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Stief L, Speicher A. Setup of 4‐Prenylated Quinolines through Suzuki‐Miyaura Coupling for the Synthesis of Aurachins A and B. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202100884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Stief
- FB VI Environmental Toxicology Trier University D-54296 Trier Germany
| | - Andreas Speicher
- FR Chemistry – Organic Chemistry Saarland University D-66041 Saarbrücken Germany
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Reiter S, Cahn JKB, Wiebach V, Ueoka R, Piel J. Characterization of an Orphan Type III Polyketide Synthase Conserved in Uncultivated "Entotheonella" Sponge Symbionts. Chembiochem 2019; 21:564-571. [PMID: 31430416 PMCID: PMC7064976 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Uncultivated bacterial symbionts from the candidate genus "Entotheonella" have been shown to produce diverse natural products previously attributed to their sponge hosts. In addition to these known compounds, "Entotheonella" genomes contain rich sets of biosynthetic gene clusters that lack identified natural products. Among these is a small type III polyketide synthase (PKS) cluster, one of only three clusters present in all known "Entotheonella" genomes. This conserved "Entotheonella" PKS (cep) cluster encodes the type III PKS CepA and the putative methyltransferase CepB. Herein, the characterization of CepA as an enzyme involved in phenolic lipid biosynthesis is reported. In vitro analysis showed a specificity for alkyl starter substrates and the production of tri- and tetraketide pyrones and tetraketide resorcinols. The conserved distribution of the cep cluster suggests an important role for the phenolic lipid polyketides produced in "Entotheonella" variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Reiter
- Department of Microbiology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland.,Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Jackson K B Cahn
- Department of Microbiology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Wiebach
- Department of Microbiology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Reiko Ueoka
- Department of Microbiology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jörn Piel
- Department of Microbiology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
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3
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Getsin I, Nalbandian GH, Yee DC, Vastermark A, Paparoditis PCG, Reddy VS, Saier MH. Comparative genomics of transport proteins in developmental bacteria: Myxococcus xanthus and Streptomyces coelicolor. BMC Microbiol 2013; 13:279. [PMID: 24304716 PMCID: PMC3924187 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-13-279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Two of the largest fully sequenced prokaryotic genomes are those of the actinobacterium, Streptomyces coelicolor (Sco), and the δ-proteobacterium, Myxococcus xanthus (Mxa), both differentiating, sporulating, antibiotic producing, soil microbes. Although the genomes of Sco and Mxa are the same size (~9 Mbp), Sco has 10% more genes that are on average 10% smaller than those in Mxa. Results Surprisingly, Sco has 93% more identifiable transport proteins than Mxa. This is because Sco has amplified several specific types of its transport protein genes, while Mxa has done so to a much lesser extent. Amplification is substrate- and family-specific. For example, Sco but not Mxa has amplified its voltage-gated ion channels but not its aquaporins and mechano-sensitive channels. Sco but not Mxa has also amplified drug efflux pumps of the DHA2 Family of the Major Facilitator Superfamily (MFS) (49 versus 6), amino acid transporters of the APC Family (17 versus 2), ABC-type sugar transport proteins (85 versus 6), and organic anion transporters of several families. Sco has not amplified most other types of transporters. Mxa has selectively amplified one family of macrolid exporters relative to Sco (16 versus 1), consistent with the observation that Mxa makes more macrolids than does Sco. Conclusions Except for electron transport carriers, there is a poor correlation between the types of transporters found in these two organisms, suggesting that their solutions to differentiative and metabolic needs evolved independently. A number of unexpected and surprising observations are presented, and predictions are made regarding the physiological functions of recognizable transporters as well as the existence of yet to be discovered transport systems in these two important model organisms and their relatives. The results provide insight into the evolutionary processes by which two dissimilar prokaryotes evolved complexity, particularly through selective chromosomal gene amplification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Milton H Saier
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA.
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Synthesis of aurachin D and isoprenoid analogues from the myxobacterium Stigmatella aurantiaca. Tetrahedron Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2013.09.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Yu D, Xu F, Zeng J, Zhan J. Type III polyketide synthases in natural product biosynthesis. IUBMB Life 2012; 64:285-95. [DOI: 10.1002/iub.1005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Yang F, Cao Y. Biosynthesis of phloroglucinol compounds in microorganisms--review. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 93:487-95. [PMID: 22101786 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3712-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Revised: 10/23/2011] [Accepted: 11/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Phloroglucinol derivatives are a major class of secondary metabolites of wide occurrence in biological systems. In the bacteria kingdom, these compounds can only be synthesized by some species of Pseudomonads. Pseudomonas spp. could produce 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (DAPG) that plays an important role in the biological control of many plant pathogens. In this review, we summarize knowledge about synthesis of phloroglucinol compounds based on the DAPG biosynthetic pathway. Recent advances that have been made in understanding phloroglucinol compound biosynthesis and regulation are highlighted. From these studies, researchers have identified the biosynthesis pathway of DAPG. Most of the genes involved in the biosynthesis pathway have been cloned and characterized. Additionally, heterologous systems of the model microorganism Escherichia coli are constructed to produce phloroglucinol. Although further work is still required, a full understanding of phloroglucinol compound biosynthesis is almost within reach. This review also suggests new directions and attempts to gain some insights for better understanding of the biosynthesis and regulation of DAPG. The combination of traditional biochemistry and molecular biology with new systems biology and synthetic biology tools will provide a better view of phloroglucinol compound biosynthesis and a greater potential of microbial production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Yang
- Ningbo Institute of Material Technology & Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 315201, Ningbo, China
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Hayashi T, Kitamura Y, Funa N, Ohnishi Y, Horinouchi S. Fatty Acyl-AMP Ligase Involvement in the Production of Alkylresorcylic Acid by a Myxococcus xanthus Type III Polyketide Synthase. Chembiochem 2011; 12:2166-76. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201100344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Pistorius D, Li Y, Mann S, Müller R. Unprecedented Anthranilate Priming Involving Two Enzymes of the Acyl Adenylating Superfamily in Aurachin Biosynthesis. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:12362-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ja203653w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Pistorius
- Helmholtz-Institut für Pharmazeutische Forschung Saarland, Helmholtz Zentrum für Infektionsforschung Braunschweig and Pharmazeutische Biotechnologie, Universität des Saarlandes, Postfach 151150, 66041 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Yanyan Li
- Helmholtz-Institut für Pharmazeutische Forschung Saarland, Helmholtz Zentrum für Infektionsforschung Braunschweig and Pharmazeutische Biotechnologie, Universität des Saarlandes, Postfach 151150, 66041 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Stéphane Mann
- Chimie ParisTech, ENSCP, Laboratoire Charles Friedel, UMR 7223-CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Rolf Müller
- Helmholtz-Institut für Pharmazeutische Forschung Saarland, Helmholtz Zentrum für Infektionsforschung Braunschweig and Pharmazeutische Biotechnologie, Universität des Saarlandes, Postfach 151150, 66041 Saarbrücken, Germany
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Parveen N, Cornell KA. Methylthioadenosine/S-adenosylhomocysteine nucleosidase, a critical enzyme for bacterial metabolism. Mol Microbiol 2010; 79:7-20. [PMID: 21166890 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2010.07455.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The importance of methylthioadenosine/S-adenosylhomocysteine (MTA/SAH) nucleosidase in bacteria has started to be appreciated only in the past decade. A comprehensive analysis of its various roles here demonstrates that it is an integral component of the activated methyl cycle, which recycles adenine and methionine through S-adenosylmethionine (SAM)-mediated methylation reactions, and also produces the universal quorum-sensing signal, autoinducer-2 (AI-2). SAM is also essential for synthesis of polyamines, N-acylhomoserine lactone (autoinducer-1), and production of vitamins and other biomolecules formed by SAM radical reactions. MTA, SAH and 5'-deoxyadenosine (5'dADO) are product inhibitors of these reactions, and are substrates of MTA/SAH nucleosidase, underscoring its importance in a wide array of metabolic reactions. Inhibition of this enzyme by certain substrate analogues also limits synthesis of autoinducers and hence causes reduction in biofilm formation and may attenuate virulence. Interestingly, the inhibitors of MTA/SAH nucleosidase are very effective against the Lyme disease causing spirochaete, Borrelia burgdorferi, which uniquely expresses three homologous functional enzymes. These results indicate that inhibition of this enzyme can affect growth of different bacteria by affecting different mechanisms. Therefore, new inhibitors are currently being explored for development of potential novel broad-spectrum antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhat Parveen
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, 225 Warren Street, Newark, NJ 07103-3535, USA.
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Kellmann R, Stüken A, Orr RJS, Svendsen HM, Jakobsen KS. Biosynthesis and molecular genetics of polyketides in marine dinoflagellates. Mar Drugs 2010; 8:1011-48. [PMID: 20479965 PMCID: PMC2866473 DOI: 10.3390/md8041011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2010] [Revised: 03/17/2010] [Accepted: 03/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine dinoflagellates are the single most important group of algae that produce toxins, which have a global impact on human activities. The toxins are chemically diverse, and include macrolides, cyclic polyethers, spirolides and purine alkaloids. Whereas there is a multitude of studies describing the pharmacology of these toxins, there is limited or no knowledge regarding the biochemistry and molecular genetics involved in their biosynthesis. Recently, however, exciting advances have been made. Expressed sequence tag sequencing studies have revealed important insights into the transcriptomes of dinoflagellates, whereas other studies have implicated polyketide synthase genes in the biosynthesis of cyclic polyether toxins, and the molecular genetic basis for the biosynthesis of paralytic shellfish toxins has been elucidated in cyanobacteria. This review summarises the recent progress that has been made regarding the unusual genomes of dinoflagellates, the biosynthesis and molecular genetics of dinoflagellate toxins. In addition, the evolution of these metabolic pathways will be discussed, and an outlook for future research and possible applications is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Kellmann
- University of Bergen, Department of Molecular Biology, 5020 Bergen, Norway; E-Mail:
| | - Anke Stüken
- University of Oslo, Department of Biology, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), 0316 Oslo, Norway; E-Mails:
(A.S.);
(K.S.J.)
- University of Oslo, Department of Biology, Microbial Evolution Research Group (MERG), 0316 Oslo, Norway; E-Mail:
| | - Russell J. S. Orr
- University of Oslo, Department of Biology, Microbial Evolution Research Group (MERG), 0316 Oslo, Norway; E-Mail:
| | - Helene M. Svendsen
- University of Bergen, Department of Molecular Biology, 5020 Bergen, Norway; E-Mail:
| | - Kjetill S. Jakobsen
- University of Oslo, Department of Biology, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), 0316 Oslo, Norway; E-Mails:
(A.S.);
(K.S.J.)
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Wenzel SC, Müller R. The impact of genomics on the exploitation of the myxobacterial secondary metabolome. Nat Prod Rep 2009; 26:1385-407. [DOI: 10.1039/b817073h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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