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Thompson Z, Fonseca IAT, Acosta W, Idarraga L, Garland T. Effects of food restriction on voluntary wheel-running behavior and body mass in selectively bred High Runner lines of mice. Physiol Behav 2024; 282:114582. [PMID: 38750805 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2024.114582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Food restriction can have profound effects on various aspects of behavior, physiology, and morphology. Such effects might be amplified in animals that are highly active, given that physical activity can represent a substantial fraction of the total daily energy budget. More specifically, some effects of food restriction could be associated with intrinsic, genetically based differences in the propensity or ability to perform physical activity. To address this possibility, we studied the effects of food restriction in four replicate lines of High Runner (HR) mice that have been selectively bred for high levels of voluntary wheel running. We hypothesized that HR mice would respond differently than mice from four non-selected Control (C) lines. Healthy adult females from generation 65 were housed individually with wheels and provided access to food and water ad libitum for experimental days 1-19 (Phase 1), which allowed mice to attain a plateau in daily running distances. Ad libitum food intake of each mouse was measured on days 20-22 (Phase 2). After this, each mouse experienced a 20 % food restriction for 7 days (days 24-30; Phase 3), and then a 40 % food restriction for 7 additional days (days 31-37; Phase 4). Mice were weighed on experimental days 1, 8, 9, 15, 20, and 23-37 and wheel-running activity was recorded continuously, in 1-minute bins, during the entire experiment. Repeated-measures ANOVA of daily wheel-running distance during Phases 2-4 indicated that HR mice always ran much more than C, with values being 3.29-fold higher during the ad libitum feeding trial, 3.58-fold higher with -20 % food, and 3.06-fold higher with -40 % food. Seven days of food restriction at -20 % did not significantly reduce wheel-running distance of either HR (-5.8 %, P = 0.0773) or C mice (-13.3 %, P = 0.2122). With 40 % restriction, HR mice showed a further decrease in daily wheel-running distance (P = 0.0797 vs. values at 20 % restriction), whereas C mice did not (P = 0.4068 vs. values at 20 % restriction) and recovered to levels similar to those on ad libitum food (P = 0.3634). For HR mice, daily running distances averaged 11.4 % lower at -40 % food versus baseline values (P = 0.0086), whereas for C mice no statistical difference existed (-4.8 %, P = 0.7004). Repeated-measures ANOVA of body mass during Phases 2-4 indicated a highly significant effect of food restriction (P = 0.0001), but no significant effect of linetype (P = 0.1764) and no interaction (P = 0.8524). Both HR and C mice had a significant reduction in body mass only when food rations were reduced by 40 % relative to ad libitum feeding, and even then the reductions averaged only -0.60 g for HR mice (-2.6 %) and -0.49 g (-2.0 %) for C mice. Overall, our results indicate a surprising insensitivity of body mass to food restriction in both high-activity (HR) and ordinary (C) mice, and also insensitivity of wheel running in the C lines of mice, thus calling for studies of compensatory mechanisms that allow this insensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Thompson
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; Present Address: Department of Biology, Utah Valley University, Orem, UT, USA
| | - Ivana A T Fonseca
- Department of Physical Education, University of State of Rio Grande do Norte, Mossoró, Brazil
| | - Wendy Acosta
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Laidy Idarraga
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Theodore Garland
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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Cruz-Ochoa NA, Motta-Teixeira LC, Cruz-Ochoa PF, Lopez-Paredes S, Ochoa-Amaya JE, Takada SH, Xavier GF, Nogueira MI. Post-weaning social isolation modifies neonatal anoxia-induced changes in energy metabolism and growth of rats. Int J Dev Neurosci 2024; 84:293-304. [PMID: 38530155 DOI: 10.1002/jdn.10327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Neonatal oxygen deficiency in rats may disturb growth and long-term metabolic homeostasis. In order to facilitate metabolic evaluation, the subjects are usually housed individually. However, social isolation associated with individually housed conditions alters animal behavior, which may influence the experimental results. This study investigated the effects of social isolation on neonatal anoxia-induced changes in growth and energy metabolism. Male and female Wistar rats were exposed, on postnatal day 2 (P2), to either 25-min of anoxia or control treatment. From P27 onward, part of the subjects of each group was isolated in standard cages, and the remaining subjects were housed in groups. At P34 or P95, the subjects were fasted for 18 h, refeed for 1 h, and then perfused 30 min later. Glycemia, leptin, insulin, and morphology of the pancreas were evaluated at both ages. For subjects perfused at P95, body weight and food intake were recorded up to P90, and the brain was collected for Fos and NeuN immunohistochemistry. Results showed that male rats exposed to neonatal anoxia and social isolation exhibited increased body weight gain despite the lack of changes in food intake. In addition, social isolation (1) decreased post-fasting weight loss and post-fasting food intake and (2) increased glycemia, insulin, and leptin levels of male and female rats exposed to anoxia and control treatments, both at P35 and P95. Furthermore, although at P35, anoxia increased insulin levels of males, it decreased the area of the β-positive cells in the pancreas of females. At P95, anoxia increased post-prandial weight loss of males, post-fasting food intake, insulin, and leptin, and decreased Fos expression in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) of males and females. Hyperphagia was associated with possible resistance to leptin and insulin, suspected by the high circulating levels of these hormones and poor neuronal activation of ARC. This study demonstrated that continuous social isolation from weaning modifies, in a differentiated way, the long-term energy metabolism and growth of male and female Wistar rats exposed to neonatal anoxia or even control treatments. Therefore, social isolation should be considered as a factor that negatively influences experimental results and the outcomes of the neonatal injury. These results should also be taken into account in clinical procedures, since the used model simulates the preterm babies' conditions and some therapeutic approaches require isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Andrea Cruz-Ochoa
- Neurosciences Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lívia Clemente Motta-Teixeira
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pablo Felipe Cruz-Ochoa
- Laboratory of Wildlife Comparative Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Santiago Lopez-Paredes
- Research Group of Pathology of Domestic and Wild Animals. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Recursos Naturales, Universidad de los Llanos, Villavicencio, Colombia
| | - Julieta Esperanza Ochoa-Amaya
- Research Group of Pathology of Domestic and Wild Animals. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Recursos Naturales, Universidad de los Llanos, Villavicencio, Colombia
| | - Silvia Honda Takada
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics. Center for Mathematics, Computing and Cognition, Federal University of ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, São Paolo, Brazil
| | - Gilberto Fernando Xavier
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Inês Nogueira
- Neurosciences Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Kowald A, Palmer D, Secci R, Fuellen G. Healthy Aging in Times of Extreme Temperatures: Biomedical Approaches. Aging Dis 2024; 15:601-611. [PMID: 37450930 PMCID: PMC10917539 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.0619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Climate extremes and rising energy prices present interconnected global health risks. Technical solutions can be supplemented with biomedical approaches to promote healthy longevity in hot and cold conditions. In summer, reducing basal metabolic rate through mild caloric restriction or CR mimetics, such as resveratrol, can potentially be used to lower body temperature. In winter, activating brown adipose tissue (BAT) for non-shivering thermogenesis and improved metabolic health can help adaptation to colder environments. Catechins found in green tea and in other food could be alternatives to drugs for these purposes. This review examines and discusses the biomedical evidence supporting the use of CR mimetics and BAT activators for health benefits amid increasingly extreme temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Kowald
- Institut für Biostatistik und Informatik in Medizin und Alternsforschung, Universitätsmedizin Rostock, Germany.
| | - Daniel Palmer
- Institut für Biostatistik und Informatik in Medizin und Alternsforschung, Universitätsmedizin Rostock, Germany.
| | - Riccardo Secci
- Institut für Biostatistik und Informatik in Medizin und Alternsforschung, Universitätsmedizin Rostock, Germany.
| | - Georg Fuellen
- Institut für Biostatistik und Informatik in Medizin und Alternsforschung, Universitätsmedizin Rostock, Germany.
- Interdisziplinäre Fakultät, Department AGIS (Altern des Individuums und der Gesellschaft), Universität Rostock, Germany.
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Ireland.
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4
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Boor SA, Meisel JD, Kim DH. Neuroendocrine gene expression coupling of interoceptive bacterial food cues to foraging behavior of C. elegans. eLife 2024; 12:RP91120. [PMID: 38231572 PMCID: PMC10945577 DOI: 10.7554/elife.91120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Animal internal state is modulated by nutrient intake, resulting in behavioral responses to changing food conditions. The neural mechanisms by which internal states are generated and maintained are not well understood. Here, we show that in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, distinct cues from bacterial food - interoceptive signals from the ingestion of bacteria and gustatory molecules sensed from nearby bacteria - act antagonistically on the expression of the neuroendocrine TGF-beta ligand DAF-7 from the ASJ pair of sensory neurons to modulate foraging behavior. A positive-feedback loop dependent on the expression of daf-7 from the ASJ neurons acts to promote transitions between roaming and dwelling foraging states and influence the persistence of roaming states. SCD-2, the C. elegans ortholog of mammalian anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), which has been implicated in the central control of metabolism of mammals, functions in the AIA interneurons to regulate foraging behavior and cell-non-autonomously control the expression of DAF-7 from the ASJ neurons. Our data establish how a dynamic neuroendocrine daf-7 expression feedback loop regulated by SCD-2 functions to couple sensing and ingestion of bacterial food to foraging behavior. We further suggest that this neuroendocrine feedback loop underlies previously characterized exploratory behaviors in C. elegans. Our data suggest that the expression of daf-7 from the ASJ neurons contributes to and is correlated with an internal state of 'unmet need' that regulates exploratory foraging behavior in response to bacterial cues in diverse physiological contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia A Boor
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeUnited States
| | - Joshua D Meisel
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeUnited States
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General HospitalBostonUnited States
| | - Dennis H Kim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
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Peña-Villalobos I, Otarola FA, Arancibia D, Sabat P, Palma V. Prenatal caloric restriction adjusts the energy homeostasis and behavior in response to acute and chronic variations in food availability in adulthood. J Comp Physiol B 2023; 193:677-688. [PMID: 37831173 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-023-01520-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Fetal metabolic programming produced by unfavorable prenatal nutritional conditions leads to the development of a disorder called "thrifty phenotype", which is associated with pathologies such as diabetes and obesity in adulthood. However, from an ecophysiological approach, few studies have addressed the development of thrifty phenotypes in terms of energy. This might represent an adaptive advantage against caloric deficiency conditions extending into adulthood. The objective of this study is to investigate the potential adaptive value of the thrifty phenotype expression through prenatal programming in a rodent model experiencing varying dietary conditions in different temporal contexts. To fill this gap, adult males of Mus musculus (BALB/C) from two maternal pregnancy groups were analyzed: control (ad libitum feeding) and caloric restriction from day 10 of gestation (70% restriction). Adult offspring of these groups were split further for two experiments: acute food deprivation and chronic caloric restriction at 60%. The acute food deprivation was performed for 24, 48 or 72 h while the caloric restriction regime was sustained for 20 days. For each experiment, morphological variables, such as body and organ mass, and gene expression related to lipid and carbohydrate metabolism from the liver and brain, were evaluated. In chronic caloric restriction, behavioral tests (open-field test and home-cage behavior) were performed. Our results indicate that under acute deprivation, the liver mass and triglyceride content remained unchanged in individuals subjected to prenatal restriction, in contrast to the reduction experienced by the control group. The latter is associated with the expression of the key genes involved in energy homeostasis (Pepck, Pparα/Pparγ), indicating a differential use of nutritional resources. In addition, thrifty animals, subjected to chronic caloric restriction, showed a severe reduction in locomotor and gluconeogenic activity, which is consistent with the regulatory role of Sirt1 and its downstream targets Mao and Pepck. Our results reveal that prenatal caloric restriction translates into a sparing metabolism in response to acute and chronic lack of food in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Peña-Villalobos
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
- Laboratorio de Células troncales y Biología del Desarrollo, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Fabiola A Otarola
- Laboratorio de Células troncales y Biología del Desarrollo, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - David Arancibia
- Laboratorio de Células troncales y Biología del Desarrollo, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Sabat
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Verónica Palma
- Laboratorio de Células troncales y Biología del Desarrollo, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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6
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Boor SA, Meisel JD, Kim DH. Neuroendocrine Gene Expression Coupling of Interoceptive Bacterial Food Cues to Foraging Behavior of C. elegans. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.15.549072. [PMID: 37503081 PMCID: PMC10369937 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.15.549072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Animal internal state is modulated by nutrient intake, resulting in behavioral responses to changing food conditions. The neural mechanisms by which internal states are generated and maintained are not well understood. Here, we show that in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, distinct cues from bacterial food - interoceptive signals from the ingestion of bacteria and gustatory molecules sensed from nearby bacteria - act antagonistically on the expression of the neuroendocrine TGF-beta ligand DAF-7 from the ASJ pair of sensory neurons to modulate foraging behavior. A positive-feedback loop dependent on the expression of daf-7 from the ASJ neurons acts to promote transitions between roaming and dwelling foraging states and influence the persistence of roaming states. SCD-2, the C. elegans ortholog of mammalian Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase (ALK), which has been implicated in the central control of metabolism of mammals, functions in the AIA interneurons to regulate foraging behavior and cell-non-autonomously control the expression of DAF-7 from the ASJ neurons. Our data establish how a dynamic neuroendocrine daf-7 expression feedback loop regulated by SCD-2 functions to couple sensing and ingestion of bacterial food to foraging behavior. We further suggest that this neuroendocrine feedback loop underlies previously characterized exploratory behaviors in C. elegans. Our data suggest that the expression of daf-7 from the ASJ neurons contributes to and is correlated with an internal state of "unmet need" that regulates exploratory foraging behavior in response to bacterial cues in diverse physiological contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia A. Boor
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Joshua D. Meisel
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Dennis H. Kim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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Melo DDS, Costa Pereira L, Santos CS, Mendes BF, Konig IFM, Garcia BCC, Queiroz IP, Moreno LG, Cassilhas RC, Esteves EA, Vieira ER, Magalhães FDC, Capettini LDSA, Sousa RALD, Sampaio KH, Dias Peixoto MF. Intense Caloric Restriction from Birth Prevents Cardiovascular Aging in Rats. Rejuvenation Res 2023; 26:194-205. [PMID: 37694594 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2023.0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that a 50% caloric restriction (CR) from birth improves several cardiometabolic risk factors in young rats. In this study, we investigated in middle-aged rats the consequences of a 50% CR from birth on cardiometabolic risk factors, heart function/morphology, ventricular arrhythmia, and fibrillation incidence, and cardiac intracellular proteins involved with redox status and cell survival. From birth to the age of 18 months, rats were divided into an Ad Libitum (AL18) group, which had free access to food, and a CR18 group, which had food limited to 50% of that consumed by the AL18. Resting metabolic rate, blood pressure, and heart rate were recorded, and oral glucose and intraperitoneal insulin tolerance tests were performed. Blood was collected for biochemical analyses, and visceral fat and liver were harvested and weighed. Hearts were harvested for cardiac function, histological, redox status, and western blot analyses. The 50% CR from birth potentially reduced several cardiometabolic risk factors in 18-month-old rats. Moreover, compared with AL18, the CR18 group showed a ∼50% increase in cardiac contractility and relaxation, nearly three to five times less incidence of ventricular arrhythmia and fibrillation, ∼18% lower cardiomyocyte diameter, and ∼60% lower cardiac fibrosis. CR18 hearts also improved biomarkers of antioxidant defense and cell survival. Collectively, these results reveal several metabolic and cardiac antiaging effects of a 50% CR from birth in middle-aged rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirceu de Sousa Melo
- Programa de Pós-graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM), Diamantina, Brazil
| | - Liliane Costa Pereira
- Programa de Pós-graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM), Diamantina, Brazil
| | - Carina Sousa Santos
- Programa de Pós-graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM), Diamantina, Brazil
| | - Bruno Ferreira Mendes
- Programa de Pós-graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM), Diamantina, Brazil
| | | | - Bruna Caroline Chaves Garcia
- Programa de Pós-graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM), Diamantina, Brazil
| | - Ilkilene Pinheiro Queiroz
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM), Diamantina, Brazil
| | - Lauane Gomes Moreno
- Programa de Pós-graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM), Diamantina, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Cardoso Cassilhas
- Programa de Pós-graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM), Diamantina, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM), Diamantina, Brazil
| | - Elizabethe Adriana Esteves
- Programa de Pós-graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM), Diamantina, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM), Diamantina, Brazil
| | - Etel Rocha Vieira
- Programa de Pós-graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM), Diamantina, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM), Diamantina, Brazil
| | - Flávio de Castro Magalhães
- Programa de Pós-graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM), Diamantina, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM), Diamantina, Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo Augusto Leoni De Sousa
- Programa de Pós-graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM), Diamantina, Brazil
| | - Kinulpe Honorato Sampaio
- Programa de Pós-graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM), Diamantina, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM), Diamantina, Brazil
| | - Marco Fabrício Dias Peixoto
- Programa de Pós-graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM), Diamantina, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM), Diamantina, Brazil
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Randomization, design and analysis for interdependency in aging research: no person or mouse is an island. NATURE AGING 2022; 2:1101-1111. [PMID: 37063472 PMCID: PMC10099485 DOI: 10.1038/s43587-022-00333-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Investigators traditionally use randomized designs and corresponding analysis procedures to make causal inferences about the effects of interventions, assuming independence between an individual's outcome and treatment assignment and the outcomes of other individuals in the study. Often, such independence may not hold. We provide examples of interdependency in model organism studies and human trials and group effects in aging research and then discuss methodologic issues and solutions. We group methodologic issues as they pertain to (1) single-stage individually randomized trials; (2) cluster-randomized controlled trials; (3) pseudo-cluster-randomized trials; (4) individually randomized group treatment; and (5) two-stage randomized designs. Although we present possible strategies for design and analysis to improve the rigor, accuracy and reproducibility of the science, we also acknowledge real-world constraints. Consequences of nonadherence, differential attrition or missing data, unintended exposure to multiple treatments and other practical realities can be reduced with careful planning, proper study designs and best practices.
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9
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Peña-Villalobos I, Otárola FA, Casas BS, Sabat P, Palma V. Perinatal Food Deprivation Modifies the Caloric Restriction Response in Adult Mice Through Sirt1. Front Physiol 2021; 12:769444. [PMID: 34925065 PMCID: PMC8675943 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.769444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Variations in the availability of nutritional resources in animals can trigger reversible adjustments, which in the short term are manifested as behavioral and physiological changes. Several of these responses are mediated by Sirt1, which acts as an energy status sensor governing a global genetic program to cope with changes in nutritional status. Growing evidence suggests a key role of the response of the perinatal environment to caloric restriction in the setup of physiological responses in adulthood. The existence of adaptive predictive responses has been proposed, which suggests that early nutrition could establish metabolic capacities suitable for future food-scarce environments. We evaluated how perinatal food deprivation and maternal gestational weight gain impact the transcriptional, physiological, and behavioral responses in mice, when acclimated to caloric restriction in adulthood. Our results show a strong predictive capacity of maternal weight and gestational weight gain, in the expression of Sirt1 and its downstream targets in the brain and liver, mitochondrial enzymatic activity in skeletal muscle, and exploratory behavior in offspring. We also observed differential responses of both lactation and gestational food restriction on gene expression, thermogenesis, organ masses, and behavior, in response to adult caloric restriction. We conclude that the early nutritional state could determine the magnitude of responses to food scarcity later in adulthood, mediated by the pivotal metabolic sensor Sirt1. Our results suggest that maternal gestational weight gain could be an important life history trait and could be used to predict features that improve the invasive capacity or adjustment to seasonal food scarcity of the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Peña-Villalobos
- Department of Ecological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Laboratory of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fabiola A Otárola
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Bárbara S Casas
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Sabat
- Department of Ecological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Santiago, Chile
| | - Verónica Palma
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Sun D, Liu F, Mitchell SE, Ma H, Derous D, Wang Y, Han JJD, Promislow DEL, Lusseau D, Douglas A, Speakman JR, Chen L. The Effects of Graded Levels of Calorie Restriction XV: Phase Space Attractors Reveal Distinct Behavioral Phenotypes. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2021; 75:858-866. [PMID: 32128585 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glaa055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Calorie restriction (CR) has a positive impact on health and life span. Previous work, however, does not reveal the whole underlying mechanism of behavioral phenotypes under CR. We propose a new approach based on phase space reconstruction (PSR) to analyze the behavioral responses of mice to graded CR. This involved reconstructing high-dimensional attractors which topologically represent the intrinsic dynamics of mice based on low-dimensional time series of movement counts observed during the 90-day time course of restriction. PSR together with correlation dimensions (CD), Kolmogorov entropy (KE), and multifractal spectra builds a map from internal attractors to the phenotype of mice and reveals the mice with increasing CR levels undergo significant changes from a normal to a new state. Features of the attractors (CD and KE) were significantly associated with gene expression profiles in the hypothalamus of the same individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deshun Sun
- School of Software Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, P. R. China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Shenzhen Laboratory of Digital Orthopedic Engineering, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital/the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Fei Liu
- School of Software Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Sharon E Mitchell
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, UK
| | - Huanfei Ma
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Davina Derous
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, UK
| | - Yingchun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Jackie J D Han
- Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences-Max Planck Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Daniel E L Promislow
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - David Lusseau
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, UK
| | - Alex Douglas
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, UK
| | - John R Speakman
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, UK
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
- Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Luonan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, P. R. China
- Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, P. R. China
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11
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Matsuo T, Isosaka T, Tang L, Soga T, Kobayakawa R, Kobayakawa K. Artificial hibernation/life-protective state induced by thiazoline-related innate fear odors. Commun Biol 2021; 4:101. [PMID: 33483561 PMCID: PMC7822961 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01629-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate fear intimately connects to the life preservation in crises, although this relationships is not fully understood. Here, we report that presentation of a supernormal innate fear inducer 2-methyl-2-thiazoline (2MT), but not learned fear stimuli, induced robust systemic hypothermia/hypometabolism and suppressed aerobic metabolism via phosphorylation of pyruvate dehydrogenase, thereby enabling long-term survival in a lethal hypoxic environment. These responses exerted potent therapeutic effects in cutaneous and cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury models. In contrast to hibernation, 2MT stimulation accelerated glucose uptake in the brain and suppressed oxygen saturation in the blood. Whole-brain mapping and chemogenetic activation revealed that the sensory representation of 2MT orchestrates physiological responses via brain stem Sp5/NST to midbrain PBN pathway. 2MT, as a supernormal stimulus of innate fear, induced exaggerated, latent life-protective effects in mice. If this system is preserved in humans, it may be utilized to give rise to a new field: "sensory medicine."
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiko Matsuo
- Institute of Biomedical Science, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan
| | - Tomoko Isosaka
- Institute of Biomedical Science, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan
| | - Lijun Tang
- Institute of Biomedical Science, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan
| | - Tomoyoshi Soga
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, 997-0052, Japan
| | - Reiko Kobayakawa
- Institute of Biomedical Science, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan.
| | - Ko Kobayakawa
- Institute of Biomedical Science, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan.
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12
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Deemer SE, Davis RAH, Roberts BM, Smith DL, Koutnik AP, Poff AM, D’Agostino DP, Plaisance EP. Exogenous Dietary Ketone Ester Decreases Body Weight and Adiposity in Mice Housed at Thermoneutrality. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2020; 28:1447-1455. [PMID: 32618116 PMCID: PMC7501155 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to examine the effects of a ketone ester (KE)-supplemented diet on energy expenditure (EE) and adiposity in mice housed at 23 °C versus thermoneutrality (30 °C), in which sympathetic nervous system activity is diminished. METHODS Thirty-two 10-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were assigned to 1 of 4 groups (n = 8 per group): 30% KE diet + 23 °C (KE23), control (CON) diet + 23 °C (CON23), 30% KE diet + 30 °C (KE30), or CON diet + 30 °C (CON30). CON mice were pair-fed to the average intake of mice consuming the KE diet (ad libitum) for 8 weeks. Body composition and components of energy balance were measured at completion of the study. RESULTS CON23 (mean ± SD, 26.0 ± 1.6 g) and CON30 (29.7 ± 1.4 g) mice weighed more than KE groups (P < 0.03 for both) and were also different from each other (CON23 vs. CON30, P < 0.01). However, KE23 (23.4 ± 2.7 g) and KE30 (23.1 ± 1.9 g) mice were not different in body weight. As expected, food intake at 30 °C (2.0 ± 0.3 g/d) was lower than at 23 °C (2.6 ± 0.3 g/d, P < 0.01). Diet did not influence resting and total EE, but mice housed at 30 °C had lower EE compared with mice at 23 °C (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Dietary KEs attenuate body weight gain at standard (23 °C) and thermoneutral (30 °C) housing temperatures, and this effect is not mediated by increased EE under these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Deemer
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Nutrition Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Rachel A. H. Davis
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Nutrition Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Brandon M. Roberts
- Department of Human Studies, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Daniel L. Smith
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Nutrition Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Andrew P. Koutnik
- Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Angela M. Poff
- Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | | | - Eric P. Plaisance
- Department of Human Studies, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Nutrition Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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13
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Wolff BS, Raheem SA, Alshawi SA, Regan JM, Feng LR, Saligan LN. Induction of fatigue-like behavior by pelvic irradiation of male mice alters cognitive behaviors and BDNF expression. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235566. [PMID: 32614931 PMCID: PMC7332074 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatigue and cognitive deficits are often co-occurring symptoms reported by patients after radiation therapy for prostate cancer. In this study, we induced fatigue-like behavior in mice using targeted pelvic irradiation to mimic the clinical treatment regimen and assess cognitive behavioral changes. We observed that pelvic irradiation produced a robust fatigue phenotype, a reduced rate of spontaneous alternation in a Y-maze test, and no behavioral change in an open field test. We found that reversal learning for fatigued mice was slower with respect to time, but not with respect to effort put into the test, suggesting that fatigue may impact the ability or motivation to work at a cognitive task without impairing cognitive capabilities. In addition, we found that mice undergoing pelvic irradiation show lower whole-brain levels of mature BDNF, and that whole-brain proBDNF levels also correlate with spontaneous alternation in a Y-maze test. These results suggest that changes in BDNF levels could be both a cause and an effect of fatigue-related changes in behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian S. Wolff
- National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sumiyya A. Raheem
- National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sarah A. Alshawi
- National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jeniece M. Regan
- National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Li Rebekah Feng
- National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Leorey N. Saligan
- National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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14
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Fang Y, McFadden S, Darcy J, Hascup ER, Hascup KN, Bartke A. Lifespan of long-lived growth hormone receptor knockout mice was not normalized by housing at 30°C since weaning. Aging Cell 2020; 19:e13123. [PMID: 32110850 PMCID: PMC7253058 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth hormone receptor knockout (GHRKO) mice are remarkably long-lived and have improved glucose homeostasis along with altered energy metabolism which manifests through decreased respiratory quotient (RQ) and increased oxygen consumption (VO2 ). Short-term exposure of these animals to increased environmental temperature (eT) at 30°C can normalize their VO2 and RQ. We hypothesized that increased heat loss in the diminutive GHRKO mice housed at 23°C and the consequent metabolic adjustments to meet the increased energy demand for thermogenesis may promote extension of longevity, and preventing these adjustments by chronic exposure to increased eT will reduce or eliminate their longevity advantage. To test these hypotheses, GHRKO mice were housed at increased eT (30°C) since weaning. Here, we report that contrasting with the effects of short-term exposure of adult GHRKO mice to 30°C, transferring juvenile GHRKO mice to chronic housing at 30°C did not normalize the examined parameters of energy metabolism and glucose homeostasis. Moreover, despite decreased expression levels of thermogenic genes in brown adipose tissue (BAT) and elevated core body temperature, the lifespan of male GHRKO mice was not reduced, while the lifespan of female GHRKO mice was increased, along with improved glucose homeostasis. The results indicate that GHRKO mice have intrinsic features that help maintain their delayed, healthy aging, and extended longevity at both 23°C and 30°C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimin Fang
- Department of NeurologySouthern Illinois University School of MedicineSpringfieldILUSA
| | - Samuel McFadden
- Department of NeurologySouthern Illinois University School of MedicineSpringfieldILUSA
| | - Justin Darcy
- Department of Internal MedicineSouthern Illinois University School of MedicineSpringfieldILUSA
- Present address:
Section on Integrative Physiology and MetabolismJoslin Diabetes CenterHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Erin R. Hascup
- Department of NeurologySouthern Illinois University School of MedicineSpringfieldILUSA
- Department of PharmacologySouthern Illinois University School of MedicineSpringfieldILUSA
| | - Kevin N. Hascup
- Department of NeurologySouthern Illinois University School of MedicineSpringfieldILUSA
- Department of PharmacologySouthern Illinois University School of MedicineSpringfieldILUSA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Microbiology and BiochemistrySouthern Illinois University School of MedicineSpringfieldILUSA
| | - Andrzej Bartke
- Department of Internal MedicineSouthern Illinois University School of MedicineSpringfieldILUSA
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15
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Abstract
Animals that lack the hormone leptin become grossly obese, purportedly for 2 reasons: increased food intake and decreased energy expenditure (thermogenesis). This review examines the experimental evidence for the thermogenesis component. Analysis of the data available led us to conclude that the reports indicating hypometabolism in the leptin-deficient ob/ob mice (as well as in the leptin-receptor-deficient db/db mice and fa/fa rats) derive from a misleading calculation artefact resulting from expression of energy expenditure per gram of body weight and not per intact organism. Correspondingly, the body weight-reducing effects of leptin are not augmented by enhanced thermogenesis. Congruent with this, there is no evidence that the ob/ob mouse demonstrates atrophied brown adipose tissue or diminished levels of total UCP1 mRNA or protein when the ob mutation is studied on the inbred C57BL/6 mouse background, but a reduced sympathetic nerve activity is observed. On the outbred "Aston" mouse background, brown adipose tissue atrophy is seen, but whether this is of quantitative significance for the development of obesity has not been demonstrated. We conclude that leptin is not a thermogenic hormone. Rather, leptin has effects on body temperature regulation, by opposing torpor bouts and by shifting thermoregulatory thresholds. The central pathways behind these effects are largely unexplored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander W Fischer
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, The Arrhenius Laboratories F3, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Barbara Cannon
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, The Arrhenius Laboratories F3, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Nedergaard
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, The Arrhenius Laboratories F3, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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16
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Costs of exploratory behavior: the energy trade-off hypothesis and the allocation model tested under caloric restriction. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4156. [PMID: 32139739 PMCID: PMC7058060 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61102-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to maintain the energy balance, animals often exhibit several physiological adjustments when subjected to a decrease in resource availability. Specifically, some rodents show increases in behavioral activity in response to food restriction; a response regarded as a paradox because it would imply an investment in locomotor activity, despite the lack of trophic resources. Here, we aim to explore the possible existence of trade-offs between metabolic variables and behavioral responses when rodents are faced to stochastic deprivation of food and caloric restriction. Adult BALB/c mice were acclimatized for four weeks to four food treatments: two caloric regimens (ad libitum and 60% restriction) and two periodicities (continuous and stochastic). In these mice, we analyzed: exploratory behavior and home-cage behavior, basal metabolic rate, citrate synthase and cytochrome oxidase c enzyme activity (in liver and skeletal muscle), body temperature and non-shivering thermogenesis. Our results support the model of allocation, which indicates commitments between metabolic rates and exploratory behavior, in a caloric restricted environment. Specifically, we identify the role of thermogenesis as a pivotal budget item, modulating the reallocation of energy between behavior and basal metabolic rate. We conclude that brown adipose tissue and liver play a key role in the development of paradoxical responses when facing decreased dietary availability.
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17
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Gavini CK, Cook TM, Rademacher DJ, Mansuy-Aubert V. Hypothalamic C2-domain protein involved in MC4R trafficking and control of energy balance. Metabolism 2020; 102:153990. [PMID: 31666192 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2019.153990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Rates of overweight and obesity epidemic have risen significantly in the past few decades, and 34% of adults and 15-20% of children and adolescents in the United States are now obese. Melanocortin receptor 4 (MC4R), contributes to appetite control in hypothalamic neurons and is a target for future anti-obesity treatments (such as setmelanotide) or novel drug development effort. Proper MC4R trafficking regulation in hypothalamic neurons is crucial for normal neural control of homeostasis and is altered in obesity and in presence of lipids. The mechanisms underlying altered MC4R trafficking in the context of obesity is still unclear. Here, we discovered that C2CD5 expressed in the hypothalamus is involved in the regulation of MC4R endocytosis. This study unmasked a novel trafficking protein nutritionally regulated in the hypothalamus providing a novel target for MC4R dependent pathways involved in bodyweight homeostasis and Obesity. METHODS To evaluate the expression of C2cd5, we first used in situ hybridization and RNAscope technology in combination with electronic microscopy. For in vivo, we characterized the energy balance of wild type (WT) and C2CD5 whole-body knockout (C2CD5KO) mice fed normal chow (NC) and/or western-diet (high-fat/high-sucrose/cholesterol) (WD). To this end, we performed comprehensive longitudinal assessment of bodyweight, energy balance (food intake, energy expenditure, locomotor activity using TSE metabolic cages), and glucose homeostasis. In addition, we evaluated the consequence of loss of C2CD5 on feeding behavior changes normally induced by MC4R agonist (Melanotan, MTII) injection in the paraventricular hypothalamus (PVH). For in vitro approach, we tease out the role of C2CD5 and its calcium sensing domain C2 in MC4R trafficking. We focused on endocytosis of MC4R using an antibody feeding experiment (in a neuronal cell line - Neuro2A (N2A) stably expressing HA-MC4R-GFP; against HA-tag and analyzed by flux cytometry). RESULTS We found that 1) the expression of hypothalamic C2CD5 is decreased in diet-induced obesity models compared to controls, 2) mice lacking C2CD5 exhibit an increase in food intake compared to WT mice, 3) C2CD5 interacts with endocytosis machinery in hypothalamus, 4) loss of functional C2CD5 (lacking C2 domain) blunts MC4R endocytosis in vitro and increases MC4R at the surface that fails to respond to MC4R ligand, and, 5) C2CD5KO mice exhibit decreased acute responses to MTII injection into the PVH. CONCLUSIONS Based on these, we conclude that hypothalamic C2CD5 is involved in MC4R endocytosis and regulate bodyweight homeostasis. These studies suggest that C2CD5 represents a new protein regulated by metabolic cues and involved in metabolic receptor endocytosis. C2CD5 represent a new target and pathway that could be targeted in Obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaitanya K Gavini
- Cell and Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Tyler M Cook
- Cell and Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - David J Rademacher
- Cell and Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Virginie Mansuy-Aubert
- Cell and Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA.
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18
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Hall SE, Smuder AJ, Hayward R. Effects of Calorie Restriction and Voluntary Exercise on Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity. Integr Cancer Ther 2019; 18:1534735419843999. [PMID: 30999765 PMCID: PMC6475835 DOI: 10.1177/1534735419843999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Doxorubicin (DOX) is a widely used chemotherapeutic agent with known cardiotoxic properties, while calorie restriction (CR) and exercise have well-documented cardioprotective effects. No studies have investigated the effects of CR alone or the combined effects of CR and exercise on DOX cardiotoxicity. Methods: Rats were divided into 4 groups based on their food intake (ad libitum or CR) and activity (sedentary or voluntary wheel running [WR]). After completing a 16-week treatment, animals received either DOX (15 mg/kg) or saline (SAL) and cardiac function was measured 5 days after treatment. Chromatography was used to quantify left ventricular DOX accumulation. Results: Left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP), end systolic pressure (ESP), and left ventricular maximal rate of pressure development (dP/dtmax) were significantly higher in the CR + DOX group when compared with DOX. Fractional shortening, LVDP, ESP, dP/dtmax, and dP/dtmin were significantly higher in the CR + WR + DOX group compared with the DOX group. In addition, the CR + WR + DOX group showed significantly higher LVDP and ESP compared with the WR + DOX group. DOX accumulation in the heart was 5-fold lower (P < .05) in the CR + WR + DOX group compared with the DOX group. Conclusion: This is the first study to demonstrate that CR can reduce cardiac DOX accumulation, and confirms the protective role of CR against DOX-induced cardiac dysfunction. Our data also show that combining a known cardioprotective intervention, exercise training, with CR results in additive benefits in the protection against DOX cardiotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Reid Hayward
- 3 University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO, USA
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19
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Neonatal anoxia impairs long‐term energy metabolism and somatic development of Wistar rats. Int J Dev Neurosci 2019; 79:76-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2019.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
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20
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Metabolic and gut microbiome changes following GLP-1 or dual GLP-1/GLP-2 receptor agonist treatment in diet-induced obese mice. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15582. [PMID: 31666597 PMCID: PMC6821799 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52103-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteroendocrine L-cell derived peptide hormones, notably glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2), have become important targets in the treatment of type 2 diabetes, obesity and intestinal diseases. As gut microbial imbalances and maladaptive host responses have been implicated in the pathology of obesity and diabetes, this study aimed to determine the effects of pharmacologically stimulated GLP-1 and GLP-2 receptor function on the gut microbiome composition in diet-induced obese (DIO) mice. DIO mice received treatment with a selective GLP-1 receptor agonist (liraglutide, 0.2 mg/kg, BID) or dual GLP-1/GLP-2 receptor agonist (GUB09–145, 0.04 mg/kg, BID) for 4 weeks. Both compounds suppressed caloric intake, promoted a marked weight loss, improved glucose tolerance and reduced plasma cholesterol levels. 16S rDNA sequencing and deep-sequencing shotgun metagenomics was applied for comprehensive within-subject profiling of changes in gut microbiome signatures. Compared to baseline, DIO mice assumed phylogenetically similar gut bacterial compositional changes following liraglutide and GUB09-145 treatment, characterized by discrete shifts in low-abundant species and related bacterial metabolic pathways. The microbiome alterations may potentially associate to the converging biological actions of GLP-1 and GLP-2 receptor signaling on caloric intake, glucose metabolism and lipid handling.
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Validation of Predicted Virulence Factors in Listeria monocytogenes Identified Using Comparative Genomics. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11090508. [PMID: 31480280 PMCID: PMC6783856 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11090508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is an intracellular facultative pathogen that causes listeriosis, a foodborne zoonotic infection. There are differences in the pathogenic potential of L. monocytogenes subtypes and strains. Comparison of the genome sequences among L. monocytogenes pathogenic strains EGD-e and F2365 with nonpathogenic L. innocua CLIP1182 and L. monocytogenes strain HCC23 revealed a set of proteins that were present in pathogenic strains and had no orthologs among the nonpathogenic strains. Among the candidate virulence factors are five proteins: putrescine carbamoyltransferase; InlH/InlC2 family class 1 internalin; phosphotransferase system (PTS) fructose transporter subunit EIIC; putative transketolase; and transcription antiterminator BglG family. To determine if these proteins have a role in adherence and invasion of intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells and/or contribute to virulence, five mutant strains were constructed. F2365ΔinlC2, F2365Δeiic, and F2365Δtkt exhibited a significant (p < 0.05) reduction in adhesion to Caco-2 cells compared to parent F2365 strain. The invasion of F2365ΔaguB, F2365ΔinlC2, and F2365ΔbglG decreased significantly (p < 0.05) compared with the parent strain. Bacterial loads in mouse liver and spleen infected by F2365 was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than it was for F2365ΔaguB, F2365ΔinlC2, F2365Δeiic, F2365Δtkt, and F2365ΔbglG strains. This study demonstrates that aguB, inlC2, eiic, tkt, and bglG play a role in L. monocytogenes pathogenicity.
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Zheng H, Ton H, Yang L, Liufu N, Dong Y, Zhang Y, Xie Z. Acute Fasting Does Not Induce Cognitive Impairment in Mice. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:896. [PMID: 31507368 PMCID: PMC6718131 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Preoperative baseline cognitive impairment is associated with postoperative neurocognitive disorder (PND). Fasting, and more generally, calorie restriction has been shown to exert controversial effects in clinical settings and various animal models of neurological disorders. Every patient needs acute fasting before anesthesia and surgery. However, the impact of acute fasting on cognitive function remain largely unknown. We, therefore, set out to determine whether acute fasting can induce neurotoxicity and neurobehavioral deficits in rodents. In the present system establishment study, a mouse model of acute fasting was established. The effects of the acute fasting on natural and learned behavior were evaluated in the buried food test, open field test and the Y maze test. The expression of c-Fos, the marker of neuronal activation, and caspase-3 activation, the marker of cellular apoptosis, were measured with immunohistochemistry. We found that the 9 h acute fasting increased the latency to eat food in the buried food test. The acute fasting also selectively increased the total distance and decreased the freezing time in open field test, and increased the duration in the novel arm in the Y maze test. Besides, the immunohistochemical study showed that the fasting significantly increased the c-Fos level in the hippocampus and various sub-cortical areas, including paraventricular thalamus (PVT), dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH), lateral hypothalamus (LH), and basal amygdala (BMA). However, the acute fasting did not induce apoptosis, demonstrating by no appearance of caspase-3 activation in the corresponding brain areas. These data showed that acute fasting did not cause cellular apoptosis and cognitive impairment in the mice. Instead, the acute fasting increased the neuronal activity, enhanced the ambulatory activity and improved the spatial recognition memory in the mice. These findings will promote more research in the established system to further determine the effects of perioperative factors on the postoperative neurocognitive function and the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Geriatric Anesthesia Research Unit, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States
| | - Hoai Ton
- Geriatric Anesthesia Research Unit, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States
| | - Lei Yang
- Geriatric Anesthesia Research Unit, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States.,Department of Anesthesiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ning Liufu
- Geriatric Anesthesia Research Unit, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States.,Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuanlin Dong
- Geriatric Anesthesia Research Unit, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States
| | - Yiying Zhang
- Geriatric Anesthesia Research Unit, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States
| | - Zhongcong Xie
- Geriatric Anesthesia Research Unit, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States
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Hoizumi M, Sato T, Shimizu T, Kato S, Tsukiyama K, Narita T, Fujita H, Morii T, Sassa MH, Seino Y, Yamada Y. Inhibition of GIP signaling extends lifespan without caloric restriction. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 513:974-982. [PMID: 31003779 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/INTRODUCTION Caloric restriction (CR) promotes longevity and exerts anti-aging effects by increasing Sirtuin production and activation. Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), a gastrointestinal peptide hormone, exerts various effects on pancreatic β-cells and extra-pancreatic tissues. GIP promotes glucose-dependent augmentation of insulin secretion and uptake of nutrients into the adipose tissue. MATERIALS AND METHODS Gipr-/- and Gipr+/+ mice were used for lifespan analysis, behavior experiments and gene expression of adipose tissue and muscles. 3T3-L1 differentiated adipocytes were used for Sirt1 and Nampt expression followed by treatment with GIP and α-lipoic acid. RESULTS We observed that GIP receptor-knockout (Gipr-/-) mice fed normal diet showed an extended lifespan, increased exploratory and decreased anxiety-based behaviors, which are characteristic behavioral changes under CR. Moreover, Gipr-/- mice showed increased Sirt1 and Nampt expression in the adipose tissue. GIP suppressed α-lipoic acid-induced Sirt1 expression and activity in differentiated adipocytes. CONCLUSIONS Although maintenance of CR is difficult, food intake and muscle endurance of Gipr-/- mice were similar to those of wild-type mice. Inhibition of GIP signaling may be a novel strategy to extend the lifespan of diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Hoizumi
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Geriatric Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Takehiro Sato
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Geriatric Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Tatsunori Shimizu
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Geriatric Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Kato
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Geriatric Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Katsushi Tsukiyama
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Geriatric Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Takuma Narita
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Geriatric Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Hiroki Fujita
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Geriatric Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Morii
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Geriatric Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Mariko Harada Sassa
- Institute for Advancement of Clinical and Translational Science, Kyoto University Hospital, Japan
| | - Yutaka Seino
- Kansai Electric Power Medical Research Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Yamada
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Geriatric Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan.
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24
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Monarca RI, Speakman JR, Mathias MDL. Energetics and thermal adaptation in semifossorial pine-voles Microtus lusitanicus and Microtus duodecimcostatus. J Comp Physiol B 2019; 189:309-318. [PMID: 30719532 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-019-01205-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Rodents colonising subterranean environments have developed several morphological, physiological and behaviour traits that promote the success of individuals in such demanding conditions. Resting metabolic rate, thermoregulation capacity and daily energy expenditure were analysed in two semi-fossorial pine-vole species Microtus lusitanicus and Microtus duodecimcostatus inhabiting distinct areas of the Iberian Peninsula. Individuals capture location varied in habitat and soil features, allowing the comparison of energetic parameters with ecological characteristics, that can help explain the use of the subterranean environment and dependence of the burrow system. Results showed that M. duodecimcostatus has lower mass independent resting metabolic rate when compared with M. lusitanicus, which may be a response to environmental features of their habitat, such as dryer soils and lower water availability. Thermal conductance increased with body mass and was dependent on the ambient temperature. No significant differences were observed in the daily energy expenditure, but water economy data demonstrated the influence of the water available in the habitat on the energetics of voles. These species may rely on behavioural adaptations and seasonal use of burrows to cope with thermal challenges of subterranean activity and soil constraints. We found strong evidence that M. lusitanicus is able to use torpor as a response to low ambient temperatures which is a new observation among Arvicolines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita I Monarca
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, CESAM-Center for Environmental and Marine Studies, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - John R Speakman
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Tillydrone Ave, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 West Beichen Road, Chaoyang, Beijing, China
| | - Maria da Luz Mathias
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, CESAM-Center for Environmental and Marine Studies, Lisbon, Portugal
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25
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Biggar K, Luu B, Wu C, Pifferi F, Perret M, Storey K. Identification of novel and conserved microRNA and their expression in the gray mouse lemur, Microcebus murinus, a primate capable of daily torpor. Gene 2018; 677:332-339. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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26
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Poffé C, Dalle S, Kainz H, Berardi E, Hespel P. A noninterfering system to measure in-cage spontaneous physical activity in mice. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2018; 125:263-270. [PMID: 29698110 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00058.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to lack of low-cost and convenient measurement procedures, uncontrolled changes in spontaneous physical activity (SPA) level often are insufficiently considered as a confounding factor in rodent studies. Nonetheless, alterations in SPA can significantly impact on a wide range of physiological measurements. Therefore, we developed an accurate, low-cost video tracking procedure to allow routine assessment of SPA in the home cage of experimental animals (i.e., mice) and in the absence of any distress that might cause alterations in SPA. SPA parameters acquired (movement distance, movement time, and movement speed) with the novel tracking system were identical to those simultaneously obtained with a high-end and well-validated movement-tracking device (mean error = 0.15 ± 0.07%, r = 0.99, P < 0.001). To further validate the setup, we also demonstrated caffeine-induced stimulation of SPA (195% more activity compared with vehicle, P < 0.01), we adequately reproduced typical SPA fluctuations inherent to day/night cycles (146 and 702% more active during nocturnal compared with diurnal cycle for Balb/c and C57BL/6J mice, respectively, P < 0.001), and we confirmed previously documented SPA differences between animal strains (24% less activity in C57BL/6J mice compared with Balb/c mice, P < 0.05). Taken together, we provide data to prove that this novel low-cost methodology can be conveniently used in any mouse experiment where uncontrolled changes in SPA due to experimental interventions might confound data interpretation. By analogy, the system can be used to document a beneficial impact of therapeutic interventions on SPA in any disease mouse model. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We developed a low-cost procedure to routinely measure SPA in mice. The procedure maintains normal SPA because the animals continue to stay in their home cage in the absence of any external manipulation by the investigators and under habitual dark/light ambient conditions. This novel methodology can be conveniently used in any mouse experiment to quantify experimentally induced alterations in SPA or to assess natural variations in SPA that might confound data interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiel Poffé
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven , Belgium
| | - Sebastiaan Dalle
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven , Belgium
| | - Hans Kainz
- Human Movement Biomechanics Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven , Belgium
| | - Emanuele Berardi
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven , Belgium
| | - Peter Hespel
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven , Belgium
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27
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Fuller-Jackson JP, Clarke IJ, Rao A, Henry BA. Exercise counteracts the homeostatic decrease in thermogenesis caused by caloric restriction in sheep. FASEB J 2018; 32:3859-3869. [PMID: 29455575 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201701504r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Caloric restriction causes a homeostatic reduction in thermogenesis. We aimed to determine whether exercise could counteract this. We studied four groups of normal-weight ewes ( n = 5), including control sedentary fed ad libitum, exercise fed ad libitum (30 min/d, 5 d/wk), diet-restricted (70% of ad libitum food intake), and combined diet and exercise. Temperature probes implanted in sternal and retroperitoneal adipose tissue and skeletal muscle measured thermogenesis. After the 4-wk intervention, hypothalami were collected for in situ hybridization, and fat and muscle biopsies were collected for real-time PCR and Western blotting. Combined diet and exercise reduced adiposity ( P < 0.05). Caloric restriction alone reduced overnight temperatures in sternal and retroperitoneal fat ( P < 0.05), which was counteracted by exercise ( P < 0.05). Exercise did not induce expression of cellular markers of browning in adipose tissue. There was no effect of diet or exercise on skeletal muscle thermogenesis. Combined diet and exercise increased the expression of neuropeptide Y and agouti-related protein in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus ( P < 0.05), consistent with reduced adiposity. Gene expressions of key hypothalamic appetite-regulating peptides were not associated with altered thermogenesis. We demonstrate that exercise counteracts the inhibitory effect of caloric restriction to restore thermogenesis in adipose tissue of sheep.-Fuller-Jackson, J.-P., Clarke, I. J., Rao, A., Henry, B. A. Exercise counteracts the homeostatic decrease in thermogenesis caused by caloric restriction in sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- John-Paul Fuller-Jackson
- Department of Physiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Iain J Clarke
- Department of Physiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alexandra Rao
- Department of Physiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Belinda A Henry
- Department of Physiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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28
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WEN J, TAN S, QIAO Q, SHI L, HUANG Y, ZHAO Z. Strategies of behavior, energetic and thermogenesis of striped hamsters in response to food deprivation. Integr Zool 2018; 13:70-83. [DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing WEN
- College of Life and Environmental ScienceWenzhou University Wenzhou China
| | - Song TAN
- College of Life and Environmental ScienceWenzhou University Wenzhou China
| | - Qinggang QIAO
- College of Life and Environmental ScienceWenzhou University Wenzhou China
| | - Lulu SHI
- College of Life and Environmental ScienceWenzhou University Wenzhou China
| | - Yixin HUANG
- College of Life and Environmental ScienceWenzhou University Wenzhou China
| | - Zhijun ZHAO
- College of Life and Environmental ScienceWenzhou University Wenzhou China
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29
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Mitchell SE, Delville C, Konstantopedos P, Derous D, Green CL, Wang Y, Han JDJ, Promislow DEL, Douglas A, Chen L, Lusseau D, Speakman JR. The effects of graded levels of calorie restriction: V. Impact of short term calorie and protein restriction on physical activity in the C57BL/6 mouse. Oncotarget 2017; 7:19147-70. [PMID: 27007156 PMCID: PMC4991372 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Calorie restriction (CR) delays the onset of age-related disease and extends lifespan in a number of species. When faced with reduced energy supply animals need to lower energy demands, which may be achieved in part by reducing physical activity (PA). We monitored changes in PA using implanted transmitters in male C57BL/6 mice in response to graded levels of CR (10 to 40%) or matched levels of graded protein restriction (PR) for 3 months. Mice were fed at lights out and ad libitum controls were limited to dark-phase feeding (12AL) or 24hr/day. Total daily PA declined in a non-linear manner over the first 30 days of CR or PR, remaining stable thereafter. Total daily PA was not related to the level of CR or PR. Total daily PA over the last 20 days of restriction was related to circulating leptin, insulin, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 levels, measured after 3 months. Mice under restriction showed a high level of activity in the 2hrs before feeding (food anticipatory activity: FAA). FAA followed a complex pattern, peaking around day 20, falling on ∼day 37 then increasing again. FAA was also positively related to the level of restriction and inversely to leptin, insulin, TNF-α and IGF-1. Non-FAA, in contrast, declined over the period of restriction, generally more so in mice under greater restriction, thereby offsetting to some extent the increase in FAA. Mice under PR displayed no changes in PA over time or in comparison to 12AL, and showed no increase in FAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon E Mitchell
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
| | - Camille Delville
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
| | - Penelope Konstantopedos
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
| | - Davina Derous
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
| | - Cara L Green
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
| | - Yingchun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang, Beijing, China
| | - Jing-Dong J Han
- Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences-Max Planck Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Daniel E L Promislow
- Department of Pathology and Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Alex Douglas
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
| | - Luonan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - David Lusseau
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
| | - John R Speakman
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK.,State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang, Beijing, China
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30
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Plano SA, Casiraghi LP, García Moro P, Paladino N, Golombek DA, Chiesa JJ. Circadian and Metabolic Effects of Light: Implications in Weight Homeostasis and Health. Front Neurol 2017; 8:558. [PMID: 29097992 PMCID: PMC5653694 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Daily interactions between the hypothalamic circadian clock at the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and peripheral circadian oscillators regulate physiology and metabolism to set temporal variations in homeostatic regulation. Phase coherence of these circadian oscillators is achieved by the entrainment of the SCN to the environmental 24-h light:dark (LD) cycle, coupled through downstream neural, neuroendocrine, and autonomic outputs. The SCN coordinate activity and feeding rhythms, thus setting the timing of food intake, energy expenditure, thermogenesis, and active and basal metabolism. In this work, we will discuss evidences exploring the impact of different photic entrainment conditions on energy metabolism. The steady-state interaction between the LD cycle and the SCN is essential for health and wellbeing, as its chronic misalignment disrupts the circadian organization at different levels. For instance, in nocturnal rodents, non-24 h protocols (i.e., LD cycles of different durations, or chronic jet-lag simulations) might generate forced desynchronization of oscillators from the behavioral to the metabolic level. Even seemingly subtle photic manipulations, as the exposure to a “dim light” scotophase, might lead to similar alterations. The daily amount of light integrated by the clock (i.e., the photophase duration) strongly regulates energy metabolism in photoperiodic species. Removing LD cycles under either constant light or darkness, which are routine protocols in chronobiology, can also affect metabolism, and the same happens with disrupted LD cycles (like shiftwork of jetlag) and artificial light at night in humans. A profound knowledge of the photic and metabolic inputs to the clock, as well as its endocrine and autonomic outputs to peripheral oscillators driving energy metabolism, will help us to understand and alleviate circadian health alterations including cardiometabolic diseases, diabetes, and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago A Plano
- Chronophysiology Laboratory, Institute for Biomedical Research (BIOMED - CONICET), School of Medical Sciences, Universidad Católica Argentina (UCA), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Laboratorio de Cronobiología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes - CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Leandro P Casiraghi
- Laboratorio de Cronobiología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes - CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paula García Moro
- Laboratorio de Cronobiología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes - CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Natalia Paladino
- Laboratorio de Cronobiología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes - CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Diego A Golombek
- Laboratorio de Cronobiología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes - CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan J Chiesa
- Laboratorio de Cronobiología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes - CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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31
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Przybylska AS, Boratyński JS, Wojciechowski MS, Jefimow M. Specialist-generalist model of body temperature regulation can be applied at the intraspecific level. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 220:2380-2386. [PMID: 28432150 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.160150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
According to theoretical predictions, endothermic homeotherms can be classified as either thermal specialists or thermal generalists. In high cost environments, thermal specialists are supposed to be more prone to using facultative heterothermy than generalists. We tested this hypothesis at the intraspecific level using male laboratory mice (C57BL/cmdb) fasted under different thermal conditions (20 and 10°C) and for different time periods (12-48 h). We predicted that variability of body temperature (Tb) and time spent with Tb below normothermy would increase with the increase of environmental demands (duration of fasting and cold). To verify the above prediction, we measured Tb and energy expenditure of fasted mice. We did not record torpor bouts but we found that variations in Tb and time spent in hypothermia increased with environmental demands. In response to fasting, mice also decreased their energy expenditure. Moreover, animals that showed more precise thermoregulation when fed had more variable Tb when fasted. We postulate that the prediction of the thermoregulatory generalist-specialist trade-off can be applied at the intraspecific level, offering a valid tool for identifying mechanistic explanations of the differences in animal responses to variations in energy supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna S Przybylska
- Department of Animal Physiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Jan S Boratyński
- Department of Animal Physiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Toruń, Poland.,Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 00-679 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Małgorzata Jefimow
- Department of Animal Physiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
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32
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Lassi G, Maggi S, Balzani E, Cosentini I, Garcia-Garcia C, Tucci V. Working-for-Food Behaviors: A Preclinical Study in Prader-Willi Mutant Mice. Genetics 2016; 204:1129-1138. [PMID: 27672097 PMCID: PMC5105846 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.116.192286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal feeding behavior is one of the main symptoms of Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS). By studying a PWS mouse mutant line, which carries a paternally inherited deletion of the small nucleolar RNA 116 (Snord116), we observed significant changes in working-for-food behavioral responses at various timescales. In particular, we report that PWS mutant mice show a significant delay compared to wild-type littermate controls in responding to both hour-scale and seconds-to-minutes-scale time intervals. This timing shift in mutant mice is associated with better performance in the working-for-food task, and results in better decision making in these mutant mice. The results of our study reveal a novel aspect of the organization of feeding behavior, and advance the understanding of the interplay between the metabolic functions and cognitive mechanisms of PWS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenda Lassi
- Neuroscience and Brain Technologies Department, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Silvia Maggi
- Neuroscience and Brain Technologies Department, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Edoardo Balzani
- Neuroscience and Brain Technologies Department, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Ilaria Cosentini
- Neuroscience and Brain Technologies Department, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Celina Garcia-Garcia
- Neuroscience and Brain Technologies Department, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Valter Tucci
- Neuroscience and Brain Technologies Department, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova, Italy
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33
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Gibbs VK, Smith DL. Nutrition and energetics in rodent longevity research. Exp Gerontol 2016; 86:90-96. [PMID: 27073168 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The impact of calorie amount on aging has been extensively described; however, variation over time and among laboratories in animal diet, housing condition, and strains complicates discerning the true influence of calories (energy) versus nutrients on lifespan. Within the dietary restriction field, single macronutrient manipulations have historically been researched as a means to reduce calories while maintaining adequate levels of essential nutrients. Recent reports of nutritional geometry, including rodent models, highlight the impact macronutrients have on whole organismal aging outcomes. However, other environmental factors (e.g., ambient temperature) may alter nutrient preferences and requirements revealing context specific outcomes. Herein we highlight factors that influence the energetic and nutrient demands of organisms which oftentimes have underappreciated impacts on clarifying interventional effects on health and longevity in aging studies and subsequent translation to improve the human condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria K Gibbs
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Nathan Shock Center of Excellence in the Basic Biology of Aging, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Comprehensive Center for Healthy Aging, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Nutrition Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Daniel L Smith
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Nathan Shock Center of Excellence in the Basic Biology of Aging, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Comprehensive Center for Healthy Aging, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Nutrition Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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Maloney SK. Energy signaling in obese mice delays the impact of fasting on thermoregulation. Temperature (Austin) 2016; 3:197-198. [PMID: 27857949 PMCID: PMC4964989 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2016.1139961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Elsukova EI, Mizonova OV, Medvedev LN. Effects of Long-Term Food Restriction Under Thermoneutral Conditions on Brown Adipose Tissue of Laboratory Mice. Bull Exp Biol Med 2015; 159:601-3. [PMID: 26459485 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-015-3023-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Long-term food restriction (3 weeks, 60% of normal consumption of control animals) was followed by an increase in DNA and protein content in the intercapsular brown fat of mice. As the animals were kept under thermoneutral conditions, these changes are thought to be a result of food restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- E I Elsukova
- Faculty of Biology, Geography, and Chemistry, V. P. Astaf'ev Krasnoyarsk State Pedagogic University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia.
| | - O V Mizonova
- Faculty of Biology, Geography, and Chemistry, V. P. Astaf'ev Krasnoyarsk State Pedagogic University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - L N Medvedev
- Institute of Fundamental Biology and Biotechnology, Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
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Fernandes MFA, Matthys D, Hryhorczuk C, Sharma S, Mogra S, Alquier T, Fulton S. Leptin Suppresses the Rewarding Effects of Running via STAT3 Signaling in Dopamine Neurons. Cell Metab 2015; 22:741-9. [PMID: 26341832 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The adipose hormone leptin potently influences physical activity. Leptin can decrease locomotion and running, yet the mechanisms involved and the influence of leptin on the rewarding effects of running ("runner's high") are unknown. Leptin receptor (LepR) signaling involves activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT3), including in dopamine neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) that are essential for reward-relevant behavior. We found that mice lacking STAT3 in dopamine neurons exhibit greater voluntary running, an effect reversed by viral-mediated STAT3 restoration. STAT3 deletion increased the rewarding effects of running whereas intra-VTA leptin blocked it in a STAT3-dependent manner. Finally, STAT3 loss-of-function reduced mesolimbic dopamine overflow and function. Findings suggest that leptin influences the motivational effects of running via LepR-STAT3 modulation of dopamine tone. Falling leptin is hypothesized to increase stamina and the rewarding effects of running as an adaptive means to enhance the pursuit and procurement of food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fernanda A Fernandes
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM and Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Université de Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Physiology, Université de Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Dominique Matthys
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM and Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Université de Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Neuroscience, Université de Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Cécile Hryhorczuk
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM and Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Université de Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Physiology, Université de Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Sandeep Sharma
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM and Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Université de Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Nutrition, Université de Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Shabana Mogra
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM and Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Université de Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Thierry Alquier
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM and Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Université de Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Medicine, Université de Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Stephanie Fulton
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM and Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Université de Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Nutrition, Université de Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC H4B 1R6, Canada.
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Alexander CM, Kasza I, Yen CLE, Reeder SB, Hernando D, Gallo RL, Jahoda CAB, Horsley V, MacDougald OA. Dermal white adipose tissue: a new component of the thermogenic response. J Lipid Res 2015; 56:2061-9. [PMID: 26405076 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r062893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent literature suggests that the layer of adipocytes embedded in the skin below the dermis is far from being an inert spacer material. Instead, this layer of dermal white adipose tissue (dWAT) is a regulated lipid layer that comprises a crucial environmental defense. Among all the classes of biological molecules, lipids have the lowest thermal conductance and highest insulation potential. This property can be exploited by mammals to reduce heat loss, suppress brown adipose tissue activation, reduce the activation of thermogenic programs, and increase metabolic efficiency. Furthermore, this layer responds to bacterial challenge to provide a physical barrier and antimicrobial disinfection, and its expansion supports the growth of hair follicles and regenerating skin. In sum, this dWAT layer is a key defensive player with remarkable potential for modifying systemic metabolism, immune function, and physiology. In this review, we discuss the key literature illustrating the properties of this recently recognized adipose depot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M Alexander
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research and Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
| | - Ildiko Kasza
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research and Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
| | - C-L Eric Yen
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Scott B Reeder
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
| | - Diego Hernando
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
| | - Richard L Gallo
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, CA
| | - Colin A B Jahoda
- School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Valerie Horsley
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Ormond A MacDougald
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
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The effects of graded levels of calorie restriction: IV. Non-linear change in behavioural phenotype of mice in response to short-term calorie restriction. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13198. [PMID: 26306002 PMCID: PMC4548231 DOI: 10.1038/srep13198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Animals have to adjust their activities when faced with caloric restriction (CR) to deal with reduced energy intake. If CR is pronounced, allostasis can push individuals into alternate physiological states which can result in important health benefits across a wide range of taxa. Here we developed a new approach to determine the changes in behavioural phenotype associated with different levels of CR. We exposed C57BL/6 male mice to graded CR (from 0 to 40%) for three months and defined their behavioural phenotype using hidden Markov models of their movement and body temperature. All 40% CR mice exhibited a state-shift in behavioural phenotype and only some exposed to 30% CR did. We show for the first time that mice changed their activity characteristics rather than changed their activities. This new phenotyping approach provides an avenue to determine the mechanisms linking CR to healthspan.
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Maloney SK, Fuller A, Mitchell D, Gordon C, Overton JM. Translating animal model research: does it matter that our rodents are cold? Physiology (Bethesda) 2015; 29:413-20. [PMID: 25362635 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00029.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Does it matter that rodents used as preclinical models of human biology are routinely housed below their thermoneutral zone? We compile evidence showing that such rodents are cold-stressed, hypermetabolic, hypertensive, sleep-deprived, obesity-resistant, fever-resistant, aging-resistant, and tumor-prone compared with mice housed at thermoneutrality. The same genotype of mouse has a very different phenotype and response to physiological or pharmacological intervention when raised below or at thermoneutrality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane K Maloney
- School of Anatomy Physiology and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, Stirling Highway, Crawley, Australia; Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown, South Africa
| | - Andrea Fuller
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown, South Africa
| | - Duncan Mitchell
- School of Anatomy Physiology and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, Stirling Highway, Crawley, Australia; Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown, South Africa
| | - Christopher Gordon
- Toxicity Assessment Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina; and
| | - J Michael Overton
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
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Hasenour CM, Wall ML, Ridley DE, Hughey CC, James FD, Wasserman DH, Young JD. Mass spectrometry-based microassay of (2)H and (13)C plasma glucose labeling to quantify liver metabolic fluxes in vivo. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2015; 309:E191-203. [PMID: 25991647 PMCID: PMC4504936 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00003.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Mouse models designed to examine hepatic metabolism are critical to diabetes and obesity research. Thus, a microscale method to quantitatively assess hepatic glucose and intermediary metabolism in conscious, unrestrained mice was developed. [(13)C3]propionate, [(2)H2]water, and [6,6-(2)H2]glucose isotopes were delivered intravenously in short- (9 h) and long-term-fasted (19 h) C57BL/6J mice. GC-MS and mass isotopomer distribution (MID) analysis were performed on three 40-μl arterial plasma glucose samples obtained during the euglycemic isotopic steady state. Model-based regression of hepatic glucose and citric acid cycle (CAC)-related fluxes was performed using a comprehensive isotopomer model to track carbon and hydrogen atom transitions through the network and thereby simulate the MIDs of measured fragment ions. Glucose-6-phosphate production from glycogen diminished, and endogenous glucose production was exclusively gluconeogenic with prolonged fasting. Gluconeogenic flux from phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) remained stable, whereas that from glycerol modestly increased from short- to long-term fasting. CAC flux [i.e., citrate synthase (VCS)] was reduced with long-term fasting. Interestingly, anaplerosis and cataplerosis increased with fast duration; accordingly, pyruvate carboxylation and the conversion of oxaloacetate to PEP were severalfold higher than VCS in long-term fasted mice. This method utilizes state-of-the-art in vivo methodology and comprehensive isotopomer modeling to quantify hepatic glucose and intermediary fluxes during physiological stress in mice. The small plasma requirements permit serial sampling without stress and the affirmation of steady-state glucose kinetics. Furthermore, the approach can accommodate a broad range of modeling assumptions, isotope tracers, and measurement inputs without the need to introduce ad hoc mathematical approximations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martha L Wall
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and
| | | | | | - Freyja D James
- Mouse Metabolic Phenotyping Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - David H Wasserman
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Mouse Metabolic Phenotyping Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Jamey D Young
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and
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Giroud S, Zahn S, Criscuolo F, Chery I, Blanc S, Turbill C, Ruf T. Late-born intermittently fasted juvenile garden dormice use torpor to grow and fatten prior to hibernation: consequences for ageing processes. Proc Biol Sci 2015; 281:rspb.2014.1131. [PMID: 25377448 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2014.1131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Torpor is thought to slow age-related processes and to sustain growth and fattening of young individuals. Energy allocation into these processes represents a challenge for juveniles, especially for those born late in the season. We tested the hypothesis that late-born juvenile garden dormice (Eliomys quercinus) fed ad libitum ('AL', n = 9) or intermittently fasted ('IF', n = 9) use short torpor bouts to enhance growth and fat accumulation to survive winter. IF juveniles displayed more frequent and longer torpor bouts, compared with AL individuals before hibernation. Torpor frequency correlated negatively with energy expenditure and water turnover. Hence, IF juveniles gained mass at the same rate, reached similar pre-hibernation fattening and displayed identical hibernating patterns and mass losses as AL animals. We found no group differences in relative telomere length (RTL), an indicator of ageing, during the period of highest summer mass gain, despite greater torpor use by IF juveniles. Percentage change in RTL was negatively associated with mean and total euthermic durations among all individuals during hibernation. We conclude that torpor use promotes fattening in late-born juvenile dormice prior to hibernation. Furthermore, we provided the first evidence for a functional link between time spent in euthermy and ageing processes over winter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Giroud
- Department of Integrative Biology and Evolution, Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Savoyenstraße 1, 1160 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sandrine Zahn
- Université de Strasbourg, IPHC, 23 rue Becquerel 67087 Strasbourg, France CNRS, UMR7178, 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - François Criscuolo
- Université de Strasbourg, IPHC, 23 rue Becquerel 67087 Strasbourg, France CNRS, UMR7178, 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Isabelle Chery
- Université de Strasbourg, IPHC, 23 rue Becquerel 67087 Strasbourg, France CNRS, UMR7178, 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Stéphane Blanc
- Université de Strasbourg, IPHC, 23 rue Becquerel 67087 Strasbourg, France CNRS, UMR7178, 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Christopher Turbill
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Hawkesbury Campus, University of Western Sydney, Bourke Street, Richmond, 2753 NSW, Australia
| | - Thomas Ruf
- Department of Integrative Biology and Evolution, Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Savoyenstraße 1, 1160 Vienna, Austria
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Hambly C, Speakman JR. Mice that gorged during dietary restriction increased foraging related behaviors and differed in their macronutrient preference when released from restriction. PeerJ 2015; 3:e1091. [PMID: 26157640 PMCID: PMC4493644 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Caloric restriction (CR) can trigger gorging behavior. We examined macronutrient choice and behavior in mice that gorged during restriction compared to restricted non-gorgers and controls. Fifty MF1 male mice were restricted to 75% of ad-libitum food intake (FI), while ten controls were fed ad-lib. Body mass (BM) and FI were measured two and 24-h after food inclusion over 14-days. ‘Gorging’ mice were defined as those which ate over 25% of their daily FI in 2-h. The top 11 gorgers and the lowest 9 gorgers, along with 10 controls, had their behavior analysed during restriction, and were then provided with an unrestricted food choice, consisting of three diets that were high in fat, protein or carbohydrate. During restriction gorgers ate on average 51% of their daily FI in the 2-h following food introduction while the non-gorgers ate only 16%. Gorgers lost significantly more BM than non-gorgers possibly due to an increased physical activity linked to anticipation of daily food provision. Controls and non-gorgers spent most of their time sleeping. After restriction, both gorgers and non-gorgers were hyperphagic until their lost weight was regained. All 3 groups favoured high fat food. Gorgers and non-gorgers had a significantly greater high carbohydrate diet intake than controls, and gorgers also had a significantly greater high protein diet intake than non-gorgers and controls. On unrestricted food, they did not continue to gorge, although they still had a significantly greater 2-h FI than the other groups. Elevated protein intake may play an important role in the recovery of the lost lean tissue of gorgers after restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Hambly
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen , UK
| | - John R Speakman
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen , UK ; Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
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Biggar KK, Wu CW, Tessier SN, Zhang J, Pifferi F, Perret M, Storey KB. Primate Torpor: Regulation of Stress-activated Protein Kinases During Daily Torpor in the Gray Mouse Lemur, Microcebus murinus. GENOMICS PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS 2015; 13:81-90. [PMID: 26093282 PMCID: PMC4511785 DOI: 10.1016/j.gpb.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Very few selected species of primates are known to be capable of entering torpor. This exciting discovery means that the ability to enter a natural state of dormancy is an ancestral trait among primates and, in phylogenetic terms, is very close to the human lineage. To explore the regulatory mechanisms that underlie primate torpor, we analyzed signal transduction cascades to discover those involved in coordinating tissue responses during torpor. The responses of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family members to primate torpor were compared in six organs of control (aroused) versus torpid gray mouse lemurs, Microcebus murinus. The proteins examined include extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs), c-jun NH2-terminal kinases (JNKs), MAPK kinase (MEK), and p38, in addition to stress-related proteins p53 and heat shock protein 27 (HSP27). The activation of specific MAPK signal transduction pathways may provide a mechanism to regulate the expression of torpor-responsive genes or the regulation of selected downstream cellular processes. In response to torpor, each MAPK subfamily responded differently during torpor and each showed organ-specific patterns of response. For example, skeletal muscle displayed elevated relative phosphorylation of ERK1/2 during torpor. Interestingly, adipose tissues showed the highest degree of MAPK activation. Brown adipose tissue displayed an activation of ERK1/2 and p38, whereas white adipose tissue showed activation of ERK1/2, p38, MEK, and JNK during torpor. Importantly, both adipose tissues possess specialized functions that are critical for torpor, with brown adipose required for non-shivering thermogenesis and white adipose utilized as the primary source of lipid fuel for torpor. Overall, these data indicate crucial roles of MAPKs in the regulation of primate organs during torpor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle K Biggar
- Institute of Biochemistry and Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada; Biochemistry Department, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Cheng-Wei Wu
- Institute of Biochemistry and Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada; Department of Biology, Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Shannon N Tessier
- Institute of Biochemistry and Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada; Department of Surgery & Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Jing Zhang
- Institute of Biochemistry and Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada; Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Department, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, ON K7K 7B4, Canada
| | - Fabien Pifferi
- UMR 7179 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 91800 Brunoy, France
| | - Martine Perret
- UMR 7179 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 91800 Brunoy, France
| | - Kenneth B Storey
- Institute of Biochemistry and Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada.
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Abstract
There are three different types of adipose tissue (AT)-brown, white, and beige-that differ with stage of development, species, and anatomical location. Of these, brown AT (BAT) is the least abundant but has the greatest potential impact on energy balance. BAT is capable of rapidly producing large amounts of heat through activation of the unique uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) located within the inner mitochondrial membrane. White AT is an endocrine organ and site of lipid storage, whereas beige AT is primarily white but contains some cells that possess UCP1. BAT first appears in the fetus around mid-gestation and is then gradually lost through childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. We focus on the interrelationships between adipocyte classification, anatomical location, and impact of diet in early life together with the extent to which fat development differs between the major species examined. Ultimately, novel dietary interventions designed to reactivate BAT could be possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Symonds
- Division of Child Health, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom; , ,
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Solymár M, Pétervári E, Balaskó M, Szelényi Z. The onset of daily torpor is regulated by the same low body mass in lean mice and in mice with diet-induced obesity. Temperature (Austin) 2015; 2:129-34. [PMID: 27227011 PMCID: PMC4843878 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2015.1014250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Effects of reducing body mass on body core temperature and locomotor activity of mice originally kept on conventional rodent diet (Group-1) were compared to those made obese by feeding them a high-fat diet (Group-2), both groups being kept at a cool ambient temperature. Based on earlier experience, threshold torpor core temperature of 31° was chosen as the endpoint to decreasing body mass. It was hypothesized that the onset of this hypothermia develops in obese mice only when their body mass approaches a similar low body mass as in lean mice. Mice in Group-1 maintained nocturnal core temperature but developed marked daytime hypothermia of 30–31°C with their body mass approaching 20 g by this time. Mice in Group-2 could maintain normal circadian temperature rhythm for 3 weeks before similar daytime hypothermia started to develop while their body mass dropped also to about 20 g. Mice belonging to Group-1 or Group-2 could regain original body mass after re-feeding with the original diet within 2 days or 5 weeks, respectively. In the course of the development of daily torpor, nighttime normothermia was accompanied by progressive increases in locomotor activity in both groups of mice. It is concluded that in mice a marked fall of daytime body core temperature is only induced when a similar low critical body mass is reached, irrespective of the initial body mass. In other words, in both groups of mice the nutritional state determines the threshold for the thermoregulatory change during torpor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margit Solymár
- Department of Pathophysiology and Gerontology; Faculty of Medicine; University of Pécs , Hungary
| | - Erika Pétervári
- Department of Pathophysiology and Gerontology; Faculty of Medicine; University of Pécs , Hungary
| | - Márta Balaskó
- Department of Pathophysiology and Gerontology; Faculty of Medicine; University of Pécs , Hungary
| | - Zoltán Szelényi
- Department of Pathophysiology and Gerontology; Faculty of Medicine; University of Pécs , Hungary
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Kasza I, Suh Y, Wollny D, Clark RJ, Roopra A, Colman RJ, MacDougald OA, Shedd TA, Nelson DW, Yen MI, Yen CLE, Alexander CM. Syndecan-1 is required to maintain intradermal fat and prevent cold stress. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004514. [PMID: 25101993 PMCID: PMC4125098 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Homeostatic temperature regulation is fundamental to mammalian physiology and is controlled by acute and chronic responses of local, endocrine and nervous regulators. Here, we report that loss of the heparan sulfate proteoglycan, syndecan-1, causes a profoundly depleted intradermal fat layer, which provides crucial thermogenic insulation for mammals. Mice without syndecan-1 enter torpor upon fasting and show multiple indicators of cold stress, including activation of the stress checkpoint p38α in brown adipose tissue, liver and lung. The metabolic phenotype in mutant mice, including reduced liver glycogen, is rescued by housing at thermoneutrality, suggesting that reduced insulation in cool temperatures underlies the observed phenotypes. We find that syndecan-1, which functions as a facultative lipoprotein uptake receptor, is required for adipocyte differentiation in vitro. Intradermal fat shows highly dynamic differentiation, continuously expanding and involuting in response to hair cycle and ambient temperature. This physiology probably confers a unique role for Sdc1 in this adipocyte sub-type. The PPARγ agonist rosiglitazone rescues Sdc1−/− intradermal adipose tissue, placing PPARγ downstream of Sdc1 in triggering adipocyte differentiation. Our study indicates that disruption of intradermal adipose tissue development results in cold stress and complex metabolic pathology. All mammals strive to maintain a fixed body temperature, and do so using a remarkable array of different strategies, which vary depending upon the degree of cold challenge. Physiologists many decades ago observed that a fat layer right underneath the epidermis (and above the dermal muscle layer) thickens in response to colder ambient temperatures. This “intradermal fat” provided insulation within days of climate changes. We have found that syndecan-1, which functions as a facultative lipoprotein uptake receptor, is required for intradermal fat expansion in response to cold exposure. This is a highly specific phenotype not shared by other adipocytes. When intradermal fat is absent, mice do not adapt normally to cold stress, and show altered systemic physiologies, including increased brown adipose tissue thermogenesis and hyper-activation of a stress checkpoint (p38α), designed to protect the body against mutagenic and oxidative stressors. The phenotypes associated with loss of Sdc1 function are reversed when mice are housed in warm temperatures, where defense of body temperature is not required. This study is the first to show that intradermal fat can be genetically regulated, with systemic effects on physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ildiko Kasza
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Yewseok Suh
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Damian Wollny
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Rod J. Clark
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Avtar Roopra
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Ricki J. Colman
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Ormond A. MacDougald
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Timothy A. Shedd
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - David W. Nelson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Mei-I Yen
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Chi-Liang Eric Yen
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Caroline M. Alexander
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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The influence of shc proteins on the whole body energetic response to calorie restriction initiated in 3-month-old mice. ISRN NUTRITION 2014; 2014:562075. [PMID: 24967271 PMCID: PMC4045305 DOI: 10.1155/2014/562075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that Shc proteins play a role in energy metabolism, and we have previously reported that knockdown of Shc proteins influences the energetic response to acute (3 days) calorie restriction (CR) in 18-month-old mice. Whether Shc proteins play a role in the metabolic response to CR in younger mice has yet to be elucidated. Hence, we sought to determine the impact of 3 days and longer term (2 months) CR on energy expenditure (EE) and respiratory quotient (RQ) in 3 month-old Shc knockout (ShcKO) and wild-type (WT) mice. ShcKO mice decreased (P < 0.001) EE normalized for body weight (EEBW) by 3 days of CR, while no such change was observed in WT animals. However, both ShcKO and WT mice decreased (P < 0.001) EEBW at 2 months of CR and there were no differences in body weight between the ShcKO and WT mice at either 3 days or 2 months of CR. Consistent with increased fatty acid oxidation, only ShcKO mice maintained decreased (P < 0.001) 24 h RQ through 2 months of CR, suggesting that they were able to maintain increased fatty acid oxidation for a longer period of time than WT mice. These results indicate that Shc proteins may contribute to some of the acute energetic responses to CR.
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Ribosomal protein-Mdm2-p53 pathway coordinates nutrient stress with lipid metabolism by regulating MCD and promoting fatty acid oxidation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E2414-22. [PMID: 24872453 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1315605111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressor p53 has recently been shown to regulate energy metabolism through multiple mechanisms. However, the in vivo signaling pathways related to p53-mediated metabolic regulation remain largely uncharacterized. By using mice bearing a single amino acid substitution at cysteine residue 305 of mouse double minute 2 (Mdm2(C305F)), which renders Mdm2 deficient in binding ribosomal proteins (RPs) RPL11 and RPL5, we show that the RP-Mdm2-p53 signaling pathway is critical for sensing nutrient deprivation and maintaining liver lipid homeostasis. Although the Mdm2(C305F) mutation does not significantly affect growth and development in mice, this mutation promotes fat accumulation under normal feeding conditions and hepatosteatosis under acute fasting conditions. We show that nutrient deprivation inhibits rRNA biosynthesis, increases RP-Mdm2 interaction, and induces p53-mediated transactivation of malonyl-CoA decarboxylase (MCD), which catalyzes the degradation of malonyl-CoA to acetyl-CoA, thus modulating lipid partitioning. Fasted Mdm2(C305F) mice demonstrate attenuated MCD induction and enhanced malonyl-CoA accumulation in addition to decreased oxidative respiration and increased fatty acid accumulation in the liver. Thus, the RP-Mdm2-p53 pathway appears to function as an endogenous sensor responsible for stimulating fatty acid oxidation in response to nutrient depletion.
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Abstract
Fasting of mice is a common procedure performed in association with many different types of experiments mainly in order to reduce variability in investigatory parameters or to facilitate surgical procedures. However, the effects of fasting not directly related to the investigatory parameters are often ignored. The aim of this review is to present and summarize knowledge about the effects of fasting of mice to facilitate optimization of the fasting procedure for any given study and thereby maximize the scientific outcome and minimize the discomfort for the mice and hence ensure high animal welfare. The results are presented from a number of experimental studies, providing evidence for fasting-induced changes in hormone balance, body weight, metabolism, hepatic enzymes, cardiovascular parameters, body temperature and toxicological responses. A description of relevant normal behaviour and standard physiological parameters is given, concluding that mice are primarily nocturnal and consume two-thirds of their total food intake during the night. It is argued that overnight fasting of mice is not comparable with overnight fasting of humans because the mouse has a nocturnal circadian rhythm and a higher metabolic rate. It is suggested that because many physiological parameters are regulated by circadian rhythms, fasting initiated at different points in the circadian rhythm has different impacts and produces different results.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Jensen
- Novo Nordisk, Animal Unit, Maaloev, Denmark
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Fonseca I, Passos R, Araujo F, Lima M, Lacerda D, Pires W, Soares D, Young R, Rodrigues L. Exercising for food: bringing the laboratory closer to nature. J Exp Biol 2014; 217:3274-82. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.108191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Traditionally, exercise physiology experiments have borne little resemblance to how animals express physical activity in the wild. In this experiment, 15 adult male rats were divided into three equal-sized groups: exercise contingent (CON), non-exercise contingent (NON) and sedentary (SED). The CON group was placed in a cage with a running wheel, where the acquisition of food was contingent upon the distance run. Every three days the distance required to run to maintain food intake at free feeding levels was increased by 90% in comparison to the previous 3 days. The NON group were housed identically to the CON group, but food acquisition was not dependent upon running in the wheel. Finally, the SED group were kept in small cages with no opportunity to perform exercise. A two-way ANOVA with repeated measures was used to determine significant differences in responses between the experimental phases and treatment groups and ANCOVA to analyse growth and tissue mass variables with body length and body mass used separately as covariates. A post hoc Tukey's test was used to indicate significant differences. A Pearson's correlation was used to test the relationship between the distance travelled by the animal and the distance/food ratio. The level of significance was set at p<0.05 for all tests. The CON group showed the hypothesized correlation between distance required to run to obtain food and their mean distance travelled (p<0.001), during 45 days in contingency phase. The CON group showed a decrease in body mass, rather than an increase as shown by NON and SED groups. The CON group had a significantly lower body temperature (p<0.05) and adiposity (p<0.05) when compared to the other two groups for the same body size. The present experimental model based on animals choosing the characteristics of their physical exercise to acquire food (i.e., distance travelled, speed and duration) clearly induced physiological effects (body characteristics and internal temperature), which are useful for investigating relevant topics in exercise physiology such as the link between exercise, food and body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Robert Young
- UCMG, Brazil; University of Salford, United Kingdom
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