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Freitas FEDA, Batista MAC, Braga DCDA, de Oliveira LB, Antunes VR, Cardoso LM. The gut-brain axis and sodium appetite: Can inflammation-related signaling influence the control of sodium intake? Appetite 2022; 175:106050. [PMID: 35447164 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2022.106050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sodium is the main cation present in the extracellular fluid. Sodium and water content in the body are responsible for volume and osmotic homeostasis through mechanisms involving sodium and water excretion and intake. When body sodium content decreases below the homeostatic threshold, a condition termed sodium deficiency, highly motivated sodium seeking, and intake occurs. This is termed sodium appetite. Classically, sodium and water intakes are controlled by a number of neuroendocrine mechanisms that include signaling molecules from the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system acting in the central nervous system (CNS). However, recent findings have shown that sodium and water intakes can also be influenced by inflammatory agents and mediators acting in the CNS. For instance, central infusion of IL-1β or TNF-α can directly affect sodium and water consumption in animal models. Some dietary conditions, such as high salt intake, have been shown to change the intestinal microbiome composition, stimulating the immune branch of the gut-brain axis through the production of inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-17, which can stimulate the brain immune system. In this review, we address the latest findings supporting the hypothesis that immune signaling in the brain could produce a reduction in thirst and sodium appetite and, therefore, contribute to sodium intake control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Vagner Roberto Antunes
- Dept. of Physiology and Biophysics - ICB, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Yeh JH, Wang KC, Kaizaki A, Lee JW, Wei HC, Tucci MA, Ojeda NB, Fan LW, Tien LT. Pioglitazone Ameliorates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Behavioral Impairment, Brain Inflammation, White Matter Injury and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Neonatal Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6306. [PMID: 34208374 PMCID: PMC8231261 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that pioglitazone, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) agonist, inhibits ischemia-induced brain injury. The present study was conducted to examine whether pioglitazone can reduce impairment of behavioral deficits mediated by inflammatory-induced brain white matter injury in neonatal rats. Intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 2 mg/kg) was administered to Sprague-Dawley rat pups on postnatal day 5 (P5), and i.p. administration of pioglitazone (20 mg/kg) or vehicle was performed 5 min after LPS injection. Sensorimotor behavioral tests were performed 24 h after LPS exposure, and changes in biochemistry of the brain was examined after these tests. The results show that systemic LPS exposure resulted in impaired sensorimotor behavioral performance, reduction of oligodendrocytes and mitochondrial activity, and increases in lipid peroxidation and brain inflammation, as indicated by the increment of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) levels and number of activated microglia in the neonatal rat brain. Pioglitazone treatment significantly improved LPS-induced neurobehavioral and physiological disturbances including the loss of body weight, hypothermia, righting reflex, wire-hanging maneuver, negative geotaxis, and hind-limb suspension in neonatal rats. The neuroprotective effect of pioglitazone against the loss of oligodendrocytes and mitochondrial activity was associated with attenuation of LPS-induced increment of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) content, IL-1β levels and number of activated microglia in neonatal rats. Our results show that pioglitazone prevents neurobehavioral disturbances induced by systemic LPS exposure in neonatal rats, and its neuroprotective effects are associated with its impact on microglial activation, IL-1β induction, lipid peroxidation, oligodendrocyte production and mitochondrial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiann-Horng Yeh
- Department of Neurobiology, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei 111, Taiwan;
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, Xinzhuang Dist., New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan; (K.-C.W.); (H.-C.W.)
| | - Kuo-Ching Wang
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, Xinzhuang Dist., New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan; (K.-C.W.); (H.-C.W.)
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei 111, Taiwan
| | - Asuka Kaizaki
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, Division of Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Showa University, Shingawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan;
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Newborn Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA; (J.W.L.); (N.B.O.); (L.-W.F.)
| | - Jonathan W. Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Newborn Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA; (J.W.L.); (N.B.O.); (L.-W.F.)
| | - Han-Chi Wei
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, Xinzhuang Dist., New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan; (K.-C.W.); (H.-C.W.)
| | - Michelle A. Tucci
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA;
| | - Norma B. Ojeda
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Newborn Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA; (J.W.L.); (N.B.O.); (L.-W.F.)
| | - Lir-Wan Fan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Newborn Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA; (J.W.L.); (N.B.O.); (L.-W.F.)
| | - Lu-Tai Tien
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, Xinzhuang Dist., New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan; (K.-C.W.); (H.-C.W.)
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Srikan P, Callen B, Phillips K, Tavakoli A, Brockett R, Hanucharurnkul S, Beebe L. Testing a Model of Sodium Reduction in Hypertensive Older Thai Adults. J Nutr Gerontol Geriatr 2017; 36:48-62. [PMID: 28107108 DOI: 10.1080/21551197.2016.1274278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Hypertensive older adults will benefit if there is a clear understanding of the factors related to sodium reduction. That would raise awareness of the causes, consequently reducing many health risks, lowering health care costs, and diminishing economic and social burden from high blood pressure. This study explored predictors of urinary sodium excretion. A cross-sectional, correlational study was conducted in 312 hypertensive older Thai adults. Questionnaires related to knowledge, self-care agency, self-care behavior of sodium reduction, and 24-hour urinary sodium analyses were used, followed by the application of structural equation modeling and the Analysis of Moment Structures program. Self-care agency, knowledge, self-care behavior, rural/urban location, and education accounted for 61% of urinary sodium excretion. Self-care agency, knowledge, and self-care behavior were the main predictors in the urinary sodium excretion model. This study suggests establishing supportive educative sodium reduction-related programs that improve knowledge and enhance self-care agency, as well as a comparison of the changes of sodium reduction self-care behavior and urinary sodium excretion over time after the intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bonnie Callen
- b College of Nursing , University of Tennessee , Knoxville , Tennessee , USA
| | - Kenneth Phillips
- b College of Nursing , University of Tennessee , Knoxville , Tennessee , USA
| | - Abbas Tavakoli
- c College of Nursing , University of South Carolina , Columbia , North Carolina , USA
| | - Ralph Brockett
- d College of Education , University of Tennessee , Knoxville , Tennessee , USA
| | | | - Lora Beebe
- b College of Nursing , University of Tennessee , Knoxville , Tennessee , USA
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Martins IJ. The Role of Clinical Proteomics, Lipidomics, and Genomics in the Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease. Proteomes 2016; 4:proteomes4020014. [PMID: 28248224 PMCID: PMC5217345 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes4020014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The early diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has become important to the reversal and treatment of neurodegeneration, which may be relevant to premature brain aging that is associated with chronic disease progression. Clinical proteomics allows the detection of various proteins in fluids such as the urine, plasma, and cerebrospinal fluid for the diagnosis of AD. Interest in lipidomics has accelerated with plasma testing for various lipid biomarkers that may with clinical proteomics provide a more reproducible diagnosis for early brain aging that is connected to other chronic diseases. The combination of proteomics with lipidomics may decrease the biological variability between studies and provide reproducible results that detect a community’s susceptibility to AD. The diagnosis of chronic disease associated with AD that now involves genomics may provide increased sensitivity to avoid inadvertent errors related to plasma versus cerebrospinal fluid testing by proteomics and lipidomics that identify new disease biomarkers in body fluids, cells, and tissues. The diagnosis of AD by various plasma biomarkers with clinical proteomics may now require the involvement of lipidomics and genomics to provide interpretation of proteomic results from various laboratories around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian James Martins
- School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup 6027, Australia.
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De Luca LA, Almeida RL, David RB, de Paula PM, Andrade CAF, Menani JV. Participation of α2 -adrenoceptors in sodium appetite inhibition during sickness behaviour following administration of lipopolysaccharide. J Physiol 2015; 594:1607-16. [PMID: 26036817 DOI: 10.1113/jp270377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Sickness behaviour, a syndrome characterized by a general reduction in animal activity, is part of the active-phase response to fight infection. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), an effective endotoxin to model sickness behaviour, reduces thirst and sodium excretion, and increases neurohypophysial secretion. Here we review the effects of LPS on thirst and sodium appetite. Altered renal function and hydromineral fluid intake in response to LPS occur in the context of behavioural reorganization, which manifests itself as part of the syndrome. Recent data show that, in addition to its classical effect on thirst, non-septic doses of LPS injected intraperitoneally produce a preferential inhibition of intracellular thirst versus extracellular thirst. Moreover, LPS also reduced hypertonic NaCl intake in sodium-depleted rats that entered a sodium appetite test. Antagonism of α2 -adrenoceptors abolished the effect of LPS on sodium appetite. LPS and cytokine transduction potentially recruit brain noradrenaline and α2 -adrenoceptors to control sodium appetite and sickness behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurival A De Luca
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roberto L Almeida
- Department of Physiology, ABC Medical School, Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Richard B David
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patricia M de Paula
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carina A F Andrade
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José V Menani
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
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de Melo e Silva T, Bearare GP, Sumida DH, Callera JC. Periodontal disease reduces water and sodium intake induced by injection of muscimol into the lateral parabrachial nucleus. Arch Oral Biol 2013; 58:1369-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2013.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Revised: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Almeida RL, David RB, Constancio J, Fracasso JF, Menani JV, De Luca LA. Inhibition of sodium appetite by lipopolysaccharide: involvement of alpha2-adrenoceptors. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2011; 301:R185-92. [PMID: 21474430 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00555.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), an endotoxin from the wall of Escherichia coli, produces a general behavioral inhibition and affects several aspects of fluid-electrolyte balance. LPS inhibits thirst; however, it is not clear if it also inhibits sodium appetite. The present results show that LPS (0.3-2.5 mg/kg body wt) injected intraperitoneally produces a dose-dependent reduction of sodium appetite expressed as 0.3 M NaCl intake induced by sodium depletion (furosemide plus removal of ambient sodium for 24 h). The high doses of LPS (1.2-2.5 mg/kg) also produced transient hypothermia at the beginning of the sodium appetite test; however, no dose produced hyperthermia. LPS also increased the stomach liquid content (an index of gastric emptying) after a load of 0.3 M NaCl given intragastrically by gavage to sodium-depleted rats. The α(2)-adrenoceptor antagonist yohimbine (5 mg/kg ip) abolished the effect of LPS on 0.3 M NaCl intake, without changing the effect of LPS on gastric emptying. Injection of RX-821002 (160 nmol), another α(2)-adrenoceptor antagonist, in the lateral cerebral ventricle (LV) also reversed the inhibition of sodium appetite produced by LPS. Yohimbine intraperitoneally or RX-821002 in the LV alone had no effect on sodium intake. Although yohimbine plus LPS produced a slight hypotension, RX-821002 plus LPS produced no change in arterial pressure, suggesting that the blockade of the effects of LPS on sodium intake by the α(2)-adrenoceptor antagonists is independent from changes in arterial pressure. The results suggest an inhibitory role for LPS in sodium appetite that is mediated by central α(2)-adrenoceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Almeida
- Dept. of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Rua Humaitá, 1680, Araraquara, São Paulo, 14801-903, Brazil
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