omics. The integration of all available information can reduce the uncertainty in decision making with respect to herbal medicinal products. The example of Aristolochia and aristolochic acids is used to highlight the challenges related to safety assessment, and the opportunities that exist to more accurately elucidate the toxicity of herbal medicines.
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Current regulatory perspectives on genotoxicity testing for botanical drug product development in the U.S.A. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2009; 56:1-3. [PMID: 19782117 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2009.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2009] [Revised: 09/02/2009] [Accepted: 09/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Genotoxicity testing is an important part of preclinical safety assessment of new drugs and is required prior to Phase I/II clinical trials. It is designed to detect genetic damage such as gene mutations and chromosomal aberration, which may be reflected in tumorigenic or heritable mutation potential of the drug. Botanical new drugs in the U.S. are entitled to a waiver for preclinical pharmacology/toxicology studies, including genotoxicity testing, in support of an initial clinical trial under IND, contingent on previous human experience. Recently, ethical concerns have been raised over conducting Phase I/II clinical trials of new drugs with positive genotoxicity findings in healthy volunteers. Although the relevance of this issue to patients, as opposed to healthy volunteers, depends on the drug's indication, duration of treatment, and specific findings related to the assays, the regulatory view is to avoid exposing patients to genotoxic compounds unnecessarily in clinical trials. This philosophy may impact on herbal supplement marketing and botanical drug development, in that genotoxicity data are often lacking while consumers are exposed to the herbal supplement, or healthy volunteers are tested in an initial Phase I/II clinical trial on the botanical drug. This paper presents results of a survey conducted on genotoxicity data in botanical INDs submitted to the Agency and discusses the significance of this information. The information presented indicates that the sponsors of botanical INDs have increasingly recognized the importance of genotoxicity information and may have prioritized its acquisition in their strategic drug development programs.
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Heinrich M, Chan J, Wanke S, Neinhuis C, Simmonds MSJ. Local uses of Aristolochia species and content of nephrotoxic aristolochic acid 1 and 2--a global assessment based on bibliographic sources. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2009; 125:108-44. [PMID: 19505558 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2009.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2009] [Revised: 05/20/2009] [Accepted: 05/28/2009] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
AIMS OF THE STUDY More than 100 cases of nephropathy over the last 10 years caused by the systemic and longer term application of Chinese snakeroot (Aristolochia fangchi) highlighted the risk of using preparations which contain aristolochic acids. On the other hand anecdotal evidence highlights the widespread use of Aristolochia species (Aristolochiaceae) in many regions of the world. Therefore, it was our objective to systematically assess the scientific literature available on the local and traditional use of Aristolochia spp. on a worldwide scale. Our review identifies core species which need to be investigated and which may need monitoring (esp. in national and international trade). METHODS An extensive review of the literature available in libraries in London on the uses of species of Aristolochia was undertaken. Relevant information was extracted and entered into a database for analysis. RESULTS Based on the assessment of 566 reference sources 685 individual sets of data were recorded. Seven species--Aristolochia indica L. (Asia), Aristolochia serpentaria L. (North America), Aristolochia debilis Sieb & Zucch. (China), Aristolochia acuminata Lam (India), Aristolochia trilobata L. (Central/South America, Caribbean), Aristolochia clematitis L. (Europe) and Aristolochia bracteolata Lam. (Africa)--are reported widely as being used medicinally. The medical uses vary, but of particular interest are uses in case of gastrointestinal problems, which is likely to result in repeated exposure to the botanical drugs by an individual. About half of all records relate to uses of Aristolochia species in Asia, one-third to the Americas, a continent which has so far received practically no attention in terms of assessing the risk of using species of Aristolochia. Of the 99 species (plus several identified at genus level only) for which we were able to summarise ethnobotanical information, preliminary phytochemical information is only available for 24 species and some of the most common ones including Aristolochia acuminata have so far not been studied phytochemically. CONCLUSIONS Species of Aristolochia are used medicinally in many regions of the world and both from an ethnopharmacological and a public health perspective this poses a risk. A systematic assessment of the content of aristolochic acids in the most widely used species is needed to evaluate whether their uses pose a potential health risk. In China and Europe species of Aristolochia have been associated with nephropathy and it is important to evaluate whether nephropathy occurs in other parts of the world, especially India and Central America where the use of species of Aristolochia are reported to be commonly used in traditional medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Heinrich
- Centre for Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, The School of Pharmacy, University London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N1AX, UK.
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Zhu L, Feng F, Ye X, Wang Z, Zhang L. LC Characterization of the Major Constituents in Zhi-Zi-Hou-Pu Decoction Using Various Detection Approaches. Chromatographia 2009. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-009-1234-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Gardiner P, Sarma DN, Low Dog T, Barrett ML, Chavez ML, Ko R, Mahady GB, Marles RJ, Pellicore LS, Giancaspro GI. The state of dietary supplement adverse event reporting in the United States. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2009; 17:962-70. [PMID: 18613260 DOI: 10.1002/pds.1627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The Dietary Supplements Information Expert Committee (DSI-EC; the Committee) of the United States Pharmacopeial Convention (USP) reviews safety profiles of dietary supplements before development of USP-National Formulary (USP-NF) quality monographs. Because the veracity of dietary supplement adverse event reports (DS AERs) directly affects DSI-EC safety reviews, the Committee reviewed the current status of DS AER reporting in the US. METHODS DSI-EC reviewed PubMed searches, information from the US Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) MedWatch program, the Toxic Exposure Surveillance System (TESS) of the American Association of Poison Control Centers (AAPCC), and reports from US and other agencies. DSI-EC analyzed this information to identify key factors that affect the quality of DS AERs. RESULTS The overall incidence of DS AERs appears generally to be low. However, the primary reporting portal (FDA MedWatch) receives fewer AERs than do poison control centers (PCCs), and limited coordination exists among national and international surveillance programs for evaluating signals that may indicate potential public health risks. Both inadequate and poor-quality reporting of DS AERs are major limitations of DS safety monitoring in the US. CONCLUSIONS Based on its assessments, the Committee advances recommendations to improve the quality of reporting, monitoring, and assessing DS AERs. These include (1) enhanced data collection approaches, (2) improved coordination of AER surveillance programs, (3) strengthening of educational programs for public and health care sectors, and (4) conduct of research concerning the safety of DS. If taken, these approaches are expected to improve the health and well-being of DS users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Gardiner
- USP Dietary Supplements Information Expert Committee, Rockville, MD 02118, USA.
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Yang HY, Wang JD, Lo TC, Chen PC. Increased mortality risk for cancers of the kidney and other urinary organs among Chinese herbalists. J Epidemiol 2009; 19:17-23. [PMID: 19164871 PMCID: PMC3924091 DOI: 10.2188/jea.je20080035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2008] [Accepted: 08/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A national survey in Taiwan has shown that Chinese herbal therapy increases the risk of chronic kidney disease. However, it is unknown whether herbal therapy will increase the risk of urological cancers. The purpose of this study was to determine whether Chinese herbalists are at higher risk for urological cancers. METHODS We studied all Chinese herbalists in Taiwan that were registered in the Chinese Herbalist Labor Union between 1985 and 2000. We retrospectively followed their survival status and causes of death using the National Mortality Registry Database from 1985 to 2004. Standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) for urological cancers in herbalists were calculated and compared with those of the general population of Taiwan. RESULTS A total of 6548 Chinese herbalists were enrolled and 88,289 person-years were accrued during the observation period. After adjustment for age and sex, the SMR for urological cancers was significantly higher for Chinese herbalists than for the general population (SMR = 3.10; 95% CI: 1.41-5.87). When further stratified by location, the SMR for kidney cancer and other urinary organ cancers (SMR = 3.81; 95% CI: 1.39-8.28) except bladder cancer (SMR = 2.26; 95% CI: 0.47-6.59) were significantly higher for the Chinese herbalists. The SMR for chronic and unspecified nephritis, renal failure, and renal sclerosis were also significantly higher for herbalists (SMR = 2.40; 95% CI: 1.40-3.84). CONCLUSIONS Chinese herbalists have a significantly higher risk for urological cancers. This increased risk among herbalists highlights the urgent need for safety assessments of Chinese herbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Yu Yang
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, National Taiwan University College of Public Health, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Jung-Der Wang
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, National Taiwan University College of Public Health, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, and Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine,
National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Pau-Chung Chen
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, National Taiwan University College of Public Health, Taipei, Taiwan
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Gene expression profiles modulated by the human carcinogen aristolochic acid I in human cancer cells and their dependence on TP53. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2008; 232:86-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2008.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2008] [Revised: 06/10/2008] [Accepted: 06/11/2008] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Xue X, Xiao Y, Gong L, Guan S, Liu Y, Lu H, Qi X, Zhang Y, Li Y, Wu X, Ren J. Comparative 28-day repeated oral toxicity of Longdan Xieganwan, Akebia trifoliate (Thunb.) koidz., Akebia quinata (Thunb.) Decne. and Caulis aristolochiae manshuriensis in mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2008; 119:87-93. [PMID: 18582552 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2008.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2008] [Revised: 05/11/2008] [Accepted: 05/29/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Longdan Xieganwan, which contains Aristolochia species, is a traditional Chinese prescription. It has been used for thousands of years to "enhance liver". However, many cases of Longdan Xieganwan induced nephropathy were reported recently. AIM OF THE STUDY This study was designed to compare the possible toxic effects of Longdan Xieganwan and three different Aristolochia species, i.e. Akebia trifoliate (Thunb.) koid (Akebia trifoliate), Akebia quinata (Thunb.) Decne. (Akebia quinata) and Caulis aristolochiae manshuriensis (Aristolochia manshuriensis). MATERIALS AND METHODS Mice were orally administered these drugs for 28 days. Clinical signs, body weights, serum biochemistry, organ weights and histopathology were examined. RESULTS Significantly decreased body weights and obvious nephropathy were noticed in the Aristolochia manshuriensis groups at doses higher than 0.24 g/kg/d. A few endothelial cell degenerations in renal glomerulus were observed in the Akebia trifoliate group at a high-dose of 2.00 g/kg/d. No significant changes were observed in the other groups. CONCLUSIONS The no-observed-adverse-effect levels (NOAELs) for Aristolochia manshuriensis, Akebia trifoliate, Akebia quinata and Longdan Xieganwan in this study for mice were 0.06 g/kg/d, 0.40 g/kg/d, higher than 3.00 g/kg/d and higher than 10.00 g/kg/d, which were equivalent to 0.25 times, 5 times, 25 times and 10 times of normal human dose in clinical prescription, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Xue
- Centre for Drug Safety and Evaluation, State Key Laboratory of New Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, PR China
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