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Cai H, Schnapp WI, Mann S, Miscevic M, Shcmit MB, Conteras M, Fang C. Neural circuits regulation of satiation. Appetite 2024; 200:107512. [PMID: 38801994 PMCID: PMC11227400 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2024.107512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Terminating a meal after achieving satiation is a critical step in maintaining a healthy energy balance. Despite the extensive collection of information over the last few decades regarding the neural mechanisms controlling overall eating, the mechanism underlying different temporal phases of eating behaviors, especially satiation, remains incompletely understood and is typically embedded in studies that measure the total amount of food intake. In this review, we summarize the neural circuits that detect and integrate satiation signals to suppress appetite, from interoceptive sensory inputs to the final motor outputs. Due to the well-established role of cholecystokinin (CCK) in regulating the satiation, we focus on the neural circuits that are involved in regulating the satiation effect caused by CCK. We also discuss several general principles of how these neural circuits control satiation, as well as the limitations of our current understanding of the circuits function. With the application of new techniques involving sophisticated cell-type-specific manipulation and mapping, as well as real-time recordings, it is now possible to gain a better understanding of the mechanisms specifically underlying satiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijiang Cai
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA; Bio 5 Institute and Department of Neurology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.
| | - Wesley I Schnapp
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA; Graduate Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Shivani Mann
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Masa Miscevic
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA; Graduate Interdisciplinary Program in Physiological Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Matthew B Shcmit
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA; Graduate Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Marco Conteras
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Caohui Fang
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
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2
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Aldubayan K, Ghafouri K, Mutwalli H, Kutbi HA, Mumena WA. Validity and Consistency of the Arabic Version of the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) among Saudi Adults. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:healthcare11071052. [PMID: 37046979 PMCID: PMC10094318 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11071052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of eating disorders (EDs) is growing, and early screening is important to prevent related health complications. The Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) has been widely used as a diagnostic tool to identify cases of EDs; however, a validated Arabic version of the tool is needed to help in the screening process of EDs. The aim of this study was to validate the Arabic version of EDE-Q. A cross-sectional study included a sample of 549 adults, who were recruited mainly from the four major provinces in Saudi Arabia. A forward–backward translation method was conducted, and then the tool was validated using the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The dataset was split for further convergent analysis using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and CFA. The results of CFA from the main dataset did not support the four-factor original EDE-Q. The results of EFA from the first data-split suggested a three-factor EDE-Q-14 Arabic version. This was supported by the results of CFA of the second data-split. A total of five items were allocated in each shape and weight concern, and restraint component, with correlations ranging from 0.969 and 0.462 and from 0.847 to 0.437, respectively. A total of four items were allocated in eating concern, with correlations ranging from 0.748 to 0.556. The internal consistency of the global and the three subscales were high, with Cronbach’s α ranging from 0.762 to 0.900. Findings of the current study suggest that the Arabic version of the EDE-Q-14 is a valid and reliable tool to screen for EDs among adults in Saudi Arabia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Aldubayan
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Collage of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khloud Ghafouri
- Departmrnt of Clinical Nutrition, Collage of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, P.O. Box 715, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hiba Mutwalli
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hebah A. Kutbi
- Clinical Nutrition Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80215, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Walaa A. Mumena
- Clinical Nutrition Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, P.O. Box 344, Madinah 42353, Saudi Arabia
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3
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Watts AG, Kanoski SE, Sanchez-Watts G, Langhans W. The physiological control of eating: signals, neurons, and networks. Physiol Rev 2022; 102:689-813. [PMID: 34486393 PMCID: PMC8759974 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00028.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
During the past 30 yr, investigating the physiology of eating behaviors has generated a truly vast literature. This is fueled in part by a dramatic increase in obesity and its comorbidities that has coincided with an ever increasing sophistication of genetically based manipulations. These techniques have produced results with a remarkable degree of cell specificity, particularly at the cell signaling level, and have played a lead role in advancing the field. However, putting these findings into a brain-wide context that connects physiological signals and neurons to behavior and somatic physiology requires a thorough consideration of neuronal connections: a field that has also seen an extraordinary technological revolution. Our goal is to present a comprehensive and balanced assessment of how physiological signals associated with energy homeostasis interact at many brain levels to control eating behaviors. A major theme is that these signals engage sets of interacting neural networks throughout the brain that are defined by specific neural connections. We begin by discussing some fundamental concepts, including ones that still engender vigorous debate, that provide the necessary frameworks for understanding how the brain controls meal initiation and termination. These include key word definitions, ATP availability as the pivotal regulated variable in energy homeostasis, neuropeptide signaling, homeostatic and hedonic eating, and meal structure. Within this context, we discuss network models of how key regions in the endbrain (or telencephalon), hypothalamus, hindbrain, medulla, vagus nerve, and spinal cord work together with the gastrointestinal tract to enable the complex motor events that permit animals to eat in diverse situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan G Watts
- The Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Scott E Kanoski
- The Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Graciela Sanchez-Watts
- The Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Wolfgang Langhans
- Physiology and Behavior Laboratory, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule-Zürich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
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4
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Yoshimura M, Conway-Campbell B, Ueta Y. Arginine vasopressin: Direct and indirect action on metabolism. Peptides 2021; 142:170555. [PMID: 33905792 PMCID: PMC8270887 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2021.170555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
From its identification and isolation in 1954, arginine vasopressin (AVP) has attracted attention, not only for its peripheral functions such as vasoconstriction and reabsorption of water from kidney, but also for its central effects. As there is now considerable evidence that AVP plays a crucial role in feeding behavior and energy balance, it has become a promising therapeutic target for treating obesity or other obesity-related metabolic disorders. However, the underlying mechanisms for AVP regulation of these central processes still remain largely unknown. In this review, we will provide a brief overview of the current knowledge concerning how AVP controls energy balance and feeding behavior, focusing on physiological aspects including the relationship between AVP, circadian rhythmicity, and glucocorticoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiro Yoshimura
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan; Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, UK.
| | | | - Yoichi Ueta
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan
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5
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Mixed sorghum and quinoa flour improves protein quality and increases antioxidant capacity in vivo. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.109597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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6
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Matuska R, Zelena D, Könczöl K, Papp RS, Durst M, Guba D, Török B, Varnai P, Tóth ZE. Colocalized neurotransmitters in the hindbrain cooperate in adaptation to chronic hypernatremia. Brain Struct Funct 2020; 225:969-984. [PMID: 32200401 PMCID: PMC7166202 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-020-02049-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Chronic hypernatremia activates the central osmoregulatory mechanisms and inhibits the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Noradrenaline (NE) release into the periventricular anteroventral third ventricle region (AV3V), the supraoptic (SON) and hypothalamic paraventricular nuclei (PVN) from efferents of the caudal ventrolateral (cVLM) and dorsomedial (cDMM) medulla has been shown to be essential for the hypernatremia-evoked responses and for the HPA response to acute restraint. Notably, the medullary NE cell groups highly coexpress prolactin-releasing peptide (PrRP) and nesfatin-1/NUCB2 (nesfatin), therefore, we assumed they contributed to the reactions to chronic hypernatremia. To investigate this, we compared two models: homozygous Brattleboro rats with hereditary diabetes insipidus (DI) and Wistar rats subjected to chronic high salt solution (HS) intake. HS rats had higher plasma osmolality than DI rats. PrRP and nesfatin mRNA levels were higher in both models, in both medullary regions compared to controls. Elevated basal tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression and impaired restraint-induced TH, PrRP and nesfatin expression elevations in the cVLM were, however, detected only in HS, but not in DI rats. Simultaneously, only HS rats exhibited classical signs of chronic stress and severely blunted hormonal reactions to acute restraint. Data suggest that HPA axis responsiveness to restraint depends on the type of hypernatremia, and on NE capacity in the cVLM. Additionally, NE and PrRP signalization primarily of medullary origin is increased in the SON, PVN and AV3V in HS rats. This suggests a cooperative action in the adaptation responses and designates the AV3V as a new site for PrRP's action in hypernatremia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Matuska
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dóra Zelena
- Behavioral Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
- Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Centre, Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Katalin Könczöl
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Rege Sugárka Papp
- Human Brain Tissue Bank and Microdissection Laboratory, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Máté Durst
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dorina Guba
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bibiana Török
- Behavioral Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
- Janos Szentagothai School of Neurosciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Peter Varnai
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna E Tóth
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
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7
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Fetissov SO, Meguid MM. Food intake and meal pattern in response to hyperosmotic-induced dehydration in obese and lean Zucker rats. Nutrition 2020; 70S:100011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutx.2020.100011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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8
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Carroll HA, Templeman I, Chen YC, Edinburgh R, Burch EK, Jewitt JT, Povey G, Robinson TD, Dooley WL, Buckley C, Rogers PJ, Gallo W, Melander O, Thompson D, James LJ, Johnson L, Betts JA. Hydration status affects thirst and salt preference but not energy intake or postprandial ghrelin in healthy adults: A randomised crossover trial. Physiol Behav 2019; 212:112725. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.112725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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9
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Duffy S, Lutz TA, Boyle CN. Rodent models of leptin receptor deficiency are less sensitive to amylin. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2018; 315:R856-R865. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00179.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The pancreatic hormone amylin is released from beta cells following nutrient ingestion and contributes to the control of body weight and glucose homeostasis. Amylin reduces food intake by activating neurons in the area postrema (AP). Amylin was also shown to synergize with the adipokine leptin, with combination therapy producing greater weight loss and food intake reduction than either hormone alone. Although amylin and leptin were initially thought to interact downstream of the AP in the hypothalamus, recent findings show that the two hormones can act on the same AP neurons, suggesting a more direct relationship. The objective of this study was to determine whether amylin action depends on functional leptin signaling. We tested the ability of amylin to induce satiation and to activate its primary target neurons in the AP in two rodent models of LepR deficiency, the db/db mouse and the Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rat. When compared with wild-type (WT) mice, db/db mice exhibited reduced amylin-induced satiation, reduced amylin-induced Fos in the AP, and a lower expression of calcitonin receptor (CTR) protein, the core component of all amylin receptors. ZDF rats also showed no reduction in food intake following amylin treatment; however, unlike the db/db mice, levels of amylin-induced Fos and CTR in the AP were no different than WT rats. Our results suggest that LepR expression is required for the full anorexic effect of amylin; however, the neuronal activation in the AP seems to depend on the type of LepR mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonya Duffy
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas A. Lutz
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich Centre for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christina N. Boyle
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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10
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Krause EG, Pati D, Frazier CJ. Chronic salt-loading reduces basal excitatory input to CRH neurons in the paraventricular nucleus and accelerates recovery from restraint stress in male mice. Physiol Behav 2017; 176:189-194. [PMID: 28351560 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Neurons synthesizing corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) are activated during acute stress and act via the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis to increase systemic levels of corticosterone (CORT). Recent data indicates that CRH neurons in the PVN are inhibited by acute salt-loading, and that this inhibition blunts the response to restraint stress as measured by increases in plasma CORT. The current study evaluates the effects of chronic rather than acute salt-loading on stress-induced activation of the HPA axis. Relative to euhydrated controls, chronic salt-loading over a 5-day period elevated plasma sodium and fluid intake without eliciting hypovolemia or substantial alterations in food intake or body weight. Chronic salt-loading also decreased expression of CRH mRNA in the anterior but not posterior portion of the PVN. Similarly, whole cell patch clamp recordings revealed that salt-loading effectively decreases spontaneous excitatory input to CRH neurons in the PVN without altering spontaneous inhibitory input. Generally consistent with these observations, chronic salt attenuated HPA axis activation as indicated by a significant reduction of plasma CORT during recovery from restraint stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric G Krause
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, United States
| | - Dipanwita Pati
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, United States
| | - Charles J Frazier
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, United States; Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, United States.
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11
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Lillywhite HB. Feeding begets drinking: insights from intermittent feeding in snakes. J Exp Biol 2017; 220:3565-3570. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.163725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
An important question related to survival of dehydrating animals is whether feeding provides a net gain of water — contributing postprandial free water and metabolic water — or, alternatively, whether digestion and assimilation of ingested food incur a net loss of water because of requirements for digestion and the excretion of resulting metabolic wastes. Here I address the question whether voluntary drinking increases or decreases following the ingestion of food. Increased postprandial drinking implies that food consumption increases rather than decreases the requirement for free water, whereas decreased postprandial drinking suggests there is a net profit of water from food. Snakes are ideally suited for such inquiry because they feed intermittently, and the temporal separation of meals allows relatively clear examination of the associated patterns of pre- and postprandial drinking. Voluntary drinking associated with meal consumption was quantified during consecutive feeding trials in four species representing two families of snakes. Postprandial relative to preprandial drinking increased in all four species, indicating that eating increases the physiological requirement for water. These data add to a growing literature pointing to some generality that eating can have negative rather than positive consequences for fluid homeostasis in some dehydrating animals.
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12
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Anorexia Reduces GFAP+ Cell Density in the Rat Hippocampus. Neural Plast 2016; 2016:2426413. [PMID: 27579183 PMCID: PMC4992534 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2426413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder observed primarily in young women. The neurobiology of the disorder is unknown but recently magnetic resonance imaging showed a volume reduction of the hippocampus in anorexic patients. Dehydration-induced anorexia (DIA) is a murine model that mimics core features of this disorder, including severe weight loss due to voluntary reduction in food intake. The energy supply to the brain is mediated by astrocytes, but whether their density is compromised by anorexia is unknown. Thus, the aim of this study was to estimate GFAP+ cell density in the main regions of the hippocampus (CA1, CA2, CA3, and dentate gyrus) in the DIA model. Our results showed that GFAP+ cell density was significantly reduced (~20%) in all regions of the hippocampus, except in CA1. Interestingly, DIA significantly reduced the GFAP+ cells/nuclei ratio in CA2 (−23%) and dentate gyrus (−48%). The reduction of GFAP+ cell density was in agreement with a lower expression of GFAP protein. Additionally, anorexia increased the expression of the intermediate filaments vimentin and nestin. Accordingly, anorexia increased the number of reactive astrocytes in CA2 and dentate gyrus more than twofold. We conclude that anorexia reduces the hippocampal GFAP+ cell density and increases vimentin and nestin expression.
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13
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Vechiato FMV, Rivas PMS, Ruginsk SG, Borges BC, Elias LLK, Antunes-Rodrigues J. The type-1 cannabinoid receptor modulates the hydroelectrolytic balance independently of the energy homeostasis during salt load. Horm Behav 2016; 78:43-51. [PMID: 26497248 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Hydroelectrolytic imbalances, such as saline load (SL), trigger behavioral and neuroendocrine responses, such as thirst, hypophagia, vasopressin (AVP) and oxytocin (OT) release and hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis activation. To investigate the participation of the type-1 cannabinoid receptor (CB1R) in these homeostatic mechanisms,male adult Wistar rats were subjected to SL (0.3MNaCl) for four days. SL induced not only increases in the water intake and plasma levels of AVP, OT and corticosterone, as previously described, but also increases in CB1R expression in the lamina terminalis, which integrates sensory afferents, aswell as in the hypothalamus, the main integrative and effector area controlling hydroelectrolytic homeostasis. A more detailed analysis revealed that CB1R-positive terminals are in close apposition with not only axons but also dendrites and secretory granules of magnocellular neurons, particularly vasopressinergic cells. In satiated and euhydrated animals, the intracerebroventricular administration of the CB1R selective agonist ACEA (0.1 μg/5 μL) promoted hyperphagia, but this treatment did not reverse the hyperosmolality-induced hypophagia in the SL group. Furthermore, ACEA pretreatment potentiated water intake in the SL animals during rehydration as well as enhanced the corticosterone release and prevented the increase in AVP and OT secretion induced by SL. The same parameters were not changed by ACEA in the animals whose daily food intake was matched to that of the SL group (Pair-Fed). These data indicate that CB1Rs modulate the hydroelectrolytic balance independently of the food intake during sustained hyperosmolality and hypovolemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M V Vechiato
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14049-900, Brazil
| | - P M S Rivas
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14049-900, Brazil
| | - S G Ruginsk
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14049-900, Brazil; Department of Physiological Sciences, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, Minas Gerais 37130-000, Brazil
| | - B C Borges
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14049-900, Brazil
| | - L L K Elias
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14049-900, Brazil
| | - J Antunes-Rodrigues
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14049-900, Brazil.
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14
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Stookey JJD. Negative, Null and Beneficial Effects of Drinking Water on Energy Intake, Energy Expenditure, Fat Oxidation and Weight Change in Randomized Trials: A Qualitative Review. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8010019. [PMID: 26729162 PMCID: PMC4728633 DOI: 10.3390/nu8010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Drinking water has heterogeneous effects on energy intake (EI), energy expenditure (EE), fat oxidation (FO) and weight change in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving adults and/or children. The aim of this qualitative review of RCTs was to identify conditions associated with negative, null and beneficial effects of drinking water on EI, EE, FO and weight, to generate hypotheses about ways to optimize drinking water interventions for weight management. RCT conditions that are associated with negative or null effects of drinking water on EI, EE and/or FO in the short term are associated with negative or null effects on weight over the longer term. RCT conditions that are associated with lower EI, increased EE and/or increased FO in the short term are associated with less weight gain or greater weight loss over time. Drinking water instead of caloric beverages decreases EI when food intake is ad libitum. Drinking water increases EE in metabolically-inflexible, obese individuals. Drinking water increases FO when blood carbohydrate and/or insulin concentrations are not elevated and when it is consumed instead of caloric beverages or in volumes that alter hydration status. Further research is needed to confirm the observed associations and to determine if/what specific conditions optimize drinking water interventions for weight management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodi J D Stookey
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, 5700 Martin Luther King Jr. Way, Oakland, CA 94609, USA.
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15
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Yoshimura M, Uezono Y, Ueta Y. Anorexia in human and experimental animal models: physiological aspects related to neuropeptides. J Physiol Sci 2015; 65:385-95. [PMID: 26123258 PMCID: PMC10717229 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-015-0386-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Anorexia, a loss of appetite for food, can be caused by various physiological and pathophysiological conditions. In this review, firstly, clinical aspects of anorexia nervosa are summarized in brief. Secondly, hypothalamic neuropeptides responsible for feeding regulation in each hypothalamic nucleus are discussed. Finally, three different types of anorexigenic animal models; dehydration-induced anorexia, cisplatin-induced anorexia and cancer anorexia-cachexia, are introduced. In conclusion, hypothalamic neuropeptides may give us novel insight to understand and find effective therapeutics strategy essential for various kinds of anorexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiro Yoshimura
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, 807-8555 Japan
| | - Yasuhito Uezono
- Division of Cancer Pathophysiology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, 104-0045 Japan
| | - Yoichi Ueta
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, 807-8555 Japan
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Méquinion M, Chauveau C, Viltart O. The use of animal models to decipher physiological and neurobiological alterations of anorexia nervosa patients. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2015; 6:68. [PMID: 26042085 PMCID: PMC4436882 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2015.00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive studies were performed to decipher the mechanisms regulating feeding due to the worldwide obesity pandemy and its complications. The data obtained might be adapted to another disorder related to alteration of food intake, the restrictive anorexia nervosa. This multifactorial disease with a complex and unknown etiology is considered as an awful eating disorder since the chronic refusal to eat leads to severe, and sometimes, irreversible complications for the whole organism, until death. There is an urgent need to better understand the different aspects of the disease to develop novel approaches complementary to the usual psychological therapies. For this purpose, the use of pertinent animal models becomes a necessity. We present here the various rodent models described in the literature that might be used to dissect central and peripheral mechanisms involved in the adaptation to deficient energy supplies and/or the maintenance of physiological alterations on the long term. Data obtained from the spontaneous or engineered genetic models permit to better apprehend the implication of one signaling system (hormone, neuropeptide, neurotransmitter) in the development of several symptoms observed in anorexia nervosa. As example, mutations in the ghrelin, serotonin, dopamine pathways lead to alterations that mimic the phenotype, but compensatory mechanisms often occur rendering necessary the use of more selective gene strategies. Until now, environmental animal models based on one or several inducing factors like diet restriction, stress, or physical activity mimicked more extensively central and peripheral alterations decribed in anorexia nervosa. They bring significant data on feeding behavior, energy expenditure, and central circuit alterations. Animal models are described and criticized on the basis of the criteria of validity for anorexia nervosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Méquinion
- INSERM UMR-S1172, Development and Plasticity of Postnatal Brain, Lille, France
| | - Christophe Chauveau
- Pathophysiology of Inflammatory Bone Diseases, EA 4490, University of the Littoral Opal Coast, Boulogne sur Mer, France
| | - Odile Viltart
- INSERM UMR-S1172, Early stages of Parkinson diseases, University Lille 1, Lille, France
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Branch A, Bobilev A, Negrao NW, Cai H, Shen P. Prevention of palatable diet-induced hyperphagia in rats by central injection of a VEGFR kinase inhibitor. Behav Brain Res 2015; 278:506-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Greenwood MP, Mecawi AS, Hoe SZ, Mustafa MR, Johnson KR, Al-Mahmoud GA, Elias LLK, Paton JFR, Antunes-Rodrigues J, Gainer H, Murphy D, Hindmarch CCT. A comparison of physiological and transcriptome responses to water deprivation and salt loading in the rat supraoptic nucleus. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2015; 308:R559-68. [PMID: 25632023 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00444.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Salt loading (SL) and water deprivation (WD) are experimental challenges that are often used to study the osmotic circuitry of the brain. Central to this circuit is the supraoptic nucleus (SON) of the hypothalamus, which is responsible for the biosynthesis of the hormones, arginine vasopressin (AVP) and oxytocin (OXT), and their transport to terminals that reside in the posterior lobe of the pituitary. On osmotic challenge evoked by a change in blood volume or osmolality, the SON undergoes a function-related plasticity that creates an environment that allows for an appropriate hormone response. Here, we have described the impact of SL and WD compared with euhydrated (EU) controls in terms of drinking and eating behavior, body weight, and recorded physiological data including circulating hormone data and plasma and urine osmolality. We have also used microarrays to profile the transcriptome of the SON following SL and remined data from the SON that describes the transcriptome response to WD. From a list of 2,783 commonly regulated transcripts, we selected 20 genes for validation by qPCR. All of the 9 genes that have already been described as expressed or regulated in the SON by osmotic stimuli were confirmed in our models. Of the 11 novel genes, 5 were successfully validated while 6 were false discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andre S Mecawi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biology, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropedica, Brazil
| | - See Ziau Hoe
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Rais Mustafa
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kory R Johnson
- Clinical Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ghada A Al-Mahmoud
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Al Tarfa, Doha, Qatar
| | - Lucila L K Elias
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Julian F R Paton
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University Walk, Bristol, United Kingdom; and
| | - Jose Antunes-Rodrigues
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Harold Gainer
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - David Murphy
- School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Charles C T Hindmarch
- School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia;
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Braegger FE, Asarian L, Dahl K, Lutz TA, Boyle CN. The role of the area postrema in the anorectic effects of amylin and salmon calcitonin: behavioral and neuronal phenotyping. Eur J Neurosci 2014; 40:3055-66. [PMID: 25040689 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Amylin reduces meal size by activating noradrenergic neurons in the area postrema (AP). Neurons in the AP also mediate the eating-inhibitory effects of salmon calcitonin (sCT), a potent amylin agonist, but the phenotypes of the neurons mediating its effect are unknown. Here we investigated whether sCT activates similar neuronal populations to amylin, and if its anorectic properties also depend on AP function. Male rats underwent AP lesion (APX) or sham surgery. Meal patterns were analysed under ad libitum and post-deprivation conditions. The importance of the AP in mediating the anorectic action of sCT was examined in feeding experiments of dose-response effects of sCT in APX vs. sham rats. The effect of sCT to induce Fos expression was compared between surgery groups, and relative to amylin. The phenotype of Fos-expressing neurons in the brainstem was examined by testing for the co-expression of dopamine beta hydroxylase (DBH) or tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH). By measuring the apposition of vesicular glutamate transporter-2 (VGLUT2)-positive boutons, potential glutamatergic input to amylin- and sCT-activated AP neurons was compared. Similar to amylin, an intact AP was necessary for sCT to reduce eating. Further, co-expression between Fos activation and DBH after amylin or sCT did not differ markedly, while co-localization of Fos and TPH was minor. Approximately 95% of neurons expressing Fos and DBH after amylin or sCT treatment were closely apposed to VGLUT2-positive boutons. Our study suggests that the hindbrain pathways engaged by amylin and sCT share many similarities, including the mediation by AP neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona E Braegger
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland
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Yoshimura M, Matsuura T, Ohkubo J, Maruyama T, Ishikura T, Hashimoto H, Kakuma T, Mori M, Ueta Y. A role of nesfatin-1/NucB2 in dehydration-induced anorexia. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2014; 307:R225-36. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00488.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Nesfatin-1/NucB2, an anorexigenic molecule, is expressed mainly in the hypothalamus, particularly in the supraoptic nucleus (SON) and the paraventricular nucleus (PVN). Nesfatin-1/NucB2 is also expressed in the subfornical organ (SFO). Because the SON and PVN are involved in body fluid regulation, nesfatin-1/NucB2 may be involved in dehydration-induced anorexia. To clarify the effects of endogenous nesfatin-1/NucB2, we studied changes in nesfatin-1/NucB2 mRNA levels in the SFO, SON, and PVN in adult male Wistar rats after exposure to osmotic stimuli by using in situ hybridization histochemistry. Significant increases in nesfatin-1/NucB2 mRNA levels, ∼2- to 3-fold compared with control, were observed in the SFO, SON, and PVN following water deprivation for 48 h, consumption of 2% NaCl hypertonic saline in drinking water for 5 days, and polyethylene glycol-induced hypovolemia. In addition, nesfatin-1/NucB2 expression was increased in response to water deprivation in a time-dependent manner. These changes in nesfatin-1/NucB2 mRNA expression were positively correlated with plasma sodium concentration, plasma osmolality, and total protein levels in all of the examined nuclei. Immunohistochemistry for nesfatin-1/NucB2 revealed that nesfatin-1/NucB2 protein levels were also increased after 48 h of dehydration and attenuated by 24 h of rehydration. Moreover, intracerebroventricular administration of nesfatin-1/NucB2-neutralizing antibody after 48 h of water deprivation resulted in a significant increase in food intake compared with administration of vehicle alone. These results suggested that nesfatin-1/NucB2 is a crucial peptide in dehydration-induced anorexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiro Yoshimura
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Takanori Matsuura
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Junichi Ohkubo
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Takashi Maruyama
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Toru Ishikura
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Hashimoto
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Kakuma
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan; and
| | - Masatomo Mori
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Gunma University, Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-machi, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Yoichi Ueta
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
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