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Wen J, Okyere SK, Wang S, Wang J, Huang R, Tang Z, Wang X, Shao C, Hu Y. Antibacterial Activity and Multi-Targeted Mechanism of Action of Suberanilic Acid Isolated from Pestalotiopsis trachycarpicola DCL44: An Endophytic Fungi from Ageratina adenophora. Molecules 2024; 29:4205. [PMID: 39275053 PMCID: PMC11396930 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29174205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2024] [Revised: 08/30/2024] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a highly threatening foodborne pathogen capable of causing severe organ and life-threatening diseases. Over the past years, various commercial antibiotics have been used to treat MRSA infections. However, these commercial antibiotics have not yielded efficient results and also cause other side effects; therefore, there is a need for the development of effective alternatives to replace these commercial antibiotics. Suberanilic acid, an amide alkaloid obtained from the endophytic fungus Pestalotiopsis trachycarpicola DCL44, has been identified as a significant antimicrobial agent. However, its antibiotic properties on multi-drug-resistant bacteria such as MRSA have not been fully explored. Therefore, to investigate the potential antimicrobial mechanism of suberanilic acid against MRSA, a quantitative proteomics approach using tandem mass tagging (TMT) was used. The results obtained in the study revealed that suberanilic acid targets multiple pathways in MRSA, including disruption of ribosome synthesis, inhibition of membrane translocation for nutrient uptake (ABC transporter system), and causing dysregulation of carbohydrate and amino acid energy metabolism. These results provide new insights into the mechanism of action of suberanilic acid against MRSA and offer technical support and a theoretical basis for the development of novel food antimicrobial agents derived from endophytic fungal origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- College of Animal Science, Xichang University, Xichang 615013, China
| | - Samuel Kumi Okyere
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Shu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jianchen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Ruya Huang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Ziyao Tang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Chenyang Shao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yanchun Hu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
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Majidi M, Mirjalili MH, Farzaneh M, Rezadoost H. Fungal endophytes Fusarium solani SGGF14 and Alternaria tenuissima SGGF21 enhance the glycyrrhizin production by modulating its key biosynthetic genes in licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.). J Appl Microbiol 2024; 135:lxae199. [PMID: 39182158 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxae199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
AIMS To identify promising fungal endophytes that are able to produce glycyrrhizin and enhance it in licorice and the mechanisms involved. METHODS AND RESULTS Fifteen fungal endophytes were isolated from Glycyrrhiza glabra L. rhizomes among which SGGF14 and SGGF21 isolates were found to produce glycyrrhizin by 4.29 and 2.58 µg g-1 dry weight in the first generation of their culture. These isolates were identified as Fusarium solani and Alternaria tenuissima, respectively, based on morphological characteristics and sequence analysis of internal transcribed spacer, TEF1, ATPase, and CAL regions. Subsequently, G. glabra plants were inoculated with these fungal isolates to examine their effect on glycyrrhizin production, plant growth parameters and the expression of key genes involved in glycyrrhizin pathway: SQS1, SQS2, bAS, CAS, LUS, CYP88D6, and CYP72A154. Endophytes were able to enhance glycyrrhizin content by 133%-171% in the plants. Natural control (NC) plants, harboring all natural endophytes, had better growth compared to SGGF14- and SGGF21-inoculated and endophyte-free (EF) plants. Expression of SQS1, SQS2, CYP88D6, and CYP72A154 was upregulated by inoculation with endophytes. LUS and CAS were downregulated after endophyte inoculation. Expression of bAS was higher in SGGF21-inoculated plants when compared with NC, EF, and SGGF14-inoculated plants. CONCLUSIONS Two selected fungal endophytes of G. glabra can produce glycyrrhizin and enhance glycyrrhizin content in planta by modulating the expression of key genes in glycyrrhizin biosynthetic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Majidi
- Department of Agriculture, Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, 1983969411 Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Mirjalili
- Department of Agriculture, Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, 1983969411 Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Farzaneh
- Department of Agriculture, Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, 1983969411 Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Rezadoost
- Department of Phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, 1983969411 Tehran, Iran
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Santos Gusmão A, Silva Conceição JC, Moreira de Queiros Santos S, Lima Sampaio Pereira C, Siqueira de Almeida Chaves D, de Jesus Nicácio K, Aparecida Chagas-Paula D, de Oliveira Silva E. Untargeted Metabolomic to Access Chemical Differences Induced by Dual Endophyte Cultures Isolated from Euphorbia Umbellata. Chem Biodivers 2024; 21:e202400395. [PMID: 38623912 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202400395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Endophytic fungi live asymptomatically inside vegetal tissues, and such uncommon habitat contributes to their exceptional chemical diversity. Isolating natural products from endophytic fungi could fail due to silent biosynthetic gene clusters under ordinary in vitro culture conditions, and co-culturing has been assayed to trigger their metabolism. We carried out single and dual cultures with 13 endophyte strains isolated from Euphorbia umbellata leaves. Multivariate statistics applied to untargeted metabolomics compared the chemical profiles of all endophyte cultures. PCA analysis guided the selection of the Aspergillus pseudonomiae J1 - Porogramme brasiliensis J9 dual culture for its most significant chemical differentiation: Five compounds were putatively annotated in the J1-J9 culture according to UHPLC-HRMS data, kojic acid, haliclonol and its diastereoisomer, caffeic acid, and 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetaldehyde. Analysis by PLS-DA using VIP score showed that kojic acid displayed the most significative importance in discriminating single and dual J1-J9 cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Santos Gusmão
- Departament of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, 40170-115, Brazil
| | - João Carlos Silva Conceição
- Departament of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, 40170-115, Brazil
| | | | - Cecilia Lima Sampaio Pereira
- Departament of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, 40170-115, Brazil
| | - Douglas Siqueira de Almeida Chaves
- Pharmaceutical Science Department, Health and Biological Science Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, 23897-000, Brazil
| | | | | | - Eliane de Oliveira Silva
- Departament of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, 40170-115, Brazil
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Zhao S, Jing Z. New pimarane diterpenoids with antibacterial activity from fungus Arthrinium sp. ZS03. Chin J Nat Med 2024; 22:356-364. [PMID: 38658098 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(24)60629-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
A comprehensive chemical study of the endophytic fungus Arthrinium sp. ZS03, associated with Acorus tatarinowii Schott, yielded eleven pimarane diterpenoids (compounds 1-11), including seven novel compounds designated arthrinoids A-G (1-7). The determination of their structures and absolute configurations was achieved through extensive spectroscopic techniques, quantum chemical calculations of electronic circular dichroism (ECD), and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Furthermore, 7 demonstrated inhibitory activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae, comparable to the reference antibiotic amikacin, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 8 μg·mL-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songfeng Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Ziwei Jing
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China.
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Sonowal S, Gogoi U, Buragohain K, Nath R. Endophytic fungi as a potential source of anti-cancer drug. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:122. [PMID: 38407579 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-024-03829-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Endophytes are considered one of the major sources of bioactive compounds used in different aspects of health care including cancer treatment. When colonized, they either synthesize these bioactive compounds as a part of their secondary metabolite production or augment the host plant machinery in synthesising such bioactive compounds. Hence, the study of endophytes has drawn the attention of the scientific community in the last few decades. Among the endophytes, endophytic fungi constitute a major portion of endophytic microbiota. This review deals with a plethora of anti-cancer compounds derived from endophytic fungi, highlighting alkaloids, lignans, terpenes, polyketides, polyphenols, quinones, xanthenes, tetralones, peptides, and spirobisnaphthalenes. Further, this review emphasizes modern methodologies, particularly omics-based techniques, asymmetric dihydroxylation, and biotic elicitors, showcasing the dynamic and evolving landscape of research in this field and describing the potential of endophytic fungi as a source of anticancer drugs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukanya Sonowal
- Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam, 786004, India
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam, 786004, India
| | - Urvashee Gogoi
- Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam, 786004, India
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam, 786004, India
| | - Kabyashree Buragohain
- Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam, 786004, India
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam, 786004, India
| | - Ratul Nath
- Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam, 786004, India.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam, 786004, India.
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Toppo P, Jangir P, Mehra N, Kapoor R, Mathur P. Bioprospecting of endophytic fungi from medicinal plant Anisomeles indica L. for their diverse role in agricultural and industrial sectors. Sci Rep 2024; 14:588. [PMID: 38182714 PMCID: PMC10770348 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-51057-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Endophytes are microorganisms that inhabit various plant parts and cause no damage to the host plants. During the last few years, a number of novel endophytic fungi have been isolated and identified from medicinal plants and were found to be utilized as bio-stimulants and bio fertilizers. In lieu of this, the present study aims to isolate and identify endophytic fungi associated with the leaves of Anisomeles indica L. an important medicinal plant of the Terai-Duars region of West Bengal. A total of ten endophytic fungi were isolated from the leaves of A. indica and five were identified using ITS1/ITS4 sequencing based on their ability for plant growth promotion, secondary metabolite production, and extracellular enzyme production. Endophytic fungal isolates were identified as Colletotrichum yulongense Ai1, Colletotrichum cobbittiense Ai2, Colletotrichum alienum Ai2.1, Colletotrichum cobbittiense Ai3, and Fusarium equiseti. Five isolates tested positive for their plant growth promotion potential, while isolates Ai4. Ai1, Ai2, and Ai2.1 showed significant production of secondary metabolites viz. alkaloids, phenolics, flavonoids, saponins, etc. Isolate Ai2 showed maximum total phenolic concentration (25.98 mg g-1), while isolate Ai4 showed maximum total flavonoid concentration (20.10 mg g-1). Significant results were observed for the production of extracellular enzymes such as cellulases, amylases, laccases, lipases, etc. The isolates significantly influenced the seed germination percentage of tomato seedlings and augmented their growth and development under in vitro assay. The present work comprehensively tested these isolates and ascertained their huge application for the commercial utilization of these isolates both in the agricultural and industrial sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabha Toppo
- Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of North Bengal, Rajarammohunpur, Dist. Darjeeling, West Bengal, 734013, India
| | - Pooja Jangir
- Plant-Fungus Interactions Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Namita Mehra
- Plant-Fungus Interactions Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Rupam Kapoor
- Plant-Fungus Interactions Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Piyush Mathur
- Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of North Bengal, Rajarammohunpur, Dist. Darjeeling, West Bengal, 734013, India.
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Scott K, Konkel Z, Gluck-Thaler E, Valero David GE, Simmt CF, Grootmyers D, Chaverri P, Slot J. Endophyte genomes support greater metabolic gene cluster diversity compared with non-endophytes in Trichoderma. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0289280. [PMID: 38127903 PMCID: PMC10735191 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0289280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichoderma is a cosmopolitan genus with diverse lifestyles and nutritional modes, including mycotrophy, saprophytism, and endophytism. Previous research has reported greater metabolic gene repertoires in endophytic fungal species compared to closely-related non-endophytes. However, the extent of this ecological trend and its underlying mechanisms are unclear. Some endophytic fungi may also be mycotrophs and have one or more mycoparasitism mechanisms. Mycotrophic endophytes are prominent in certain genera like Trichoderma, therefore, the mechanisms that enable these fungi to colonize both living plants and fungi may be the result of expanded metabolic gene repertoires. Our objective was to determine what, if any, genomic features are overrepresented in endophytic fungi genomes in order to undercover the genomic underpinning of the fungal endophytic lifestyle. Here we compared metabolic gene cluster and mycoparasitism gene diversity across a dataset of thirty-eight Trichoderma genomes representing the full breadth of environmental Trichoderma's diverse lifestyles and nutritional modes. We generated four new Trichoderma endophyticum genomes to improve the sampling of endophytic isolates from this genus. As predicted, endophytic Trichoderma genomes contained, on average, more total biosynthetic and degradative gene clusters than non-endophytic isolates, suggesting that the ability to create/modify a diversity of metabolites potential is beneficial or necessary to the endophytic fungi. Still, once the phylogenetic signal was taken in consideration, no particular class of metabolic gene cluster was independently associated with the Trichoderma endophytic lifestyle. Several mycoparasitism genes, but no chitinase genes, were associated with endophytic Trichoderma genomes. Most genomic differences between Trichoderma lifestyles and nutritional modes are difficult to disentangle from phylogenetic divergences among species, suggesting that Trichoderma genomes maybe particularly well-equipped for lifestyle plasticity. We also consider the role of endophytism in diversifying secondary metabolism after identifying the horizontal transfer of the ergot alkaloid gene cluster to Trichoderma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey Scott
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Zachary Konkel
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
- Center for Applied Plant Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Emile Gluck-Thaler
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Genetics, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | - Coralie Farinas Simmt
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Django Grootmyers
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States of America
| | - Priscila Chaverri
- Department of Natural Sciences, Bowie State University, Bowie, MD, United States of America
- School of Biology and Natural Products Research Center (CIPRONA), University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Jason Slot
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
- Center for Psychedelic Drug Research and Education, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
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Pellissier L, Gaudry A, Vilette S, Lecoultre N, Rutz A, Allard PM, Marcourt L, Ferreira Queiroz E, Chave J, Eparvier V, Stien D, Gindro K, Wolfender JL. Comparative metabolomic study of fungal foliar endophytes and their long-lived host Astrocaryum sciophilum: a model for exploring the chemodiversity of host-microbe interactions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1278745. [PMID: 38186589 PMCID: PMC10768666 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1278745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Introduction In contrast to the dynamics observed in plant/pathogen interactions, endophytic fungi have the capacity to establish enduring associations within their hosts, leading to the development of a mutually beneficial relationship that relies on specialized chemical interactions. Research indicates that the presence of endophytic fungi has the ability to significantly modify the chemical makeup of the host organism. Our hypothesis proposes the existence of a reciprocal exchange of chemical signals between plants and fungi, facilitated by specialized chemical processes that could potentially manifest within the tissues of the host. This research aimed to precisely quantify the portion of the cumulative fungal endophytic community's metabolome detectable within host leaves, and tentatively evaluate its relevance to the host-endophyte interplay. The understory palm Astrocaryum sciophilum (Miq.) Pulle was used as a interesting host plant because of its notable resilience and prolonged life cycle, in a tropical ecosystem. Method Using advanced metabolome characterization, including UHPLC-HRMS/MS and molecular networking, the study explored enriched metabolomes of both host leaves and 15 endophytic fungi. The intention was to capture a metabolomic "snapshot" of both host and endophytic community, to achieve a thorough and detailed analysis. Results and discussion This approach yielded an extended MS-based molecular network, integrating diverse metadata for identifying host- and endophyte-derived metabolites. The exploration of such data (>24000 features in positive ionization mode) enabled effective metabolome comparison, yielding insights into cultivable endophyte chemodiversity and occurrence of common metabolites between the holobiont and its fungal communities. Surprisingly, a minor subset of features overlapped between host leaf and fungal samples despite significant plant metabolome enrichment. This indicated that fungal metabolic signatures produced in vitro remain sparingly detectable in the leaf. Several classes of primary metabolites were possibly shared. Specific fungal metabolites and/or compounds of their chemical classes were only occasionally discernible in the leaf, highlighting endophytes partial contribution to the overall holobiont metabolome. To our knowledge, the metabolomic study of a plant host and its microbiome has rarely been performed in such a comprehensive manner. The general analytical strategy proposed in this paper seems well-adapted for any study in the field of microbial- or microbiome-related MS and can be applied to most host-microbe interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Pellissier
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Centre Médical Universitaire (CMU), Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Centre Médical Universitaire (CMU), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Arnaud Gaudry
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Centre Médical Universitaire (CMU), Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Centre Médical Universitaire (CMU), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Salomé Vilette
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Centre Médical Universitaire (CMU), Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Centre Médical Universitaire (CMU), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Lecoultre
- Mycology Group, Research Department Plant Protection, Agroscope, Nyon, Switzerland
| | - Adriano Rutz
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Centre Médical Universitaire (CMU), Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Centre Médical Universitaire (CMU), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pierre-Marie Allard
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Centre Médical Universitaire (CMU), Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Centre Médical Universitaire (CMU), Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Laurence Marcourt
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Centre Médical Universitaire (CMU), Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Centre Médical Universitaire (CMU), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Emerson Ferreira Queiroz
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Centre Médical Universitaire (CMU), Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Centre Médical Universitaire (CMU), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jérôme Chave
- Laboratoire Evolution et diversité Biologique (Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5174), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Toulouse III (UT3), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Université Toulouse 3, Toulouse, France
| | - Véronique Eparvier
- Université Paris-Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Didier Stien
- Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Microbiennes, Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Biotechnologies Microbiennes (LBBM), Observatoire Océanologique, Banyuls-Sur-Mer, France
| | - Katia Gindro
- Mycology Group, Research Department Plant Protection, Agroscope, Nyon, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Luc Wolfender
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Centre Médical Universitaire (CMU), Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Centre Médical Universitaire (CMU), Geneva, Switzerland
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Du L, Haldar S, King JB, Mattes AO, Srivastava S, Wendt KL, You J, Cunningham C, Cichewicz RH. Persephacin Is a Broad-Spectrum Antifungal Aureobasidin Metabolite That Overcomes Intrinsic Resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2023; 86:1980-1993. [PMID: 37523665 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.3c00382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Fungi pose a persistent threat to humankind with worrying indications that emerging and re-emerging pathogens (e.g., Candida auris, Coccidioides spp., drug-resistant Aspergilli, and more) exhibit resistance to the limited number of approved antifungals. To address this problem, our team is exploring endophytic fungi as a resource for the discovery of new antifungal natural products. The rationale behind this decision is based on evidence that endophytes engage with plants in mutualistic relationships wherein some fungi actively participate by producing chemical defense measures that suppress pathogenic microorganisms. To improve the odds of bioactive metabolite discovery, we developed a new hands-free laser-cutting system capable of generating >50 plant samples per minute that, in turn, enabled our team to prepare and screen large numbers of endophytic fungi. One of the fungal isolates obtained in this way was identified as an Elsinoë sp. that produced a unique aureobasidin analogue, persephacin (1). Some distinctive features of 1 are the absence of both phenylalanine residues combined with the incorporation of a novel amino acid residue, persephanine (9). Compound 1 exhibits potent antifungal effects against a large number of pathogenic yeast (including several clinical C. auris strains), as well as phylogenetically diverse filamentous fungi (e.g., Aspergillus fumigatus). In an ex vivo eye infection model, compound 1 outperformed standard-of-care treatments demonstrating the ability to suppress fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans and A. fumigatus at a concentration (0.1% solution) well below the clinically recommended levels used for fluconazole and natamycin (2% and 5% solutions, respectively). In 3D tissue models for acute dermal and ocular safety, 1 was found to be nontoxic and nonirritating at concentrations required to elicit antifungal activity. Natural product 1 appears to be a promising candidate for further investigation as a broad-spectrum antifungal capable of controlling a range of pathogens that negatively impact human, animal, and plant health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Du
- Natural Products Discovery Group, Institute for Natural Products Applications and Research Technologies, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Saikat Haldar
- Natural Products Discovery Group, Institute for Natural Products Applications and Research Technologies, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Jarrod B King
- Natural Products Discovery Group, Institute for Natural Products Applications and Research Technologies, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Allison O Mattes
- Natural Products Discovery Group, Institute for Natural Products Applications and Research Technologies, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Shikha Srivastava
- Natural Products Discovery Group, Institute for Natural Products Applications and Research Technologies, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Karen L Wendt
- Natural Products Discovery Group, Institute for Natural Products Applications and Research Technologies, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Jianlan You
- Natural Products Discovery Group, Institute for Natural Products Applications and Research Technologies, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Chad Cunningham
- Electronics & Instrument Shop, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Nielsen Hall, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Robert H Cichewicz
- Natural Products Discovery Group, Institute for Natural Products Applications and Research Technologies, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
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10
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Gupta A, Meshram V, Gupta M, Goyal S, Qureshi KA, Jaremko M, Shukla KK. Fungal Endophytes: Microfactories of Novel Bioactive Compounds with Therapeutic Interventions; A Comprehensive Review on the Biotechnological Developments in the Field of Fungal Endophytic Biology over the Last Decade. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1038. [PMID: 37509074 PMCID: PMC10377637 DOI: 10.3390/biom13071038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The seminal discovery of paclitaxel from endophytic fungus Taxomyces andreanae was a milestone in recognizing the immense potential of endophytic fungi as prolific producers of bioactive secondary metabolites of use in medicine, agriculture, and food industries. Following the discovery of paclitaxel, the research community has intensified efforts to harness endophytic fungi as putative producers of lead molecules with anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, cardio-protective, and immunomodulatory properties. Endophytic fungi have been a valuable source of bioactive compounds over the last three decades. Compounds such as taxol, podophyllotoxin, huperzine, camptothecin, and resveratrol have been effectively isolated and characterized after extraction from endophytic fungi. These findings have expanded the applications of endophytic fungi in medicine and related fields. In the present review, we systematically compile and analyze several important compounds derived from endophytic fungi, encompassing the period from 2011 to 2022. Our systematic approach focuses on elucidating the origins of endophytic fungi, exploring the structural diversity and biological activities exhibited by these compounds, and giving special emphasis to the pharmacological activities and mechanism of action of certain compounds. We highlight the tremendous potential of endophytic fungi as alternate sources of bioactive metabolites, with implications for combating major global diseases. This underscores the significant role that fungi can play in the discovery and development of novel therapeutic agents that address the challenges posed by prevalent diseases worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Gupta
- School of Studies in Biotechnology, Pandit Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur 492010, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Vineet Meshram
- School of Studies in Biotechnology, Pandit Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur 492010, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Mahiti Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana 133207, Haryana, India
| | - Soniya Goyal
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana 133207, Haryana, India
| | - Kamal Ahmad Qureshi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Unaizah 51911, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mariusz Jaremko
- Smart-Health Initiative (SHI) and Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kamlesh Kumar Shukla
- School of Studies in Biotechnology, Pandit Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur 492010, Chhattisgarh, India
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Edet ML, Hemalatha S. Identification of natural CTXM-15 inhibitors from aqueous extract of endophytic bacteria Cronobactersakazaki. Braz J Microbiol 2023; 54:827-839. [PMID: 36899290 PMCID: PMC10234978 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-00945-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Nyctanthes arbor-tristis is one of India's valuable and populous medicinal plants which belongs to the family Oleaceae, and widely recognize as night jasmine. Over the years till date, different parts of the plant are used to treat or cure different ailments via various means of traditional medicine. Endophytes are organisms that live in the cell or body of other organisms with no apparent negative impact on the host which they inhabit and are of great source of novel bioactive compounds possessing important economic value. Secondary metabolites were identified in the aqueous extract of Cronobactersakazakii through quantitative phytochemical and GC-MS analysis. Antibacterial activity of the extract against clinical and ATCC strains of E. coli was assessed. Biological activity spectra of these compounds were predicted and categorized either as probably active (Pa) or probably inactive (Pi). Drug-likeness of bioactive compounds was determined as well as their ability to target protein (CTXM-15) responsible for antibiotic resistance in Gram-negative bacteria. Results revealed the presence of active compounds with pharmacological activities and considerable pharmacokinetics parameters. In addition, ligand-protein interactions of compounds with CTXM-15 proteins were identified. These results suggest that bioactive compounds of endophytic Cronobactersakazakii could contain novel chemical entities for the development of antibiotics against pathogenic microbes and other drugs for the amelioration of several infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Love Edet
- School of Life Sciences, B. S Abdul Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology, Vandalur, Chennai, India
| | - S Hemalatha
- School of Life Sciences, B. S Abdul Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology, Vandalur, Chennai, India.
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12
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Bhunjun CS, Phukhamsakda C, Hyde KD, McKenzie EHC, Saxena RK, Li Q. Do all fungi have ancestors with endophytic lifestyles? FUNGAL DIVERS 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s13225-023-00516-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
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13
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Ashoka GB, Shivanna MB. Metabolite profiling, in vitro and in silico assessment of antibacterial and anticancer activities of Alternaria alternata endophytic in Jatropha heynei. Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:61. [PMID: 36625985 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-03388-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Fungal endophytes produce a range of structurally diverse metabolites with bioactive principles. In this study, an endophytic fungus Alternaria alternata was isolated from Jatropha heynei and cultured in potato dextrose liquid broth. Culture filtrate of A. alternata was extracted in ethyl acetate and metabolites were characterized by QTOF-HRLCMS. Among compounds detected, spectral compounds such as kigelinone, and levofuraltadone were reported with antibacterial property, while 2-hydroxychrasophanol, isoathyriol, glycophymoline, columbianetin and kaempferol 3-O-β-D- galactoside were reported with cytotoxic properties. Partially purified metabolites of A. alternata showed significant antibacterial activity against tested clinical bacterial strains by agar well diffusion method. High zone of inhibition was recorded against Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas syringae and Klebsiella pneumoniae. In vitro anticancer activity of fungal extract by MTT assay displayed high cytotoxic effect on human lung carcinoma cancer cell line (A549) with IC50 value of 393.52 µg ml-1, and without any significant cytotoxic effect on human breast cancer cell line (MCF-7). Further, antibacterial and anticancer spectral compounds of A. alternata were subjected to molecular docking analysis with antibacterial target proteins such as tellurite resistance protein (2JXU), indole-3-acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (5IUU) and alkyl hydroperoxide reductase (5Y63), and anticancer target human apoptotic regulator protein (1G5M). The results of the study indicated that kigelinone, levofuraltadone, 2-hydroxychrasophanol and isoathyriol in the fungal extract have significant binding modes, with best binding energy scores with their respective antibacterial and anticancer target proteins. Alternaria alternata resident in J. heynei offers a promising source of broad-spectrum antibacterial and anticancer compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gowdru Basanna Ashoka
- Department of P.G. Studies and Research in Applied Botany, School of Biosciences, Kuvempu University, Jnana Sahyadri, Shankaraghatta, 577451, Shivamogga, India
| | - Manchanahally Byrappa Shivanna
- Department of P.G. Studies and Research in Applied Botany, School of Biosciences, Kuvempu University, Jnana Sahyadri, Shankaraghatta, 577451, Shivamogga, India.
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Antioxidant, Cytotoxic, and DNA Damage Protection Activities of Endophytic Fungus Pestalotiopsis neglecta Isolated from Ziziphus spina-christi Medicinal Plant. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11010117. [PMID: 36677409 PMCID: PMC9862592 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11010117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal endophytes are friendly microorganisms that colonize plants and are important in the interactions between plants and their environment. They generate valuable secondary metabolites that are valuable to both plants and humans. Endophytic fungi with bioactivities were isolated from the leaves of the medicinal plant Ziziphus spina-christi. An efficient isolate was selected and identified as Pestalotiopsis neglecta based on nucleotide sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS 1-5.8S-ITS 2) of the 18S rRNA gene (NCBI accession number OP529850); the 564 bp had 99 to 100% similarity with P. neglecta MH860161.1, AY682935.1, KP689121.1, and MG572407.1, according to the BLASTn analysis, following preliminary phytochemical and antifungal screening. The biological activities of this fungus' crude ethyl acetate (EtOAc) extract were assessed. With an efficient radical scavenging activity against 2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and an IC50 value of 36.6 µg mL-1, P. neglecta extract has shown its potential as an antioxidant. Moreover, it displayed notable cytotoxic effects against MCF-7 (breast carcinoma, IC50 = 22.4 µg mL-1), HeLa (cervical carcinoma, IC50 = 28.9 µg mL-1) and HepG-2 (liver carcinoma, IC50 = 28.9 µg mL-1). At 10 µg mL-1, EtOAc demonstrated significant DNA protection against hydroxyl radical-induced damage. Based on FT-IR and GC-MS spectral analysis, it was detected that the EtOAc of P. neglecta product contains multiple bioactive functional groups. Subsequently, this validated the features of major different potent compounds; tolycaine, 1H-pyrazol, 1,3,5-trimethyl-, eugenol, 2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione, 2,6-bis(1,1-dimethyl), and bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. Since these compounds are biologically relevant in various aspects, and distinct biological activities of fungal extract were acceptable in vitro, this suggests that endophytic fungus P. neglecta may be a viable source of bioactive natural products. This could be a good starting point for pharmaceutical applications.
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Tiwari P, Kang S, Bae H. Plant-endophyte associations: Rich yet under-explored sources of novel bioactive molecules and applications. Microbiol Res 2023; 266:127241. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2022.127241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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16
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Reveglia P, Billones-Baaijens R, Savocchia S. Phytotoxic Metabolites Produced by Fungi Involved in Grapevine Trunk Diseases: Progress, Challenges, and Opportunities. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:3382. [PMID: 36501420 PMCID: PMC9736528 DOI: 10.3390/plants11233382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs), caused by fungal pathogens, are a serious threat to vineyards worldwide, causing significant yield and economic loss. To date, curative methods are not available for GTDs, and the relationship between the pathogen and symptom expression is poorly understood. Several plant pathologists, molecular biologists, and chemists have been investigating different aspects of the pathogenicity, biochemistry, and chemical ecology of the fungal species involved in GTDs. Many studies have been conducted to investigate virulence factors, including the chemical characterization of phytotoxic metabolites (PMs) that assist fungi in invading and colonizing crops such as grapevines. Moreover, multidisciplinary studies on their role in pathogenicity, symptom development, and plant-pathogen interactions have also been carried out. The aim of the present review is to provide an illustrative overview of the biological and chemical characterization of PMs produced by fungi involved in Eutypa dieback, Esca complex, and Botryosphaeria dieback. Moreover, multidisciplinary investigations on host-pathogen interactions, including those using cutting-edge Omics techniques, will also be reviewed and discussed. Finally, challenges and opportunities in the role of PMs for reliable field diagnosis and control of GTDs in vineyards will also be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sandra Savocchia
- Gulbali Institute, Charles Sturt University, Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia
- School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia
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17
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Zhang J, Zhu Y, Si J, Wu L. Metabolites of medicine food homology-derived endophytic fungi and their activities. Curr Res Food Sci 2022; 5:1882-1896. [PMID: 36276242 PMCID: PMC9579210 DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2022.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Medicine food homology (MFH) substances not only provide essential nutrients as food but also have corresponding factors that can prevent and help treat nutritional imbalances, chronic disease, and other related issues. Endophytic fungi associated with plants have potential for use in drug discovery and food therapy. However, the endophytic fungal metabolites from MFH plants and their effects have been overlooked. Therefore, this review focuses on the various biological activities of 108 new metabolites isolated from 53 MFH-derived endophytic fungi. The paper explores the potential nutritional and medicinal value of metabolites of MFH-derived endophytic fungi for food and medical applications. This research is important for the future development of effective, safe, and nontoxic therapeutic nutraceuticals for the prevention and treatment of human diseases.
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18
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Maela MP, van der Walt H, Serepa-Dlamini MH. The Antibacterial, Antitumor Activities, and Bioactive Constituents’ Identification of Alectra sessiliflora Bacterial Endophytes. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:870821. [PMID: 35865925 PMCID: PMC9294510 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.870821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to increased antimicrobial resistance against current drugs, new alternatives are sought. Endophytic bacteria associated with medicinal plants are recognized as valuable sources of novel secondary metabolites possessing antimicrobial, antitumor, insecticidal, and antiviral activities. In this study, five bacterial endophytes were isolated and identified from the medicinal plant, Alectra sessiliflora, and their antibacterial and antitumor activities were investigated. In addition, the crude extracts of the endophytes were analyzed using gas chromatography (GC) coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF-MS). The identified bacterial endophytes belong to three genera viz Lysinibacillus, Peribacillus, and Bacillus, with the latter as the dominant genus with three species. Ethyl acetate extracts from the endophytes were used for antimicrobial activity against eleven pathogenic strains through minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The antitumor activity against the Hela cervical, Hek 293 kidney, and A549 lung carcinoma cells was determined by the MTS [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxy-phenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium] assay. Lysinibacillus sp. strain AS_1 exhibited broad antibacterial activity against the pathogenic strains with MIC values ranging from 4 to 8 mg/ml, while Bacillus sp. strain AS_3 displayed MIC of 0.25 mg/ml. Crude extracts of Lysinibacillus sp. strain AS_1, Peribacillus sp. strain AS_2, and Bacillus sp. strain AS_3 showed growth inhibition of more than 90% against all the cancer cell lines at a concentration of 1,000 μg/ml. Untargeted secondary metabolite profiling of the crude extracts revealed the presence of compounds with reported biological activity, such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, and antidiabetic properties. This study reported for the first time, bacterial endophytes associated with A. sessiliflora with antibacterial and antitumor activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehabo Penistacia Maela
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Mahloro Hope Serepa-Dlamini
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, Johannesburg, South Africa
- *Correspondence: Mahloro Hope Serepa-Dlamini,
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Singh D, Thapa S, Mahawar H, Kumar D, Geat N, Singh SK. Prospecting potential of endophytes for modulation of biosynthesis of therapeutic bioactive secondary metabolites and plant growth promotion of medicinal and aromatic plants. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2022; 115:699-730. [PMID: 35460457 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-022-01736-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Medicinal and aromatic plants possess pharmacological properties (antidiabetes, anticancer, antihypertension, anticardiovascular, antileprosy, etc.) because of their potential to synthesize a wide range of therapeutic bioactive secondary metabolites. The concentration of bioactive secondry metabolites depends on plant species, local environment, soil type and internal microbiome. The internal microbiome of medicinal plants plays the crucial role in the production of bioactive secondary metabolites, namely alkaloids, steroids, terpenoids, peptides, polyketones, flavonoids, quinols and phenols. In this review, the host specific secondry metabolites produced by endophytes, their therapeutic properties and host-endophytes interaction in relation to production of bioactive secondry metaboloites and the role of endophytes in enhancing the production of bioactive secondry metabolites is discussed. How biological nitrogen fixation, phosphorus solubilization, micronutrient uptake, phytohormone production, disease suppression, etc. can play a vital role in enhacing the plant growth and development.The role of endophytes in enhancing the plant growth and content of bioactive secondary metabolites in medicinal and aromatic plants in a sustainable mode is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devendra Singh
- ICAR-Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, 342003, India.
| | - Shobit Thapa
- ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Kushmaur, Mau Nath Bhanjan, Uttar Pradesh, 275103, India
| | - Himanshu Mahawar
- ICAR-Directorate of Weed Research (DWR), Maharajpur, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, 482004, India
| | - Dharmendra Kumar
- ICAR- Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, 171001, India
| | - Neelam Geat
- Agricultural Research Station, Agriculture University, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, 342304, India
| | - S K Singh
- ICAR-Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, 342003, India
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20
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Kumar V, Prasher IB. Antimicrobial potential of endophytic fungi isolated from Dillenia indica L. and identification of bioactive molecules produced by Fomitopsis meliae (Undrew.) Murril. Nat Prod Res 2022; 36:6064-6068. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2022.2043855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Kumar
- Mycology and Plant Pathology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Indu Bhushan Prasher
- Mycology and Plant Pathology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
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Endophytic Fungi: Key Insights, Emerging Prospects, and Challenges in Natural Product Drug Discovery. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10020360. [PMID: 35208814 PMCID: PMC8876476 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10020360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant-associated endophytes define an important symbiotic association in nature and are established bio-reservoirs of plant-derived natural products. Endophytes colonize the internal tissues of a plant without causing any disease symptoms or apparent changes. Recently, there has been a growing interest in endophytes because of their beneficial effects on the production of novel metabolites of pharmacological significance. Studies have highlighted the socio-economic implications of endophytic fungi in agriculture, medicine, and the environment, with considerable success. Endophytic fungi-mediated biosynthesis of well-known metabolites includes taxol from Taxomyces andreanae, azadirachtin A and B from Eupenicillium parvum, vincristine from Fusarium oxysporum, and quinine from Phomopsis sp. The discovery of the billion-dollar anticancer drug taxol was a landmark in endophyte biology/research and established new paradigms for the metabolic potential of plant-associated endophytes. In addition, endophytic fungi have emerged as potential prolific producers of antimicrobials, antiseptics, and antibiotics of plant origin. Although extensively studied as a “production platform” of novel pharmacological metabolites, the molecular mechanisms of plant–endophyte dynamics remain less understood/explored for their efficient utilization in drug discovery. The emerging trends in endophytic fungi-mediated biosynthesis of novel bioactive metabolites, success stories of key pharmacological metabolites, strategies to overcome the existing challenges in endophyte biology, and future direction in endophytic fungi-based drug discovery forms the underlying theme of this article.
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22
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Anti-Pseudomonas aeruginosa activity of a C 16-terpene dilactone isolated from the endophytic fungus Neofusicoccum luteum of Kigelia africana (Lam.). Sci Rep 2022; 12:780. [PMID: 35039545 PMCID: PMC8763916 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04747-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal endophytes have the capacity to biosynthesize secondary metabolites that are produced by their host plants. In this study, a dilactone terpenoid of C16 architecture was isolated from the fungal endophytes of Kigeliaafricana, in our attempt to identify anti-Pseudomonasaeruginosa metabolites. Thirty-eight fungal isolates were cultured for biomolecule production over a period of thirty days. Extracts from three (ZF 34, ZF 52 and ZF 91) of the fungi showed good anti-P.aeruginosa activity, with ZF 52 presenting the best MIC of 19.53 µg/mL and was accordingly subjected to chromatographic separation. Based on nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, high resolution mass spectrometry and single crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses, the isolated compound was identified as a C16-terpene dilactone, with a structure consistent with that of the known diterpene, CJ-14445. The isolated dilactone showed anti-P.aeruginosa activity with MIC of 0.61 µg/mL, signifying the antibacterial potential of the biomolecule. The bioactive fungal isolate (ZF 52) was identified as Neofusicoccumluteum based on genomic DNA sequencing. This is the first report of the endophyte N.luteum from K.africana and the first reported occurrence of CJ-14445 in the fungus.
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Reveglia P, Raimondo ML, Masi M, Cimmino A, Nuzzo G, Corso G, Fontana A, Carlucci A, Evidente A. Untargeted and Targeted LC-MS/MS Based Metabolomics Study on In Vitro Culture of Phaeoacremonium Species. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8010055. [PMID: 35049995 PMCID: PMC8780456 DOI: 10.3390/jof8010055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) can be affected by many different biotic agents, including tracheomycotic fungi such as Phaeomoniella chlamydospora and Phaeoacremonium minimum, which are the main causal agent of Esca and Petri diseases. Both fungi produce phytotoxic naphthalenone polyketides, namely scytalone and isosclerone, that are related to symptom development. The main objective of this study was to investigate the secondary metabolites produced by three Phaeoacremonium species and to assess their phytotoxicity by in vitro bioassay. To this aim, untargeted and targeted LC-MS/MS-based metabolomics were performed. High resolution mass spectrometer UHPLC-Orbitrap was used for the untargeted profiling and dereplication of secondary metabolites. A sensitive multi reaction monitoring (MRM) method for the absolute quantification of scytalone and isosclerone was developed on a UPLC-QTrap. Different isolates of P. italicum, P. alvesii and P. rubrigenum were grown in vitro and the culture filtrates and organic extracts were assayed for phytotoxicity. The toxic effects varied within and among fungal isolates. Isosclerone and scytalone were dereplicated by matching retention times and HRMS and MS/MS data with pure standards. The amount of scytalone and isosclerone differed within and among fungal species. To our best knowledge, this is the first study that applies an approach of LC-MS/MS-based metabolomics to investigate differences in the metabolic composition of organic extracts of Phaeoacremonium species culture filtrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierluigi Reveglia
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Viale Pinto 1, 71121 Foggia, Italy; (P.R.); (G.C.)
| | - Maria Luisa Raimondo
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Food, Natural Resources and Engineering, Via Napoli 25, 71122 Foggia, Italy;
| | - Marco Masi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy; (M.M.); (A.C.)
| | - Alessio Cimmino
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy; (M.M.); (A.C.)
| | - Genoveffa Nuzzo
- Institute of Bio-Molecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ICB-CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy; (G.N.); (A.F.)
| | - Gaetano Corso
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Viale Pinto 1, 71121 Foggia, Italy; (P.R.); (G.C.)
| | - Angelo Fontana
- Institute of Bio-Molecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ICB-CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy; (G.N.); (A.F.)
- Laboratory of Bio-Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Biology, University of Napoli Federico II, Via Cupa Nuova Cinthia 21, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Antonia Carlucci
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Food, Natural Resources and Engineering, Via Napoli 25, 71122 Foggia, Italy;
- Correspondence: (A.C.); (A.E.)
| | - Antonio Evidente
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy; (M.M.); (A.C.)
- Correspondence: (A.C.); (A.E.)
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Secondary Metabolite Production and Terpenoid Biosynthesis in Endophytic Fungi Cladosporium cladosporioides Isolated from Wild Cymbopogon martinii (Roxb.) Wats. MICROBIOLOGY RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/microbiolres12040059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Endophytic fungi Cladosporium cladosporioides (F1-MH810309) and Cladosporium tenuissimum (F2-MN715834) from the leaf of wild Cymbopogon martinii (MT90507) were isolated and selected based on the persistent occurrence during different seasons of the year. They were identified based on the morphological features and molecular characterization (ITS sequence), and later deposited at NCBI. Phytochemical studies on F1, F2 and host extracts showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, terpenoids and tannins. The GC-MS of F1 extract (control) under the axenic condition revealed compounds like hexadecane, heptadecane,2,4-Ditert-butylphenol, E-14 hexadecenal, geraniol, geranyl acetate and cubenol similar to the host. The GC-MS of F2 extract (control) revealed metabolites that were unique. Further, both F1 and F2 were cultured in the supplementation of different concentrations (5%, 10%, 15% and 20%) of the host plant extract (an-axenic condition). The GC-MS of F1 extracts (test) exhibited good growth and showed the gradual increased production of terpenoid compounds whereas the F2 (test) did not show any growth. These compounds such as hyrdoxymenthol, nor-borneol, cedralacetate, α-cyclogeraniol, campesterol, β-cyclogeraniol, linalool oxide,2,3-boranediol, citronellyltiglate and 2,3-pinanediol were produced in a minor quantity and were known as biotransformed forms of the precursor compounds present in the host extract. In comparison, only F1 was able to produce terpenoids similar to the host species both in axenic and an-axenic conditions. Hence from the current study, the endophytic fungus F1 isolated from wild C. martinii for the first time can serve as a better resource for the bioprospection of an important terpenoid and its metabolites.
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Sofian FF, Suzuki T, Supratman U, Harneti D, Maharani R, Salam S, Abdullah FF, Koseki T, Tanaka K, Kimura KI, Shiono Y. Cochlioquinone derivatives produced by coculture of endophytes, Clonostachys rosea and Nectria pseudotrichia. Fitoterapia 2021; 155:105056. [PMID: 34626738 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2021.105056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Three new meroterpenoid derivatives, furanocochlioquinol (1) and furanocochlioquinone (2), as well as nectrianolin D (3), together with two known biogenetically related compounds 4 and 5 were isolated from a mixed culture of two mangrove-derived fungi, Clonostachys rosea B5-2 and Nectria pseudotrichia B69-1. The structures of 1-3 were deduced based on the interpretation of HRMS and NMR data. Compounds 1-5 exhibited cytotoxicity against human promyelocytic leukemia (HL60) cells with IC50 values ranging from 0.47 to 10.16 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferry Ferdiansyah Sofian
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
| | - Takuma Suzuki
- Department of Food, Life, and Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-8555, Japan
| | - Unang Supratman
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor 45363, Indonesia
| | - Desi Harneti
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor 45363, Indonesia
| | - Rani Maharani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor 45363, Indonesia
| | - Supriatno Salam
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Mulawarman, Samarinda 75123, Kalimantan Timur, Indonesia
| | - Fajar Fauzi Abdullah
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Garut, Garut 44151, Indonesia
| | - Takuya Koseki
- Department of Food, Life, and Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-8555, Japan
| | - Kurumi Tanaka
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Kimura
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan; Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
| | - Yoshihito Shiono
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan; Department of Food, Life, and Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-8555, Japan.
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Mishra S, Sahu PK, Agarwal V, Singh N. Exploiting endophytic microbes as micro-factories for plant secondary metabolite production. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:6579-6596. [PMID: 34463800 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11527-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Plant secondary metabolites have significant potential applications in a wide range of pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic industries by providing new chemistries and compounds. However, direct isolation of such compounds from plants has resulted in over-harvesting and loss of biodiversity, currently threatening several medicinal plant species to extinction. With the breakthrough report of taxol production by an endophytic fungus of Taxus brevifolia, a new era in natural product research was established. Since then, the ability of endophytic microbes to produce metabolites similar to those produced by their host plants has been discovered. The plant "endosphere" represents a rich and unique biological niche inhabited by organisms capable of producing a range of desired compounds. In addition, plants growing in diverse habitats and adverse environmental conditions represent a valuable reservoir for obtaining rare microbes with potential applications. Despite being an attractive and sustainable approach for obtaining economically important metabolites, the industrial exploitation of microbial endophytes for the production and isolation of plant secondary metabolites remains in its infancy. The present review provides an updated overview of the prospects, challenges, and possible solutions for using microbial endophytes as micro-factories for obtaining commercially important plant metabolites.Key points• Some "plant" metabolites are rather synthesized by the associated endophytes.• Challenges: Attenuation, silencing of BGCs, unculturability, complex cross-talk.• Solutions: Simulation of in planta habitat, advanced characterization methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushma Mishra
- Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Dayalbagh Educational Institute (Deemed-to-be-University), Agra, Uttar Pradesh, 282005, India.
| | - Pramod Kumar Sahu
- ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Kushmaur, Maunath Bhanjan, Uttar Pradesh, 275103, India
| | - Vishad Agarwal
- Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Dayalbagh Educational Institute (Deemed-to-be-University), Agra, Uttar Pradesh, 282005, India
| | - Namrata Singh
- Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Dayalbagh Educational Institute (Deemed-to-be-University), Agra, Uttar Pradesh, 282005, India
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Lin M, Adpressa DA, Feng M, Lu Y, Clark BR. Brevianthrones, bianthrones from a Chinese isolate of the endophytic fungus Colletotrichum brevisporum. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2021; 188:112792. [PMID: 33975160 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Seven undescribed bianthrones, the brevianthrones, together with two known anthraquinones, were isolated from the plant-derived fungus Colletotrichum brevisporum, obtained from the plant Piper sarmentosum Roxb., collected in Guangxi, China. This is the first report of the isolation of bianthrones from the Colletotrichum genus. The structures of the compounds were elucidated by a combination of NMR and MS spectroscopic analysis, while the absolute configurations were determined by X-ray crystallography and by simulation of ECD spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300092, People's Republic of China
| | - Donovon A Adpressa
- Department of Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc. Boston, MA, 02115, United States
| | - Meiyu Feng
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300092, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya Lu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300092, People's Republic of China
| | - Benjamin R Clark
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300092, People's Republic of China.
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Palupi KD, Ilyas M, Agusta A. Endophytic fungi inhabiting Physalis angulata L. plant: diversity, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities of their ethyl acetate extracts. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2021; 32:823-829. [PMID: 34214306 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2020-0479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Endophytic fungi are an essential source of biologically active compounds. They have the ability to synthesize secondary metabolites which are the same or have a high degree of similarity to their host plants. In this study, we aimed to explore the biodiversity and the bioactivities of active metabolites produced by 14 endophytic fungi isolated from the medicinal plant Physalis angulata L. (PA). METHODS Fourteen endophytic fungi were isolated from the flowers, stems, leaves, and fruit husks of PA. The endophytic fungi were cultured and incubated in the PDB medium at room temperature. After three weeks, the cultures were extracted using ethyl acetate and dried using a rotary evaporator. The antioxidant activity was evaluated against DPPH while antibacterial activity was evaluated against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus using microdilution technique. TLC analysis was also done to profile the active compounds within the extract. RESULTS Hyphomycetes fungus isolated from the flower of PA exhibited a moderate antioxidant activity with an antioxidant index value of 0.59 (IC50 = 52.43 μg/mL). Six isolates have strong antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value ranging from 8-64 μg/mL. These endophytic fungi are one Hyphomycetes fungus isolated from the flower, one Fusarium sp. isolated from the stem, and four Colletotrichum sp. isolated from leaf and fruit husk of PA. CONCLUSIONS Endophytic fungi isolated from PA are potential novel sources of active metabolites especially for antibacterial compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kartika Dyah Palupi
- Research Center for Chemistry, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Kawasan PUSPIPTEK, Tangerang Selatan, Banten, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Ilyas
- Research Center for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Cibinong, Jawa Barat, Indonesia
| | - Andria Agusta
- Research Center for Chemistry, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Kawasan PUSPIPTEK, Tangerang Selatan, Banten, Indonesia
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Chen Y, Hu B, Xing J, Li C. Endophytes: the novel sources for plant terpenoid biosynthesis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:4501-4513. [PMID: 34047817 PMCID: PMC8161352 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11350-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Terpenoids are natural compounds predominantly present in plants. They have many pharmaceutical and/or nutritional functions, and have been widely applied in medical, food, and cosmetics industries. Recently, terpenoids have been used in the clinical treatment of COVID-19 due to the good antiviral activities. The increasing demand for terpenoids in international markets poses a serious threat to many plant species. For environmentally sustainable development, microbial cell factories have been utilized as the promising platform to produce terpenoids. Nevertheless, the bioproduction of most terpenoids cannot meet commercial requirements due to the low cost-benefit ratio until now. The biosynthetic potential of endophytes has gained attention in recent decades owing to the continual discovery of endophytes capable of synthesizing plant bioactive compounds. Accordingly, endophytes could be alternative sources of terpenoid-producing strains or terpenoid synthetic genes. In this review, we summarized the research progress describing the main and supporting roles of endophytes in terpenoid biosynthesis and biotransformation, and discussed the current problems and challenges which may prevent the further exploitation. This review will improve our understanding of endophyte resources for terpenoid production in industry in the future. The four main research interests on endophytes for terpenoid production. A: Isolation of terpenoid-producing endophytes; B: The heterologous expression of endophyte-derived terpenoid synthetic genes; C: Endophytes promoting their hosts' terpenoid production. The blue dashed arrows indicate signal transduction; D: Biotransformation of terpenoids by endophytes or their enzymes. Key points• The mechanisms employed by endophytes in terpenoid synthesis in vivo and in vitro.• Endophytes have the commercial potentials in terpenoid bioproduction and biotransformation.• Synthetic biology and multiomics will improve terpenoid bioproduction in engineered cell factories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yachao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Bing Hu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Jianmin Xing
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering & State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Chun Li
- Key Lab for Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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Mao Z, Zhang W, Wu C, Feng H, Peng Y, Shahid H, Cui Z, Ding P, Shan T. Diversity and antibacterial activity of fungal endophytes from Eucalyptus exserta. BMC Microbiol 2021; 21:155. [PMID: 34044780 PMCID: PMC8157698 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-021-02229-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eucalyptus bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum is an important eucalyptus disease. Endophytic fungi, an important source of natural active substances, provide a new breakthrough for the control of plant diseases. RESULTS In the present study, 80 endophytic fungal isolates were obtained from the healthy branches and fruits of Eucalyptus exserta. Fifteen distinct isolates (MK120854-MK120868) were selected for further taxonomic identification through morphological trait assessments and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region-rRNA gene sequence analysis. Thirteen genera, namely, Phyllosticta, Penicillium, Eutypella, Purpureocillium, Talaromyces, Lophiostoma, Cladosporium, Pestalotiopsis, Chaetomium, Fusarium, Gongronella, Scedosporium and Pseudallescheria, were identified on the basis of their morphological characteristics. Members of the genus Phyllosticta were the primary isolates, with a colonization frequency (CF) of 27.5 %. Most of the fungal isolates displayed antibacterial activity. The crude extracts obtained from Lophiostoma sp. Eef-7, Pestalotiopsis sp. Eef-9 and Chaetomium sp. Eef-10 exhibited strong inhibition on the test bacteria, and Lophiostoma sp. Eef-7 was further cultured on a large scale. Three known compounds, scorpinone (1), 5-deoxybostrycoidin (2) and 4-methyl-5,6-dihydro-2 H-pyran-2-one (3), were isolated from the endophytic fungus Lophiostoma sp. Eef-7 associated with E. exserta. The structures of these compounds were elucidated by analysis of 1D and 2D NMR and HR-ESI-MS spectra and a comparison of their spectral data with published values. Compounds 1 and 2 showed weak antimicrobial activity against Ralstonia solanacearum. CONCLUSIONS Endophytic fungi from Eucalyptus exserta may represent alternative sources of antimicrobial agents. Lophiostoma sp. Eef-7 can produce 2-azaanthraquinone derivatives and shows weak antibacterial activity against Ralstonia solanacearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziling Mao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, 510642, No. 483, Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangdong, 510642, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weihao Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, 510642, No. 483, Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangdong, 510642, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunyin Wu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, 510642, No. 483, Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangdong, 510642, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao Feng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, 510642, No. 483, Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangdong, 510642, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuanhang Peng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, 510642, No. 483, Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangdong, 510642, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hamza Shahid
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, 510642, No. 483, Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangdong, 510642, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zining Cui
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, 510642, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ping Ding
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, No. 232, Waihuandong Road, Panyu District, Guangdong, 510006, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Tijiang Shan
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, 510642, No. 483, Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangdong, 510642, Guangzhou, China.
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Baazeem A, Almanea A, Manikandan P, Alorabi M, Vijayaraghavan P, Abdel-Hadi A. In Vitro Antibacterial, Antifungal, Nematocidal and Growth Promoting Activities of Trichoderma hamatum FB10 and Its Secondary Metabolites. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7050331. [PMID: 33923354 PMCID: PMC8145006 DOI: 10.3390/jof7050331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial natural biocides have attracted much more attention in recent years in order to avoid the unrestricted use of chemical biocides in the environment. The aim of this study is to analyze the antibacterial and antifungal activities of secondary metabolites and growth promoting, nematicidal, and soil enzyme activity mediated by Trichoderma hamatum FB10. The bactericidal and fungicidal activities were performed using cell-free extract. Results revealed that the selected strain exert antibacterial activity against Acidovorax avenae, Erutimacarafavora, and Xanthomonas campestris. The selected fungal strain FB10 showed antagonistic activity against fungal pathogens such as, S. sclerotiorum, Rhizoctonia solani, Alternaria radicina, Alternaria citri, and Alternaria dauci. Among the bacterial pathogens, A. avenae showed least MIC (30 ± 2.5 µg/mL) and MBC (70 ± 1.25 µg/mL) values. T. hamatum FB10 strain synthesized bioactive volatile secondary metabolite, which effectively inhibited the growth of bacteria and fungi and indicated the presence of 6-pentyl-alpha-pyrone as the major compound (67.05%). The secondary metabolite synthesized by T. hamatum FB10 showed nematicidal activity against M. incognita eggs. Egg hatch inhibition was 78 ± 2.6% and juvenile stage mortality rate was 89 ± 2.5% when the strain FB10 was treated with nematode. The cell free extract of T. hamatum FB10 showed protease, amylase, cellulase, chitinase, glucanase activities. T. hamatum FB10 inoculated with green gram increased 11% plant height, compared to the control. The fresh weight of the experimental group inoculated with T. hamatum FB10 increased 33.6% more compared to the control group. The green gram seedlings inoculated with T. hamatum FB10 increased 18% more dry weight than control group. Soil enzymes such as, urease, phosphatase, catalase and saccharase were improved in the soil inoculated with T. hamatum FB10. These biochemical components play potent role in soil fertility, energy conversion, and in soil organic matter conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Baazeem
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Abdulaziz Almanea
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Laboratory, King Saud Hospital, Unaizah 51911, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Palanisamy Manikandan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmmah University, Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia;
- Greenlink Analytical and Research Laboratory (India) Private Limited, Coimbatore 641014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mohammed Alorabi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ponnuswamy Vijayaraghavan
- Bioprocess Engineering Division, Smykon Biotech, Nagercoil, Kanyakumari 629201, Tamil Nadu, India
- Correspondence: (P.V.); (A.A.-H.)
| | - Ahmed Abdel-Hadi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmmah University, Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia;
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Assiut Branch, 71524 Assiut, Egypt
- Correspondence: (P.V.); (A.A.-H.)
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Porras G, Chassagne F, Lyles JT, Marquez L, Dettweiler M, Salam AM, Samarakoon T, Shabih S, Farrokhi DR, Quave CL. Ethnobotany and the Role of Plant Natural Products in Antibiotic Drug Discovery. Chem Rev 2021; 121:3495-3560. [PMID: 33164487 PMCID: PMC8183567 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The crisis of antibiotic resistance necessitates creative and innovative approaches, from chemical identification and analysis to the assessment of bioactivity. Plant natural products (NPs) represent a promising source of antibacterial lead compounds that could help fill the drug discovery pipeline in response to the growing antibiotic resistance crisis. The major strength of plant NPs lies in their rich and unique chemodiversity, their worldwide distribution and ease of access, their various antibacterial modes of action, and the proven clinical effectiveness of plant extracts from which they are isolated. While many studies have tried to summarize NPs with antibacterial activities, a comprehensive review with rigorous selection criteria has never been performed. In this work, the literature from 2012 to 2019 was systematically reviewed to highlight plant-derived compounds with antibacterial activity by focusing on their growth inhibitory activity. A total of 459 compounds are included in this Review, of which 50.8% are phenolic derivatives, 26.6% are terpenoids, 5.7% are alkaloids, and 17% are classified as other metabolites. A selection of 183 compounds is further discussed regarding their antibacterial activity, biosynthesis, structure-activity relationship, mechanism of action, and potential as antibiotics. Emerging trends in the field of antibacterial drug discovery from plants are also discussed. This Review brings to the forefront key findings on the antibacterial potential of plant NPs for consideration in future antibiotic discovery and development efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina Porras
- Center for the Study of Human Health, Emory University, 1557 Dickey Dr., Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - François Chassagne
- Center for the Study of Human Health, Emory University, 1557 Dickey Dr., Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - James T. Lyles
- Center for the Study of Human Health, Emory University, 1557 Dickey Dr., Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Lewis Marquez
- Molecular and Systems Pharmacology Program, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, 615 Michael St., Whitehead 115, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Micah Dettweiler
- Department of Dermatology, Emory University, 615 Michael St., Whitehead 105L, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Akram M. Salam
- Molecular and Systems Pharmacology Program, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, 615 Michael St., Whitehead 115, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Tharanga Samarakoon
- Emory University Herbarium, Emory University, 1462 Clifton Rd NE, Room 102, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Sarah Shabih
- Center for the Study of Human Health, Emory University, 1557 Dickey Dr., Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Darya Raschid Farrokhi
- Center for the Study of Human Health, Emory University, 1557 Dickey Dr., Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Cassandra L. Quave
- Center for the Study of Human Health, Emory University, 1557 Dickey Dr., Atlanta, Georgia 30322
- Emory University Herbarium, Emory University, 1462 Clifton Rd NE, Room 102, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
- Department of Dermatology, Emory University, 615 Michael St., Whitehead 105L, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
- Molecular and Systems Pharmacology Program, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, 615 Michael St., Whitehead 115, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
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Aghdam SA, Brown AMV. Deep learning approaches for natural product discovery from plant endophytic microbiomes. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOME 2021; 16:6. [PMID: 33758794 PMCID: PMC7972023 DOI: 10.1186/s40793-021-00375-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Plant microbiomes are not only diverse, but also appear to host a vast pool of secondary metabolites holding great promise for bioactive natural products and drug discovery. Yet, most microbes within plants appear to be uncultivable, and for those that can be cultivated, their metabolic potential lies largely hidden through regulatory silencing of biosynthetic genes. The recent explosion of powerful interdisciplinary approaches, including multi-omics methods to address multi-trophic interactions and artificial intelligence-based computational approaches to infer distribution of function, together present a paradigm shift in high-throughput approaches to natural product discovery from plant-associated microbes. Arguably, the key to characterizing and harnessing this biochemical capacity depends on a novel, systematic approach to characterize the triggers that turn on secondary metabolite biosynthesis through molecular or genetic signals from the host plant, members of the rich 'in planta' community, or from the environment. This review explores breakthrough approaches for natural product discovery from plant microbiomes, emphasizing the promise of deep learning as a tool for endophyte bioprospecting, endophyte biochemical novelty prediction, and endophyte regulatory control. It concludes with a proposed pipeline to harness global databases (genomic, metabolomic, regulomic, and chemical) to uncover and unsilence desirable natural products. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40793-021-00375-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiva Abdollahi Aghdam
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, 2901 Main St, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA
| | - Amanda May Vivian Brown
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, 2901 Main St, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA
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Mohinudeen IAHK, Kanumuri R, Soujanya KN, Shaanker RU, Rayala SK, Srivastava S. Sustainable production of camptothecin from an Alternaria sp. isolated from Nothapodytes nimmoniana. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1478. [PMID: 33446714 PMCID: PMC7809410 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79239-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Camptothecin the third most in demand alkaloid, is commercially extracted in India from the endangered plant, Nothapodytes nimmoniana. Endophytes, the microorganisms that reside within plants, are reported to have the ability to produce host-plant associated metabolites. Hence, our research aims to establish a sustainable and high camptothecin yielding endophyte, as an alternative source for commercial production of camptothecin. A total of 132 endophytic fungal strains were isolated from different plant parts (leaf, petiole, stem and bark) of N. nimmoniana, out of which 94 were found to produce camptothecin in suspension culture. Alternaria alstroemeriae (NCIM1408) and Alternaria burnsii (NCIM1409) demonstrated camptothecin yields up to 426.7 ± 33.6 µg/g DW and 403.3 ± 41.6 µg/g DW, respectively, the highest reported production to date. Unlike the reported product yield attenuation in endophytes with subculture in axenic state, Alternaria burnsii NCIM1409 could retain and sustain the production of camptothecin up to ~ 200 μg/g even after 12 continuous subculture cycles. The camptothecin biosynthesis in Alternaria burnsii NCIM1409 was confirmed using 13C carbon labelling (and cytotoxicity analysis on different cancer cell lines) and this strain can now be used to develop a sustainable bioprocess for in vitro production of camptothecin as an alternative to plant extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- I A H Khwajah Mohinudeen
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600 036, India
| | - Rahul Kanumuri
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600 036, India
| | - K N Soujanya
- School of Ecology and Conservation, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore, 560 065, India
- JSS College for Women (Autonomous), Saraswathipuram, Mysore, 570009, India
| | - R Uma Shaanker
- School of Ecology and Conservation, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore, 560 065, India
| | - Suresh Kumar Rayala
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600 036, India
| | - Smita Srivastava
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600 036, India.
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Madbouly AK. Biodiversity of Genus Trichoderma and Their Potential Applications. Fungal Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-67561-5_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Rice-induced secondary metabolite gene expression in Aspergillus nidulans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 47:1109-1116. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-020-02328-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Activation of silent biosynthetic gene clusters in fungi remains a challenge for discovery of new useful natural products. In this work, we identify a group of silent secondary metabolite gene clusters in Aspergillus nidulans that are induced by rice (Oryza sativa). Using reverse phase HPLC purification on extracts of rice, we identified the plant hormone gibberellic acid as one compound present in rice extracts that induced these silent genes. Additionally, select secondary metabolite (SM) genes activated by rice were tested for responses to several plant hormones which produced distinctly different transcriptomic profiles in A. nidulans. These observations support the idea that phytohormones play an important role in regulating fungal SM biosynthesis while additionally serving as a source of natural product chemical libraries to screen for useful compounds.
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Khan K, Quispe C, Javed Z, Iqbal MJ, Sadia H, Raza S, Irshad A, Salehi B, Reiner Ž, Sharifi-Rad J. Resveratrol, curcumin, paclitaxel and miRNAs mediated regulation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway: go four better to treat bladder cancer. Cancer Cell Int 2020; 20:560. [PMID: 33292283 PMCID: PMC7685642 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-020-01660-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BC) is a leading cause of death among urothelial malignancies that more commonly affect male population. Poor prognosis and resistance to chemotherapy are the two most important characteristics of this disease. PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway has been considered pivotal in the regulation of proliferation, migration, invasiveness, and metastasis. Deregulation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling has been found in 40% of bladder cancers. Several microRNAs (miRNAs) have been reported to interact with the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway with a different possible role in proliferation and apoptosis in bladder cancer. Thus, miRNAs can be used as potential biomarkers for BC. Natural compounds have been in the spotlight for the past decade due to their effective anti-proliferative capabilities. However, little is known of its possible effects in bladder cancer. The aim of this review is to discuss the interplay between PI3K/Akt/mTOR, miRNAs, and natural compounds and emphasize the importance of miRNAs as biomarkers and resveratrol, curcumin and paclitaxel as a possible therapeutic approach against bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khushbukhat Khan
- Atta-Ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Sector H-12, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Cristina Quispe
- Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad Arturo Prat, Avda. Arturo Prat 2120, 1110939, Iquique, Chile
| | - Zeeshan Javed
- Lahore Garrison University, Main Campus, Sector C, Phase VI, DHA Lahore Pakistan, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Javed Iqbal
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Haleema Sadia
- Department of Biotechnology, BUITMS, Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Shahid Raza
- Lahore Garrison University, Main Campus, Sector C, Phase VI, DHA Lahore Pakistan, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Asma Irshad
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Management Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Bahare Salehi
- Medical Ethics and Law Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Željko Reiner
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Javad Sharifi-Rad
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Kaur N, Arora DS. Prospecting the antimicrobial and antibiofilm potential of Chaetomium globosum an endophytic fungus from Moringa oleifera. AMB Express 2020; 10:206. [PMID: 33175340 PMCID: PMC7658282 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-020-01143-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study prospects the antimicrobial potential of an endophytic fungus Chaetomium globosum which showed a wide spectrum antimicrobial activity against the tested pathogenic microorganisms. This is apparently the first report where Chaetomium globosum as an endophyte from Moringa oleifera showed antimicrobial potential and is optimized for physiochemical parameters to enhance the antimicrobial metabolites production. In the classical optimization yeast peptone dextrose medium, inoculum size of two discs, incubation period of 6 days, production temperature of 25 ºC and pH 7 was best supportive for optimal growth and antimicrobial activity whereas maltose and ammonium nitrate were the best carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively. The statistical optimization resulted in up to 1.33 fold increase in antimicrobial activity. Chloroform was found to be the best extractant. The chloroformic extract showed minimum inhibitory concentration ranging from 0.05 to 5 mg/ml and its microbicidal nature was established by viable cell count studies. The efficacy of the extract was also established in terms of post antibiotic effect which ranged from 2 to 20 h. The chloroformic extract exhibited the good antibiofilm potential and was also found to be biosafe. The clinical relevance of the study was justified as it showed good antimicrobial efficacy against some resistant clinical isolates, too.
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Metabolites with anti-inflammatory and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities from the mangrove endophytic fungus Phoma sp. SYSU-SK-7. Tetrahedron Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2020.152578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Teratopyrones A-C, Dimeric Naphtho-γ-Pyrones and Other Metabolites from Teratosphaeria sp. AK1128, a Fungal Endophyte of Equisetum arvense. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25215058. [PMID: 33143346 PMCID: PMC7662774 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25215058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioassay-guided fractionation of a cytotoxic extract derived from a solid potato dextrose agar (PDA) culture of Teratosphaeria sp. AK1128, a fungal endophyte of Equisetum arvense, afforded three new naphtho-γ-pyrone dimers, teratopyrones A–C (1–3), together with five known naphtho-γ-pyrones, aurasperone B (4), aurasperone C (5), aurasperone F (6), nigerasperone A (7), and fonsecin B (8), and two known diketopiperazines, asperazine (9) and isorugulosuvine (10). The structures of 1–3 were determined on the basis of their spectroscopic data. Cytotoxicity assay revealed that nigerasperone A (7) was moderately active against the cancer cell lines PC-3M (human metastatic prostate cancer), NCI-H460 (human non-small cell lung cancer), SF-268 (human CNS glioma), and MCF-7 (human breast cancer), with IC50s ranging from 2.37 to 4.12 μM while other metabolites exhibited no cytotoxic activity up to a concentration of 5.0 μM.
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El-Sayed AS, El-Sayed MT, Rady AM, Zein N, Enan G, Shindia A, El-Hefnawy S, Sitohy M, Sitohy B. Exploiting the Biosynthetic Potency of Taxol from Fungal Endophytes of Conifers Plants; Genome Mining and Metabolic Manipulation. Molecules 2020; 25:E3000. [PMID: 32630044 PMCID: PMC7412027 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25133000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Endophytic fungi have been considered as a repertoire for bioactive secondary metabolites with potential application in medicine, agriculture and food industry. The biosynthetic pathways by fungal endophytes raise the argument of acquisition of these machineries of such complex metabolites from the plant host. Diterpenoids "Taxol" is the most effective anticancer drug with highest annual sale, since its discovery in 1970 from the Pacific yew tree, Taxus brevifolia. However, the lower yield of Taxol from this natural source (bark of T. brevifolia), availability and vulnerability of this plant to unpredicted fluctuation with the ecological and environmental conditions are the challenges. Endophytic fungi from Taxus spp. opened a new avenue for industrial Taxol production due to their fast growth, cost effectiveness, independence on climatic changes, feasibility of genetic manipulation. However, the anticipation of endophytic fungi for industrial Taxol production has been challenged by the loss of its productivity, due to the metabolic reprograming of cells, downregulating the expression of its encoding genes with subculturing and storage. Thus, the objectives of this review were to (1) Nominate the endophytic fungal isolates with the Taxol producing potency from Taxaceae and Podocarpaceae; (2) Emphasize the different approaches such as molecular manipulation, cultural optimization, co-cultivation for enhancing the Taxol productivities; (3) Accentuate the genome mining of the rate-limiting enzymes for rapid screening the Taxol biosynthetic machinery; (4) Triggering the silenced rate-limiting genes and transcriptional factors to activates the biosynthetic gene cluster of Taxol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf S.A. El-Sayed
- Enzymology and Fungal Biotechnology Lab (EFBL), Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (M.T.E.-S.); (G.E.); (A.S.); (S.E.-H.)
| | - Manal T. El-Sayed
- Enzymology and Fungal Biotechnology Lab (EFBL), Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (M.T.E.-S.); (G.E.); (A.S.); (S.E.-H.)
| | - Amgad M. Rady
- Faculty of Biotechnology, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts, Cairo 12566, Egypt;
| | - Nabila Zein
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt;
| | - Gamal Enan
- Enzymology and Fungal Biotechnology Lab (EFBL), Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (M.T.E.-S.); (G.E.); (A.S.); (S.E.-H.)
| | - Ahmed Shindia
- Enzymology and Fungal Biotechnology Lab (EFBL), Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (M.T.E.-S.); (G.E.); (A.S.); (S.E.-H.)
| | - Sara El-Hefnawy
- Enzymology and Fungal Biotechnology Lab (EFBL), Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (M.T.E.-S.); (G.E.); (A.S.); (S.E.-H.)
| | - Mahmoud Sitohy
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt;
| | - Basel Sitohy
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Infection and Immunology, Umeå University, SE-90185 Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, SE-90185 Umeå, Sweden
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Abstract
Over a long period of time, humans have explored many natural resources looking for remedies of various ailments. Traditional medicines have played an intrinsic role in human life for thousands of years, with people depending on medicinal plants and their products as dietary supplements as well as using them therapeutically for treatment of chronic disorders, such as cancer, malaria, diabetes, arthritis, inflammation, and liver and cardiac disorders. However, plant resources are not sufficient for treatment of recently emerging diseases. In addition, the seasonal availability and other political factors put constrains on some rare plant species. The actual breakthrough in drug discovery came concurrently with the discovery of penicillin from Penicillium notatum in 1929. This discovery dramatically changed the research of natural products and positioned microbial natural products as one of the most important clues in drug discovery due to availability, variability, great biodiversity, unique structures, and the bioactivities produced. The number of commercially available therapeutically active compounds from microbial sources to date exceeds those discovered from other sources. In this review, we introduce a short history of microbial drug discovery as well as certain features and recent research approaches, specifying the microbial origin, their featured molecules, and the diversity of the producing species. Moreover, we discuss some bioactivities as well as new approaches and trends in research in this field.
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43
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Malik A, Ardalani H, Anam S, McNair LM, Kromphardt KJ, Frandsen RJN, Franzyk H, Staerk D, Kongstad KT. Antidiabetic xanthones with α-glucosidase inhibitory activities from an endophytic Penicillium canescens. Fitoterapia 2020; 142:104522. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2020.104522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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d'Errico G, Aloj V, Flematti GR, Sivasithamparam K, Worth CM, Lombardi N, Ritieni A, Marra R, Lorito M, Vinale F. Metabolites of a Drechslera sp. endophyte with potential as biocontrol and bioremediation agent. Nat Prod Res 2020; 35:4508-4516. [PMID: 32159387 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2020.1737058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Endophytic fungi have several well-established beneficial effects on plant health and growth, and are a huge source of bioactive compounds. The endophyte Drechslera sp. strain 678, isolated from the roots of an Australian native grass Neurachne alopecuroidea, demonstrated efficacy against four plant pathogens (Pythium ultimum, Rhizoctonia solani, Botrytis cinerea, Alternaria alternata). In addition, strain 678 was capable of degrading a common additive used in gasoline, known as methyl tertiary-butyl ether (MtBE). Thus, the organic extracts obtained from the culture filtrate of strain 678 were studied. Metabolomic analysis revealed the presence of two major bioactive metabolites, monocerin and an alkynyl substituted epoxycyclohexenone derivative, which showed good antifungal activity. The Drechslera sp. strain 678 and its compounds show promise for applications in biocontrol and bioremediation activities in agriculture or as a remediation option for MtBE contamination in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giada d'Errico
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Veronica Aloj
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Gavin R Flematti
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | | | - Carol M Worth
- School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Nadia Lombardi
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Alberto Ritieni
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Roberta Marra
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Matteo Lorito
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy.,CNR Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, Portici, Italy
| | - Francesco Vinale
- CNR Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, Portici, Italy.,Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Yu X, Müller WEG, Meier D, Kalscheuer R, Guo Z, Zou K, Umeokoli BO, Liu Z, Proksch P. Polyketide Derivatives from Mangrove Derived Endophytic Fungus Pseudopestalotiopsis theae. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18020129. [PMID: 32102178 PMCID: PMC7073511 DOI: 10.3390/md18020129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical investigation of secondary metabolites from the endophytic fungus Pseudopestalotiopsis theae led to the isolation of eighteen new polyketide derivatives, pestalotheols I–Q (1–9) and cytosporins O–W (15–23), together with eight known analogs (10–14 and 24–26). The structures of the new compounds were elucidated by HRMS and 1D and 2D NMR data, as well as by comparison with literature data. Modified Mosher’s method was applied to determine the absolute configuration of some compounds. Compound 23 showed significant cytotoxicity against the mouse lymphoma cell line L5178Y with an IC50 value of 3.0 μM. Furthermore, compounds 22 and 23 showed moderate antibacterial activity against drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (ATCC BAA-1605) in combination with sublethal colistin concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqin Yu
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany; (X.Y.); (D.M.); (R.K.)
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Products Research and Development, College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China; (Z.G.); (K.Z.)
| | - Werner E. G. Müller
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Universitätsmedizin der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany;
| | - Dieter Meier
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany; (X.Y.); (D.M.); (R.K.)
| | - Rainer Kalscheuer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany; (X.Y.); (D.M.); (R.K.)
| | - Zhiyong Guo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Products Research and Development, College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China; (Z.G.); (K.Z.)
| | - Kun Zou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Products Research and Development, College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China; (Z.G.); (K.Z.)
| | - Blessing O. Umeokoli
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, 420281 Awka, Nigeria;
| | - Zhen Liu
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany; (X.Y.); (D.M.); (R.K.)
- Correspondence: (Z.L.); (P.P.); Tel.: +49-211-81-14163 (Z.L. & P.P.)
| | - Peter Proksch
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany; (X.Y.); (D.M.); (R.K.)
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Products Research and Development, College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China; (Z.G.); (K.Z.)
- Correspondence: (Z.L.); (P.P.); Tel.: +49-211-81-14163 (Z.L. & P.P.)
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Abstract
The ability of endophytes to colonize every plant tissue has led to the opportunity of using the microorganism in a lot of biological applications. Endophytes are beneficial to their host cells as such its application is observed in every aspects of life. This study therefore endeavored to give an analysis of endophytes, what they were and what they had been used for till the present time. Sampling of several literature studies in endophytes was done in this study to enable a complete understanding of the mechanism of application of the actions of endophytes, so as to be able to do a thorough assessment of the current state in the knowledge of the microbes. From the complete analysis of the literature on the application and use of endophytes, in nutrient asquition and increase the stress tolerance in plants. This study provided a platform for further research gaps through the presentation of what endophytes were, what they had been used for till date, the mechanism of operation of the micro-organism and the type of interaction between them and their hosts. There are still ways to improve on the methods of application of endophytes as a type of biological organism. This will be done by adjusting to the current trends in biological studies using molecular mechanization, following an intensive further study on endophyte mechanisms.
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48
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Chitnis VR, Suryanarayanan TS, Nataraja KN, Prasad SR, Oelmüller R, Shaanker RU. Fungal Endophyte-Mediated Crop Improvement: The Way Ahead. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:561007. [PMID: 33193487 PMCID: PMC7652991 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.561007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Endophytes are non-disease causing microbes (bacteria and fungi) surviving in living tissues of plants. Their intimate association and possible coevolution with their plant partners have resulted in them contributing to an array of plant growth benefits ranging from enhanced growth and biomass accumulation, tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses and in nutrient acquisition. The last couple of decades have witnessed a burgeoning literature on the role of endophytes (Class 3 type) in regulating plant growth and development and their adaptation to abiotic and biotic stresses. Though the underlying mechanisms of plant-endophyte interactions are far from clear, several studies have raised the hope of their potential application in agriculture, especially in mitigating abiotic and biotic stresses. The use of endophytes is envisaged as a route to reduce the production cost and burden on the environment by lessening the dependence on breeding for crop improvement and agrochemicals. Unfortunately, save a few well documented examples of their use, a little of these insights has been translated into actual agricultural applications. Here, we reflect on this paucity and elaborate on some of the important bottlenecks that might stand in way of fully realizing the potential that endophytes hold for crop improvement. We stress the need to study various facets of the endophyte-plant association for their gainful application in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijaya R. Chitnis
- School of Ecology and Conservation, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore, India
- *Correspondence: Vijaya R. Chitnis,
| | - Trichur S. Suryanarayanan
- Vivekananda Institute of Tropical Mycology (VINSTROM), Ramakrishna Mission Vidyapith, Chennai, India
| | - Karaba N. Nataraja
- Department of Crop Physiology, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore, India
| | - S. Rajendra Prasad
- Department of Seed Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore, India
| | - Ralf Oelmüller
- Plant Physiology, Matthias-Schleiden Institute, Friedrich-Schiller – University, Jena, Germany
| | - R. Uma Shaanker
- School of Ecology and Conservation, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore, India
- Vivekananda Institute of Tropical Mycology (VINSTROM), Ramakrishna Mission Vidyapith, Chennai, India
- R. Uma Shaanker,
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Sikandar A, Zhang M, Wang Y, Zhu X, Liu X, Fan H, Xuan Y, Chen L, Duan Y. Mycochemical Screening and Analysis, Antioxidant Activity, and Biochemical Composition of Fermentation Strain Snef1216 ( Penicillium chrysogenum). JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2020; 2020:3073906. [PMID: 32309009 PMCID: PMC7149326 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3073906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Antioxidants are the radical scavengers that inhibit peroxidation and other free-radical processes, which in return safeguard different organisms from various diseases attributed to radical reactions. Synthetic antioxidants inhibit free radicals, but they also have harmful side effects. However, mycochemicals of natural fungal origin are safe and best substitutes for harmful synthetic chemical antioxidants. The prime objectives of the study include appropriate qualitative and quantitative mycochemical screening, antioxidant potential, and chemical composition of Snef1216 (Penicillium chrysogenum). The study has used aluminium chloride colourimetric method, Folin-Ciocalteu reagent assay, and DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) for analysis of total flavonoid content and phenol content and antioxidant activity, respectively. However, the presence of biologically active compounds was screened through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Quantitative analysis demonstrated the existence of flavonoids, glycosides, flavones, saponins, phenols, and catecholic tannins excluding alkaloids, terpenoids, steroids, and gallic tannins. The outcomes exposed total flavonoid content and phenolic content in P. chrysogenum were 85.31 ± 1.23 mg·QE/g and 135.77 ± 1.14 mg·GAE/g, respectively. Snef1216 (P. chrysogenum) displayed the highest free-radical scavenging activity with 63.86% inhibition of DPPH. The analysis confirms that Snef1216 (P. chrysogenum) is an alternative source of natural antioxidants. The obtained data have provided the foundation for its use in agricultural, environmental, and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aatika Sikandar
- Nematology Institute of Northern China, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, China
| | - Mengyue Zhang
- Nematology Institute of Northern China, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- College of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zhu
- Nematology Institute of Northern China, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- College of Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, China
| | - Haiyan Fan
- Nematology Institute of Northern China, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, China
| | - Yuanhu Xuan
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, China
| | - Lijie Chen
- Nematology Institute of Northern China, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, China
| | - Yuxi Duan
- Nematology Institute of Northern China, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, China
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Wang Z, Gao W, Liu X, Chen P, Lu W, Wang F, Li H, Sun Q, Zhang H. Efficient production of polysaccharide by Chaetomium globosum CGMCC 6882 through co-culture with host plant Gynostemma pentaphyllum. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2019; 42:1731-1738. [PMID: 31321528 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-019-02169-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Endophytic fungus, as a new kind of microbial resources and separated from plants, has attracted increasing attention due to its ability to synthesize the same or similar bioactive secondary metabolites as the host plants. Nevertheless, the effects of the symbiotic relationship between microorganisms and elicitors existed in host plant on metabolite production are not adequately understood. In the present work, the impacts of elicitors (ginseng saponin and puerarin) and symbiotic microorganisms on endophytic fungus Chaetomium globosum CGMCC 6882 synthesizing polysaccharide were evaluated. Results show that the polysaccharide titers increased from 2.36 to 3.88 g/L and 3.67 g/L with the addition of 16 μg/L ginseng saponin and puerarin, respectively. Moreover, the maximum polysaccharide titer reached 4.55 g/L when C. globosum CGMCC 6882 was co-cultured with UV-irradiated G. pentaphyllum. This work brings a significant contribution to the research and interpretation of the relationship between endophytic fungus and its host plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zichao Wang
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Wenshuo Gao
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Xiaoying Liu
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Peizhang Chen
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Wenbo Lu
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Fuzhuan Wang
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Haifeng Li
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Qi Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China.
| | - Huiru Zhang
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
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