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Zeb M, Tackaberry LE, Massicotte HB, Egger KN, Reimer K, Lu G, Heiss C, Azadi P, Lee CH. Structural elucidation and immuno-stimulatory activity of a novel polysaccharide containing glucuronic acid from the fungus Echinodontium tinctorium. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 258:117700. [PMID: 33593571 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.117700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
An immuno-stimulatory polysaccharide (EtISPFa) was purified from water extract of the fungus Echinodontium tinctorium. EtISPFa has an estimated weight average molecular weight (Mw) of 1354 kDa and is composed of glucose (66.2 %), glucuronic acid (10.1 %), mannose (6.7 %), galactose (6.4 %), xylose (5.6 %), rhamnose (3.1 %), fucose (1.8 %), and arabinose (0.2 %). It has multiple glycosidic linkages, with 3-Glcp (19.8 %), 4-GlcpA (10.8 %), 6-Glcp (10.7 %), and 3,6-Glcp (8.7 %) being the most prominent. NMR analysis showed that EtISPFa has a backbone containing mostly of 3-substituted β-glucopyranose with 4-substituted glucopyranosyluronic acid. Short side chains consisting of an average of two β-glycopyranose residues, connected through 1→6 linkages, are attached to the 6-position of about every 4th or 5th backbone glucose residue. EtISPFa is a novel glucuronic acid-containing β-glucan capable of significantly inducing the production of cytokines IL-17, IL-16, MIP-2, G-CSF,GM-CSF, LIF, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, and RANTES in vitro. EtISPFa should be further explored for its immuno-stimulatory activity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehreen Zeb
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Program, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, British Columbia, V2N 4Z9, Canada.
| | - Linda E Tackaberry
- Ecosystem Science and Management Program, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, British Columbia, V2N 4Z9, Canada.
| | - Hugues B Massicotte
- Ecosystem Science and Management Program, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, British Columbia, V2N 4Z9, Canada.
| | - Keith N Egger
- Ecosystem Science and Management Program, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, British Columbia, V2N 4Z9, Canada.
| | - Kerry Reimer
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Program, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, British Columbia, V2N 4Z9, Canada.
| | - Grace Lu
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA.
| | - Christian Heiss
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA.
| | - Parastoo Azadi
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA.
| | - Chow H Lee
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Program, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, British Columbia, V2N 4Z9, Canada.
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2
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Cadelis MM, Copp BR, Wiles S. A Review of Fungal Protoilludane Sesquiterpenoid Natural Products. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:E928. [PMID: 33352728 PMCID: PMC7765842 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9120928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural products have been a great source for drug leads, due to a vast majority possessing unique chemical structures. Such an example is the protoilludane class of natural products which contain an annulated 5/6/4-ring system and are almost exclusively produced by fungi. They have been reported to possess a diverse range of bioactivities, including antimicrobial, antifungal and cytotoxic properties. In this review, we discuss the isolation, structure elucidation and any reported bioactivities of this compound class, including establishment of stereochemistry and any total syntheses of these natural products. A total of 180 protoilludane natural products, isolated in the last 70 years, from fungi, plant and marine sources are covered, highlighting their structural diversity and potential in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M. Cadelis
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand;
- Bioluminescent Superbugs Lab, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, Auckland 1023, New Zealand;
| | - Brent R. Copp
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand;
| | - Siouxsie Wiles
- Bioluminescent Superbugs Lab, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, Auckland 1023, New Zealand;
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3
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Gaston R, Geldenhuys WJ, Dudley GB. Synthesis of Illudinine from Dimedone and Identification of Activity as a Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor. J Org Chem 2020; 85:13429-13437. [PMID: 32830978 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The fungal metabolite illudinine is prepared in seven steps and ca. 55% overall yield from dimedone using an "open and shut" (ring-opening and ring-closing) strategy. Tandem ring-opening fragmentation and olefination of dimedone establishes alkyne and vinylarene functionality linked by a neopentylene tether. Oxidative cycloisomerization then provides the illudinine framework. The key innovation in this second-generation synthesis of illudinine is the use of the nitrile functional group, rather than an ester, as the functional precursor to the carboxylic acid of illudinine. The small, linear nitrile (C≡N) is associated with improved selectivity, π-conjugation, and reactivity at multiple points in the synthetic sequence relative to the carboxylic acid ester. Preliminary assays indicate that illudinine and several related synthetic analogues are monoamine oxidase inhibitors, which is the first reported indication of biological activity associated with this natural product. Illudinine was found to inhibit monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) with an IC50 of 18 ± 7.1 μM in preliminary assays.
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4
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Javed S, Li WM, Zeb M, Yaqoob A, Tackaberry LE, Massicotte HB, Egger KN, Cheung PCK, Payne GW, Lee CH. Anti-Inflammatory Activity of the Wild Mushroom, Echinodontium tinctorium, in RAW264.7 Macrophage Cells and Mouse Microcirculation. Molecules 2019; 24:E3509. [PMID: 31569655 PMCID: PMC6804242 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24193509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory activity of a previously un-studied wild mushroom, Echinodontium tinctorium, collected from the forests of north-central British Columbia. The lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 macrophage model was used to study the in vitro anti-inflammatory activity. The crude alkaline extract demonstrated potent anti-inflammatory activity, and was further purified using a "bio-activity-guided-purification" approach. The size-exclusion and ion-exchange chromatography yielded a water-soluble anti-inflammatory polysaccharide (AIPetinc). AIPetinc has an average molecular weight of 5 kDa, and is a heteroglucan composed of mainly glucose (88.6%) with a small amount of galactose (4.0%), mannose (4.4%), fucose (0.7%), and xylose (2.3%). In in vivo settings, AIPetinc restored the histamine-induced inflammatory event in mouse gluteus maximus muscle, thus confirming its anti-inflammatory activity in an animal model. This study constitutes the first report on the bioactivity of Echinodontium tinctorium, and highlights the potential medicinal benefits of fungi from the wild forests of northern British Columbia. Furthermore, it also reiterates the need to explore natural resources for alternative treatment to modern world diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumreen Javed
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Program, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, BC V2N 4Z9, Canada.
| | - Wai Ming Li
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Program, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, BC V2N 4Z9, Canada.
| | - Mehreen Zeb
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Program, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, BC V2N 4Z9, Canada.
| | - Almas Yaqoob
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Program, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, BC V2N 4Z9, Canada.
| | - Linda E Tackaberry
- Ecosystem Science and Management Program, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, BC V2N 4Z9, Canada.
| | - Hugues B Massicotte
- Ecosystem Science and Management Program, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, BC V2N 4Z9, Canada.
| | - Keith N Egger
- Ecosystem Science and Management Program, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, BC V2N 4Z9, Canada.
| | - Peter C K Cheung
- Food and Nutritional Sciences Program, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Geoffrey W Payne
- Northern Medical Program, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, BC V2N 4Z9, Canada.
| | - Chow H Lee
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Program, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, BC V2N 4Z9, Canada.
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Xun MM, Bai Y, Wang Y, Hu Z, Fu K, Ma W, Yuan C. Synthesis of Four Illudalane Sesquiterpenes Utilizing a One-Pot Diels-Alder/Oxidative Aromatization Sequence. Org Lett 2019; 21:6879-6883. [PMID: 31441309 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b02511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The concise, divergent total syntheses of four illudalane sesquiterpenes using an indanone as the key intermediate are reported. The key elements in these total syntheses, which involve only four to six operational steps, consist of a Suzuki cross-coupling and a one-pot Diels-Alder/oxidative aromatization reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao-Miao Xun
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemical Engineering Comprehensive Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan 030000, P.R. China
| | - Yunli Bai
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemical Engineering Comprehensive Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan 030000, P.R. China
| | - Yanhong Wang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemical Engineering Comprehensive Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan 030000, P.R. China
| | - Zhiyong Hu
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemical Engineering Comprehensive Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan 030000, P.R. China
| | - Kai Fu
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemical Engineering Comprehensive Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan 030000, P.R. China
| | - Wenbing Ma
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemical Engineering Comprehensive Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan 030000, P.R. China
| | - Changchun Yuan
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemical Engineering Comprehensive Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan 030000, P.R. China
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6
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Zeng Z, Zhao Y, Zhang Y. Divergent total syntheses of five illudalane sesquiterpenes and assignment of the absolute configuration. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:4250-4253. [PMID: 30901009 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc00933g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Concise, divergent total syntheses of five bioactive illudalane sesquiterpenes have been achieved. Our synthesis features an intermolecular [2+2+2] cycloaddition, and a lactone-directed aromatic C-H oxygenation to generate a temporary phenolic hydroxyl group which enables regioselective methylation. Furthermore, the absolute configuration of radulactone was assigned by chemical synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixiong Zeng
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, iChEM, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China.
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7
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Liu Y, Merten C, Deska J. Enantioconvergent Biocatalytic Redox Isomerization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:12151-12156. [PMID: 29984878 PMCID: PMC6468324 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201804911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol dehydrogenases can act as powerful catalysts in the preparation of optically pure γ-hydroxy-δ-lactones by means of an enantioconvergent dynamic redox isomerization of readily available Achmatowicz-type pyranones. Imitating the traditionally metal-mediated "borrowing hydrogen" approach to shuffle hydrides across molecular architectures and interconvert functional groups, this chemoinspired and purely biocatalytic interpretation effectively expands the enzymatic toolbox and provides new opportunities in the assembly of multienzyme cascades and tailor-made cellular factories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu‐Chang Liu
- Department of Chemistry & Materials ScienceAalto UniversityKemistintie 102150EspooFinland
| | - Christian Merten
- Organic Chemistry IIRuhr-UniversitätUniversitätsstrasse 15044780BochumGermany
| | - Jan Deska
- Department of Chemistry & Materials ScienceAalto UniversityKemistintie 102150EspooFinland
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Liu YC, Merten C, Deska J. Enantiokonvergente biokatalytische Redoxisomerisierung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201804911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chang Liu
- Department of Chemistry & Materials Science; Aalto-yliopisto; Kemistintie 1 02150 Espoo Finnland
| | - Christian Merten
- Organic Chemistry II, Ruhr-Universität; Universitätsstraße 150 44780 Bochum Deutschland
| | - Jan Deska
- Department of Chemistry & Materials Science; Aalto-yliopisto; Kemistintie 1 02150 Espoo Finnland
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9
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Secondary Metabolites from Higher Fungi. PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS 106 2017; 106:1-201. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-59542-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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10
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Kokubun T, Scott-Brown A, Kite GC, Simmonds MSJ. Protoilludane, Illudane, Illudalane, and Norilludane Sesquiterpenoids from Granulobasidium vellereum. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2016; 79:1698-1701. [PMID: 27227966 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.6b00325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Two new and seven known sesquiterpene compounds were isolated from an agar plate culture of Granulobasidium vellereum, isolated from a log of Ulmus sp. The two new structures were elucidated with spectroscopic methods as an illudalane derivative, granulolactone (1), and a 15-norilludane, granulodione (9). The acaricidal and insecticidal activities of the isolated compounds were examined in vitro against two major horticultural pests, the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae and the glasshouse thrips Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuo Kokubun
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew , Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AB, U.K
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11
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Nord CL, Menkis A, Broberg A. Cytotoxic illudalane sesquiterpenes from the wood-decay fungus Granulobasidium vellereum (Ellis & Cragin) Jülich. Molecules 2014; 19:14195-203. [PMID: 25207719 PMCID: PMC6271737 DOI: 10.3390/molecules190914195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Seven illudalane sesquiterpenes were obtained from the wood decomposing fungus Granulobasidium vellereum: granuloinden A, granuloinden B and dihydrogranuloinden, along with the previously known compounds radulactone, pterosin M, echinolactone A and D. Granuloinden B showed potent cytotoxic activity against the Huh7 and MT4 tumor cell lines (CC50 values of 6.7 and 0.15 µM, respectively), whereas granuloinden A and dihydrogranuloinden had no or moderate activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina L Nord
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7015, Uppsala SE-750 07, Sweden.
| | - Audrius Menkis
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7026, Uppsala SE-750 07, Sweden.
| | - Anders Broberg
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7015, Uppsala SE-750 07, Sweden.
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12
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Shimogaki M, Fujita M, Sugimura T. Enantioselective Oxidation of Alkenylbenzoates Catalyzed by Chiral Hypervalent Iodine(III) To Yield 4-Hydroxyisochroman-1-ones. European J Org Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201300959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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13
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Lipophilic defenses from Alcyonium soft corals of Antarctica. J Chem Ecol 2013; 39:675-85. [PMID: 23536231 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-013-0276-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Revised: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Alcyonacean soft corals lack physical or skeletal defenses and their nematocyst system is weak, leading to the conclusion that soft corals mainly rely on chemistry for protection from predators and microbes. Defensive chemicals of primary and secondary metabolic origin are exuded in the mucus surface layer, explaining the general lack of heavy fouling and predation in corals. In Antarctic ecosystems, where generalist predation is intense and mainly driven by invertebrate consumers, the genus Alcyonium is represented by eight species. Our goal was to investigate the understudied chemical ecology of Antarctic Alcyonium soft corals. We obtained six samples belonging to five species: A. antarcticum, A. grandis, A. haddoni, A. paucilobulatum, and A. roseum, and assessed the lipid-soluble fractions for the presence of defensive agents in these specimens. Ethyl ether extracts were tested in feeding bioassays with the sea star Odontaster validus and the amphipod Cheirimedon femoratus as putative sympatric predators. Repellent activities were observed towards both consumers in all but one of the samples assessed. Moreover, three of the extracts caused inhibition to a sympatric marine bacterium. The ether extracts afforded characteristic illudalane sesquiterpenoids in two of the samples, as well as particular wax esters subfractions in all the colonies analyzed. Both kinds of metabolites displayed significant deterrent activities demonstrating their likely defensive role. These results suggest that lipophilic chemicals are a first line protection strategy in Antarctic Alcyonium soft corals against predation and bacterial fouling.
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Isaka M, Srisanoh U, Sappan M, Supothina S, Boonpratuang T. Sterostreins F-O, illudalanes and norilludalanes from cultures of the Basidiomycete Stereum ostrea BCC 22955. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2012; 79:116-120. [PMID: 22595359 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2012.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Revised: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Sterostreins F-O (1-10), 10 illudalanes and norilludalanes, were isolated from cultures of the Basidiomycete Stereum ostrea BCC 22955. Their structures were elucidated by analyses of the NMR spectroscopic and mass spectrometry data. Sterostreins M (8), N (9), and O (10) are pyridine-containing illudalanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Isaka
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), 113 Thailand Science Park, Phaholyothin Road, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand.
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Isaka M, Srisanoh U, Choowong W, Boonpratuang T. Sterostreins A-E, new terpenoids from cultures of the Basidiomycete Stereum ostrea BCC 22955. Org Lett 2011; 13:4886-9. [PMID: 21848293 DOI: 10.1021/ol2019778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sterostreins A-E (1, 2, 3a/3b, 4, and 5), five novel terpenoids, were isolated from cultures of the mushroom fungus Stereum ostrea BCC 22955. Sterostrein A (1) exhibited antimalarial activity (IC(50) 2.3 μg/mL) and cytotoxicity (IC(50) 5.3-38 μg/mL).
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Isaka
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), 113 Thailand Science Park, Phaholyothin Road, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand.
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Carbone M, Núñez-Pons L, Castelluccio F, Avila C, Gavagnin M. Illudalane sesquiterpenoids of the alcyopterosin series from the Antarctic marine soft coral Alcyonium grandis. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2009; 72:1357-1360. [PMID: 19432441 DOI: 10.1021/np900162t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Chemical investigation of the lipophilic extract of the Antarctic soft coral Alcyonium grandis led us to the finding of nine unreported sesquiterpenoids, 2-10. These molecules are members of the illudalane class and in particular belong to the group of alcyopterosins, illudalanes isolated from marine organisms. The structures of 2-10 were determined by interpretation of spectroscopic data. Repellency experiments conducted using the omnivorous Antarctic sea star Odontaster validus revealed a strong activity in the lipophilic extract of A. grandis against predation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Carbone
- Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Via Campi Flegrei 34, I 80078-Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
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Abstract
This review covers the isolation, structural determination, synthesis and chemical and microbiological transformations of natural sesquiterpenoids. The literature from January to December 2005 is reviewed,and 386 references are cited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braulio M Fraga
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología, CSIC, 38206, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain.
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