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Kartini K, Irawan MA, Setiawan F, Jayani NIE. Characteristics, Isolation Methods, and Biological Properties of Aucubin. Molecules 2023; 28:4154. [PMID: 37241895 PMCID: PMC10222036 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28104154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Aucubin is an iridoid glycoside widely spread in the families Cornaceae, Garryaceae, Orobanchaceae, Globulariaceae, Eucommiaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Plantaginaceae, and Rubiaceae. This review is intended to provide data on the physicochemical characteristics, isolation methods, and biological activities of aucubin and its producing plants. Aucubin is unstable and can be deglycosylated into its aglycone, aucubigenin. Various chromatographic methods (column chromatography, vacuum liquid chromatography, medium pressure liquid chromatography, and high-performance liquid chromatography) have been used together to isolate aucubin, mainly with the stationary phase C-18 and the mobile phase water-methanol solution made in gradients. In vitro and in vivo studies reveal that aucubin has a wide range of activities, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anxiolytic and antidepressant, antidiabetic, antifibrotic, antimicrobial, anticancer, antihyperlipidemic, gastroprotective, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, retinoprotective, neuroprotective, osteoprotective, and renoprotective. Even though aucubin has been extensively investigated, further research in humans is urgently needed primarily to substantiate the clinical evidence. Moreover, extensive studies on its drug delivery systems will help maximize efficacy and minimize side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kartini Kartini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Surabaya, Surabaya 60293, Indonesia; (M.A.I.); (F.S.); (N.I.E.J.)
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Hydrodistillation and Microwave Extraction of Volatile Compounds: Comparing Data for Twenty-One Veronica Species from Different Habitats. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11070902. [PMID: 35406882 PMCID: PMC9002677 DOI: 10.3390/plants11070902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Free volatile compounds were isolated from 21 Croatian Veronica species studied by hydrodistillation (HD) and microwave extraction (ME) and analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) distinguished some clusters based on the relative proportion of major compounds, such as hexadecanoic acid, hexahydrofarnesyl acetone, phytol, E-caryophyllene, and caryophyllene oxide, which were identified in all species studied by both isolation methods. In addition to these compounds, germacrene D, δ-selinene, and eicosane were also identified in five samples from dry habitats isolated using ME. Allo-aromadendrene and β-ionone are particularly abundant in five species from wet habitats isolated by both methods. The peculiarities of Veronica species from moderate habitats isolated with HD are benzene acetaldehyde, n-nonanal, and the identification of significant compounds from the hydrocarbon class, while the peculiarity of ME is (E)-β-damascenone. In this article, we present new results on the phytochemical characterization of Veronica species from different habitats. The biological potential of these compounds should be further investigated for a better understanding and utilization of the specialized plant metabolites.
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Li HB, Ma JF, Mei YD, Liu LX, Cao ZY, Shi DF, Yao XS, Yu Y. Two new iridoid glycosides from the fruit of Gardenia jasminoides. Nat Prod Res 2020; 36:186-192. [PMID: 32594764 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2020.1775227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Two new iridoid glycosides, 2'-O-cis-coumaroylgardoside (1), and 6'-O-caffeoylioxide (2), were isolated from the fruit of Gardenia jasminoides. The structures of these compounds were elucidated based on spectroscopic analysis (HR-ESI-MS, NMR) and chemical methods. The anti-inflammatory activities of the isolates were evaluated by measuring their inhibitory effects on PGE2 production in LPS stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages, compounds 1 and 2 could reduce PGE2 levels in LPS-activated RAW 264.7 macrophages with IC50 values of 121.4 and 83.38 μM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Bo Li
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy and Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of New-tech for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process, Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Jiangsu, Lianyungang, China
| | - Jin-Feng Ma
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy and Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Dan Mei
- State Key Laboratory of New-tech for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process, Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Jiangsu, Lianyungang, China
| | - Ling-Xian Liu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy and Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ze-Yu Cao
- State Key Laboratory of New-tech for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process, Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Jiangsu, Lianyungang, China
| | - Dan-Feng Shi
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy and Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin-Sheng Yao
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy and Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy and Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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Yan S, Xie M, Wang Y, Xiao Q, Ding N, Li Y. Semi-synthesis of a series natural flavonoids and flavonoid glycosides from scutellarin. Tetrahedron 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2020.130950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Zhang LQ, Chen KX, Li YM. Bioactivities of Natural Catalpol Derivatives. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:6149-6173. [PMID: 31218947 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190620103813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Catalpol, a famous molecule of iridoids, possesses extensive pharmacological activities. Our studies found that compounds with low-polarity substituents at the 6-O position of catalpol exhibited higher NF-κB inhibitory potency than catalpol. However, catalpol derivatives are not much focused. Here this review provides extensive coverage of naturally occurring catalpol derivatives discovered from 1888 until 2018. It covers their distribution, chemotaxonomic significance, chemical structures, and bioactivities from more than 200 peer-reviewed articles, and highlights the structure-activity relationship of catalpol derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu-Qiang Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Kai-Xian Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai 201203, China.,Shanghai Institute of Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yi-Ming Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai 201203, China
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Tshitenge DT, Ioset KN, Lami JN, Ndelo-di-Phanzu J, Mufusama JPKS, Bringmann G. Rational quality assessment procedure for less-investigated herbal medicines: Case of a Congolese antimalarial drug with an analytical report. Fitoterapia 2016; 110:189-95. [PMID: 27010420 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2016.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Herbal medicines are the most globally used type of medical drugs. Their high cultural acceptability is due to the experienced safety and efficiency over centuries of use. Many of them are still phytochemically less-investigated, and are used without standardization or quality control. Choosing SIROP KILMA, an authorized Congolese antimalarial phytomedicine, as a model case, our study describes an interdisciplinary approach for a rational quality assessment of herbal drugs in general. It combines an authentication step of the herbal remedy prior to any fingerprinting, the isolation of the major constituents, the development and validation of an HPLC-DAD analytical method with internal markers, and the application of the method to several batches of the herbal medicine (here KILMA) thus permitting the establishment of a quantitative fingerprint. From the constitutive plants of KILMA, acteoside, isoacteoside, stachannin A, and pectolinarigenin-7-O-glucoside were isolated, and acteoside was used as the prime marker for the validation of an analytical method. This study contributes to the efforts of the WHO for the establishment of standards enabling the analytical evaluation of herbal materials. Moreover, the paper describes the first phytochemical and analytical report on a marketed Congolese phytomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieudonné Tshitenge Tshitenge
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kinshasa, B.P. 212, Kinshasa XI, Congo
| | - Karine Ndjoko Ioset
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - José Nzunzu Lami
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kinshasa, B.P. 212, Kinshasa XI, Congo
| | | | - Jean-Pierre Koy Sita Mufusama
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kinshasa, B.P. 212, Kinshasa XI, Congo
| | - Gerhard Bringmann
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
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Ren FC, Wang LX, Yu Q, Jiang XJ, Wang F. Lanostane-Type Triterpenoids from Scilla scilloides and Structure Revision of Drimiopsin D. NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2015; 5:263-270. [PMID: 26458926 PMCID: PMC4607680 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-015-0076-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Two hitherto unknown lanostane-type triterpenoids, namely scillascillol (1) and scillascillone (2), and a hitherto unknown norlanostane-triterpene glycoside, namely scillascilloside B-1 (3), were isolated from the ethanol extract of the whole plants of Scilla scilloides. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic studies. In addition, the structure of drimiopsin D (6a) has been revised as 2,5-dimethoxy-8-methyl-1,3,6-trihydroxyxanthone (6) by reanalysis of the spectroscopic data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Cai Ren
- BioBioPha Co., Ltd., Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Xia Wang
- BioBioPha Co., Ltd., Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin Yu
- BioBioPha Co., Ltd., Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Xian-Jun Jiang
- BioBioPha Co., Ltd., Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Wang
- BioBioPha Co., Ltd., Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China.
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Park EJ, Oh SR, Lee HK, Lee HS. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for the simultaneous determination of the catalpol-related iridoid glucosides, verproside, isovanilloylcatalpol, catalposide and 6-O-veratroyl catalpol in rat plasma. Biomed Chromatogr 2009; 23:980-6. [PMID: 19353737 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Verproside, isovanilloylcatalpol, catalposide and 6-O-veratroyl catalpol are bioactive iridoid glucosides isolated from in a number of folk medicinal plants. A rapid, sensitive and selective liquid chromatography/mass spectrometric (LC/MS) method for the simultaneous determination of verproside, isovanilloylcatalpol, catalposide and 6-O-veratroyl catalpol in rat plasma was developed. The analytes were extracted from 50 microL of rat plasma with ethyl acetate using 7-carboxymethyloxy-3',4',5-trimethoxyflavone as internal standard and analyzed on an X-Bridge C(18) column within 6.5 min with 40% methanol in 10 mm ammonium formate (pH 3.0). The analytes were quantified using an electrospray ionization mass spectrometry in the selected ion monitoring mode. The standard curves were linear over the concentration ranges of 10-2000 ng/mL for verproside, isovanilloylcatalpol and catalposide and 20-2000 ng/mL for 6-O-veratroyl catalpol. The coefficients of variation and relative errors of verproside, isovanilloylcatalpol, catalposide and 6-O-veratroyl catalpol for intra- and inter-assay at four quality control levels were 2.5-8.0 and-4.0-6.6%, respectively. This method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of verproside and its possible metabolite isovanilloylcatalpol after intravenous administration of verproside, a candidate anti-asthma drug, in male Sprague-Dawley rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Jeong Park
- National Research Laboratory for Drug Metabolism and Bioanalysis, College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Korea
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Park EJ, Lee HS, Oh SR, Lee HK, Lee HS. Pharmacokinetics of verproside after intravenous and oral administration in rats. Arch Pharm Res 2009; 32:559-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-009-1412-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2008] [Revised: 02/27/2009] [Accepted: 03/05/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Jensen SR, Gotfredsen CH, Pierce S. Iridoid glucosides of Paederota bonarota and the relationships between Paederota and Veronica. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2007.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Gousiadou C, Karioti A, Heilmann J, Skaltsa H. Iridoids from Scutellaria albida ssp. albida. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2007; 68:1799-804. [PMID: 17532352 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2007.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2007] [Revised: 04/16/2007] [Accepted: 04/16/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Three iridoid glycosides, 6'-O-E-p-coumaroylgardoside (1), 6'-O-p-E-coumaroyl-8-epi-loganic acid (2) and scutelloside (3) were isolated from the aerial parts of Scutellaria albida subsp. albida, in addition to an anomeric mixture in equilibrium of one iridoid aglycone (4, 4a), nine iridoid glycosides (5-13), four known phenylethanoid glycosides (14-17), and six known phenolic derivatives (18-23).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrysoula Gousiadou
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Chemistry of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
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Taskova RM, Gotfredsen CH, Jensen SR. Chemotaxonomy of Veroniceae and its allies in the Plantaginaceae. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2006; 67:286-301. [PMID: 16386770 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2005.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2005] [Revised: 11/09/2005] [Accepted: 11/09/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In a chemosystematic investigation of tribe Veroniceae (Plantaginaceae), representatives of Camptoloma, Sibthorpia, Veronica subg. Pentasepalae and subg. Hebe, Veronicastrum, Wulfenia, and the related Ellisiophyllum and Globularia were examined for non-flavonoid glycosides. From the 14 species studied, 28 different iridoid glucosides and 10 caffeoyl phenylethanoid glucosides (CPGs), as well as salidroside and arbutin were isolated and characterized by NMR; of these, five compounds were previously unknown. It was found that the representatives of Veroniceae, as well as Globularia, were characterized by mannitol, aucubin, catalpol and catalpol esters. Each of the three studied species of Veronica subg. Hebe contained at least one of the 6-O-catalpol esters typical for Veronica s. str. (verminoside), supporting the inclusion of Hebe in Veronica. However, their main constituents were esters of 6-O-rhamnopyranosylcatalpol; a CPG, hebeoside (2'-beta-xylopyranosyl-verbascoside) was isolated from V. (Hebe) salicifolia. The two species of Veronicastrum also contained 6-O-rhamnopyranosylcatalpol esters, including the previously unknown 2'',3''- and 3'',4''-dicinnamoyl derivatives and, in contrast to the earlier reports, they lacked 6-O-catalpol esters. The main iridoid constituents in the three investigated species of Wulfenia were 10-O-aucubin and 10-O-catalpol esters (isoscrophularioside or globularin) while baldaccioside (10-O-cinnamoyl asystasioside E) was isolated from W. baldaccii. Globularia vulgaris contained 10-O-catalpol esters (e.g., globularin) and, in addition, asperuloside together with its benzoyl analogue named besperuloside. The representatives of Sibthorpia and Ellisiophyllum were almost completely devoid of iridoids; this, however, together with the CPGs present implied a close relationship between the two genera. Camptoloma lyperiiflorum lacked hexitols but contained esters of 6-O-rhamnopyranosylcatalpol different from those found in Veroniceae but known from Buddleja, Scrophularia and Verbascum (Scrophulariaceae s. str.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rilka Mladenova Taskova
- Department of Chemistry, The Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 201, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark
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Taskova RM, Gotfredsen CH, Jensen SR. Chemotaxonomic markers in Digitalideae (Plantaginaceae). PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2005; 66:1440-7. [PMID: 15907957 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2005.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2005] [Revised: 04/06/2005] [Accepted: 04/11/2005] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
In a chemosystematic investigation of Digitalideae (Plantaginaceae), the water-soluble part of extracts of two species of Digitalis, two species of Isoplexis, as well as Erinus alpinus and Lafuentea rotundifolia were studied with regard to their content of main carbohydrates, iridoids and caffeoyl phenylethanoid glycosides (CPGs). Digitalis and Isoplexis contained sorbitol, cornoside and a number of other phenylethanoid glycosides including the new tyrosol beta-D-mannopyranoside, sceptroside but were found to lack iridoid glucosides. Erinus contained mainly glucose, the new 8,9-double bond iridoid, erinoside, and a number of known iridoid glucosides including two esters of 6-rhamnopyranosylcatalpol, as well as the CPG poliumoside. Finally, Lafuentea was characterized by the presence of glucose, aucubin and cryptamygin B but apparently lacked CPGs. The chemosystematic significance of the isolated compounds is discussed.
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