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Sun J, Tong LT, Tu PF, Chen LL, Xu X, Song Y, Yang XX, Guo ZB, Zou X, Sun CX, Mi Y, Fan B, Wang FZ. Lignanamides: A comprehensive review of chemical constituents, biological activities, extraction methods and synthetic pathway. Food Chem 2024; 460:140459. [PMID: 39059325 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.140459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Lignanamides are a class of compounds containing amide functional groups in lignans. These compounds have excellent anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective, which have shown great potential in terms of food additives, medicine and health supplement. We summarized the recent progress of lignanamides, including chemical constituents, extraction methods, biological activities, and synthetic pathways. The structures were classified according to an updated nomenclature system, can be classified into sixteen types and have certain roles in many respects such as anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and antioxidative, which may be important source of materials for functional food. The potential and limitations of different extraction method, chromatographic packing, and synthetic pathway are analyzed. Notably, this review provides an overview of synthesis pathways and applications of lignanamides, further research is needed to improve extraction efficiency and synthesis method, especially in a greener way for better application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Sun
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment on Agro-products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Tao Tong
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment on Agro-products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Beijing, China
| | - Peng-Fei Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin-Lin Chen
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment on Agro-products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Beijing, China; Pharmaceutical Engineering Technology Research Center, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, China
| | - Xin Xu
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment on Agro-products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Beijing, China
| | - Ya Song
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment on Agro-products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Beijing, China; Pharmaceutical Engineering Technology Research Center, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, China
| | - Xin-Xin Yang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment on Agro-products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Beijing, China
| | - Zi-Bin Guo
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment on Agro-products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang Zou
- Pharmaceutical Engineering Technology Research Center, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, China
| | - Chen-Xin Sun
- Pharmaceutical Engineering Technology Research Center, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, China
| | - Yan Mi
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment on Agro-products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Beijing, China
| | - Bei Fan
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment on Agro-products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Beijing, China; Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji 831100, China.
| | - Feng-Zhong Wang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment on Agro-products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Beijing, China; Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji 831100, China.
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2
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van Zadelhoff A, de Bruijn WJC, Sanders MG, O'Sullivan T, Vincken JP. Barley-derived beer brewing by-products contain a high diversity of hydroxycinnamoylagmatines and their dimers. Food Chem 2024; 453:139586. [PMID: 38761723 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
To aid valorisation of beer brewing by-products, more insight into their composition is essential. We have analysed the phenolic compound composition of four brewing by-products, namely barley rootlets, spent grain, hot trub, and cold trub. The main phenolics detected were hydroxycinnamoylagmatines and dimers thereof. Barley rootlets contained the highest hydroxycinnamoylagmatine content and cold trub the highest dimer content. Additionally, variations in (dimeric) hydroxycinnamoylagmatine composition and content were observed in fourteen barley rootlet samples. The most abundant compound in all rootlets was the glycosylated 4-O-7'/3-8'-linked heterodimer of coumaroylagmatine and feruloylagmatine, i.e. CouAgm-4-O-7'/3-8'-(4'Hex)-DFerAgm. Structures of glycosylated and hydroxylated derivatives of coumaroylagmatine were elucidated by NMR spectroscopy after their purification from a rootlet extract. An MS-based decision tree was developed, which aids in identifying hydroxycinnamoylagmatine dimers in complex mixtures. In conclusion, this study shows that the diversity of phenolamides and (neo)lignanamides in barley-derived by-products is larger than previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemiek van Zadelhoff
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Wouter J C de Bruijn
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Mark G Sanders
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Tadhg O'Sullivan
- Heineken, Burgemeester Smeetsweg 1, 2382 PH Zoeterwoude, The Netherlands.
| | - Jean-Paul Vincken
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Roumani M, Besseau S, Hehn A, Larbat R. Functional characterization of a small gene family coding for putrescine hydroxycinnamoyltransferases, involved in phenolamide accumulation, in tomato. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2024; 229:114271. [PMID: 39260586 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2024.114271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Revised: 09/02/2024] [Accepted: 09/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
Phenolamides are specialized metabolites widely distributed in the plant kingdom. Their structure is composed by the association of hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives to mono-/poly-amine through an amination catalyzed by N-hydroxycinnamoyltransferases enzymes. Tomato plants accumulate putrescine-derived phenolamides in their vegetative parts. Recently, two first genes coding for putrescine-hydroxycinnamoyltransferase (PHT, Solyc11g071470 and Solyc11g071480) were identified in tomato and demonstrated to control the leaf accumulation of caffeoylputrescine in response to leafminer infestation. In this study, two additional genes (Solyc06g074710 and Solyc11g066640) were functionally characterized as new tomato PHT. The substrate specificity and the expression pattern in planta were determined for the four tomato PHT. Taken together the results give a comprehensive view of the control of the putrescine-derived phenolamide accumulation in tomato plant through the biochemical specificity and the spatial expression of this small family of PHT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Roumani
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, UMR1121 Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement (LAE), F-54000, Nancy, France.
| | - Sébastien Besseau
- EA 2106, Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales (BBV), Université de Tours, Tours, France.
| | - Alain Hehn
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, UMR1121 Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement (LAE), F-54000, Nancy, France.
| | - Romain Larbat
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, UMR1121 Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement (LAE), F-54000, Nancy, France; Institut Agro, University of Angers, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, F-49000, Angers, France.
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4
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Liu Y, Esposto D, Mahdi LK, Porzel A, Stark P, Hussain H, Scherr-Henning A, Isfort S, Bathe U, Acosta IF, Zuccaro A, Balcke GU, Tissier A. Hordedane diterpenoid phytoalexins restrict Fusarium graminearum infection but enhance Bipolaris sorokiniana colonization of barley roots. MOLECULAR PLANT 2024; 17:1307-1327. [PMID: 39001606 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2024.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Plant immunity is a multilayered process that includes recognition of patterns or effectors from pathogens to elicit defense responses. These include the induction of a cocktail of defense metabolites that typically restrict pathogen virulence. Here, we investigate the interaction between barley roots and the fungal pathogens Bipolaris sorokiniana (Bs) and Fusarium graminearum (Fg) at the metabolite level. We identify hordedanes, a previously undescribed set of labdane-related diterpenoids with antimicrobial properties, as critical players in these interactions. Infection of barley roots by Bs and Fg elicits hordedane synthesis from a 600-kb gene cluster. Heterologous reconstruction of the biosynthesis pathway in yeast and Nicotiana benthamiana produced several hordedanes, including one of the most functionally decorated products 19-β-hydroxy-hordetrienoic acid (19-OH-HTA). Barley mutants in the diterpene synthase genes of this cluster are unable to produce hordedanes but, unexpectedly, show reduced Bs colonization. By contrast, colonization by Fusarium graminearum, another fungal pathogen of barley and wheat, is 4-fold higher in the mutants completely lacking hordedanes. Accordingly, 19-OH-HTA enhances both germination and growth of Bs, whereas it inhibits other pathogenic fungi, including Fg. Analysis of microscopy and transcriptomics data suggest that hordedanes delay the necrotrophic phase of Bs. Taken together, these results show that adapted pathogens such as Bs can subvert plant metabolic defenses to facilitate root colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaming Liu
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle, Germany
| | - Dario Esposto
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle, Germany
| | - Lisa K Mahdi
- Institute for Plant Sciences, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Cologne Biocenter, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Andrea Porzel
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle, Germany
| | - Pauline Stark
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle, Germany
| | - Hidayat Hussain
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle, Germany
| | - Anja Scherr-Henning
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle, Germany
| | - Simon Isfort
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle, Germany
| | - Ulschan Bathe
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle, Germany
| | - Iván F Acosta
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alga Zuccaro
- Institute for Plant Sciences, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Cologne Biocenter, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Gerd U Balcke
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle, Germany
| | - Alain Tissier
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle, Germany.
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van Zadelhoff A, Vincken JP, de Bruijn WJC. Exploring the formation of heterodimers of barley hydroxycinnamoylagmatines by oxidative enzymes. Food Chem 2024; 446:138898. [PMID: 38447386 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Dimers of hydroxycinnamoylagmatines are phenolic compounds found in barley and beer. Although they are bioactive and sensory-active compounds, systematic reports on their structure-property relationships are missing. This is partly due to lack of protocols to obtain a diverse set of hydroxycinnamoylagmatine homo- and heterodimers. To better understand dimer formation in complex systems, combinations of the monomers coumaroylagmatine (CouAgm), feruloylagmatine (FerAgm), and sinapoylagmatine (SinAgm) were incubated with horseradish peroxidase. For all combinations, the main oxidative coupling products were homodimers. Additionally, minor amounts of heterodimers were formed, except for the combination of FerAgm and CouAgm. Oxidative coupling was also performed with laccases from Agaricus bisporus and Trametes versicolor, resulting in formation of the same coupling products and no formation of CouAgm-FerAgm heterodimers. Our protocol for oxidative coupling combinations of hydroxycinnamoylagmatines yielded a structurally diverse set of coupling products, facilitating production of dimers for future research on their structure-property relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemiek van Zadelhoff
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Jean-Paul Vincken
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Wouter J C de Bruijn
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Ushimaru R. Functions and mechanisms of enzymes assembling lignans and norlignans. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2024; 80:102462. [PMID: 38692182 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2024.102462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Lignans and norlignans are distributed throughout the plant kingdom and exhibit diverse chemical structures and biological properties that offer potential for therapeutic use. Originating from the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway, their characteristic carbon architectures are formed through unique enzyme catalysis, featuring regio- and stereoselective C-C bond forming processes. Despite extensive research on these plant natural products, their biosynthetic pathways, and enzyme mechanisms remain enigmatic. This review highlights recent advancements in elucidating the functions and mechanisms of the biosynthetic enzymes responsible for constructing the distinct carbon frameworks of lignans and norlignans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richiro Ushimaru
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
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Ishikawa E, Kanai S, Shinozawa A, Hyakutake M, Sue M. Hordeum vulgare CYP76M57 catalyzes C 2 shortening of tryptophan side chain by C-N bond rearrangement in gramine biosynthesis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 118:892-904. [PMID: 38281119 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
The indole alkaloid gramine, 3-(dimethylaminomethyl)indole, is a defensive specialized metabolite found in some barley cultivars. In its biosynthetic process, the tryptophan (Trp) side chain is shortened by two carbon atoms to produce 3-(aminomethyl)indole (AMI), which is then methylated by N-methyltransferase (HvNMT) to produce gramine. Although side chain shortening is one of the crucial scaffold formation steps of alkaloids originating from aromatic amino acids, the gene and enzyme involved in the Trp-AMI conversion reactions are unknown. In this study, through RNA-seq analysis, 35 transcripts were shown to correlate with gramine production; among them, an uncharacterized cytochrome P450 (CYP) gene, CYP76M57, and HvNMT were identified as candidate genes for gramine production. Transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana and rice overexpressing CYP and HvNMT accumulate AMI, N-methyl-AMI, and gramine. CYP76M57, heterologously expressed in Pichia pastoris, was able to act on Trp to produce AMI. Furthermore, the amino group nitrogen of Trp was retained during the CYP76M57-catalyzed reaction, indicating that the C2 shortening of Trp proceeds with an unprecedented biosynthetic process, the removal of the carboxyl group and Cα and the rearrangement of the nitrogen atom to Cβ. In some gramine-non-accumulating barley cultivars, arginine 104 in CYP76M57 is replaced by threonine, which abolished the catalytic activity of CYP76M57 to convert Trp into AMI. These results uncovered the missing committed enzyme of gramine biosynthesis in barley and contribute to the elucidation of the potential functions of CYPs in plants and undiscovered specialized pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Ishikawa
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Sakuragaoka 1-1-1, Setagaya, Tokyo, 156-8502, Japan
| | - Shion Kanai
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Sakuragaoka 1-1-1, Setagaya, Tokyo, 156-8502, Japan
| | - Akihisa Shinozawa
- Department of Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Sakuragaoka 1-1-1, Setagaya, Tokyo, 156-8502, Japan
- The NODAI Genome Research Center (NGRC), Tokyo University of Agriculture, Sakuragaoka 1-1-1, Setagaya, Tokyo, 156-8502, Japan
| | - Mami Hyakutake
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Sakuragaoka 1-1-1, Setagaya, Tokyo, 156-8502, Japan
| | - Masayuki Sue
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Sakuragaoka 1-1-1, Setagaya, Tokyo, 156-8502, Japan
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Xu D, Wang Z, Zhuang W, Wang T, Xie Y. Family characteristics, phylogenetic reconstruction, and potential applications of the plant BAHD acyltransferase family. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1218914. [PMID: 37868312 PMCID: PMC10585174 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1218914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
The BAHD acyltransferase family is a class of proteins in plants that can acylate a variety of primary and specialized secondary metabolites. The typically acylated products have greatly improved stability, lipid solubility, and bioavailability and thus show significant differences in their physicochemical properties and pharmacological activities. Here, we review the protein structure, catalytic mechanism, and phylogenetic reconstruction of plant BAHD acyltransferases to describe their family characteristics, acylation reactions, and the processes of potential functional differentiation. Moreover, the potential applications of the BAHD family in human activities are discussed from the perspectives of improving the quality of economic plants, enhancing the efficacy of medicinal plants, improving plant biomass for use in biofuel, and promoting stress resistance of land plants. This review provides a reference for the research and production of plant BAHD acyltransferases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghuan Xu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing, China
| | - Zhong Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing, China
| | - Weibing Zhuang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing, China
| | - Yinfeng Xie
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
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Ube N, Ishihara A, Yabuta Y, Taketa S, Kato Y, Nomura T. Molecular identification of a laccase that catalyzes the oxidative coupling of a hydroxycinnamic acid amide for hordatine biosynthesis in barley. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 115:1037-1050. [PMID: 37163295 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Plants produce dimerized phenolic compounds as secondary metabolites. Hordatine A (HA), a dehydrodimer of p-coumaroylagmatine (pCA), is an antifungal compound accumulated at high levels in young barley (Hordeum vulgare) seedlings. The enzyme responsible for the oxidative dimerization of pCA, which is the final step of the hordatine biosynthetic pathway, has not been identified. In this study, we first verified the presence of this enzyme activity in the crude extract of barley seedlings. Because the enzyme activity was not dependent on H2 O2 , the responsible enzyme was not peroxidase, which was previously implicated in HA biosynthesis. The analysis of the dissection lines of wheat (Triticum aestivum) carrying aberrant barley 2H chromosomes detected HA in the wheat lines carrying the distal part of the 2H short arm. This chromosomal region contains two laccase genes (HvLAC1 and HvLAC2) that are highly expressed at the seedling stage and may encode enzymes that oxidize pCA during the formation of HA. Changes in the HvLAC transcript levels coincided with the changes in the HA biosynthesis-related enzyme activities in the crude extract and the HA content in barley seedlings. Moreover, HvLAC genes were heterologously expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves and in bamboo (Phyllostachys nigra) suspension cells and HA biosynthetic activities were detected in the crude extract of transformed N. benthamiana leaves and bamboo suspension cells. The HA formed by the enzymatic reaction had the same stereo-configuration as the naturally occurring HA. These results demonstrate that HvLAC enzymes mediate the oxidative coupling of pCA during HA biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Ube
- Biotechnology Research Center and Department of Biotechnology, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama, 939-0398, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ishihara
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-cho Minami, Tottori, 680-8553, Japan
| | - Yukinori Yabuta
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-cho Minami, Tottori, 680-8553, Japan
| | - Shin Taketa
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, 2-20-1 Chuo, Kurashiki, Okayama, 710-0046, Japan
| | - Yasuo Kato
- Biotechnology Research Center and Department of Biotechnology, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama, 939-0398, Japan
| | - Taiji Nomura
- Biotechnology Research Center and Department of Biotechnology, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama, 939-0398, Japan
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Ishikawa E, Kanai S, Sue M. Detection of a novel intramolecular rearrangement during gramine biosynthesis in barley using stable isotope-labeled tryptophan. Biochem Biophys Rep 2023; 34:101439. [PMID: 36843643 PMCID: PMC9950820 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2023.101439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants accumulate various secondary metabolites, and the biosynthetic reactions responsible for their scaffold construction are the key steps that characterize their structural categories. Gramine, an indole alkaloid, is a defensive secondary metabolite biosynthesized in barley (Hordeum vulgare) from tryptophan (Trp) via aminomethylindole (AMI). While the two sequential N-methylation steps following the formation of AMI have already been characterized both genetically and enzymatically, the step preceding AMI formation, which includes the Trp side chain-shortening, has not yet been revealed. To gain further insight into these biosynthetic reactions, barley seedlings were fed Trp labeled with stable isotopes (13C and 15N) at various positions, and the isotope incorporation into gramine was analyzed by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Significant increases in the abundance of isotopic gramine were detected in experimental sets in which Trp was labeled at either the indole ring, the β-carbon, or the amino group, whereas the isotopolog composition was not affected by α-carbon-labeled Trp. Although absorbed Trp presumably undergoes transamination in plants, this reaction did not seem to be related to gramine productivity. The data indicated that AMI directly inherited the amino group from Trp, while the α-carbon was removed, suggesting that the Trp-AMI conversion includes a novel intramolecular rearrangement reaction. The results of this study provide novel insights into scaffold formation in plant secondary-metabolite synthesis.
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van Zadelhoff A, Meijvogel L, Seelen AM, de Bruijn WJ, Vincken JP. Biomimetic Enzymatic Oxidative Coupling of Barley Phenolamides: Hydroxycinnamoylagmatines. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:16241-16252. [PMID: 36516832 PMCID: PMC9801423 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c07457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative coupling of hydroxycinnamoylagmatines in barley (Hordeum vulgare) and related Hordeum species is part of the plant defense mechanism. Three linkage types have been reported for hydroxycinnamoylagmatine dimers, but knowledge on oxidative coupling reactions underlying their formation is limited. In this study, the monomers coumaroylagmatine, feruloylagmatine, and sinapoylagmatine were each incubated with horseradish peroxidase. Their coupling reactivity was in line with the order of peak potentials measured: sinapoylagmatine (245 mV) > feruloylagmatine (341 mV) > coumaroylagmatine (506 mV). Structure elucidation of fourteen in vitro coupling products by NMR and MS revealed that the three main linkage types were identical to those naturally present in Hordeum species, namely, 4-O-7'/3-8', 2-7'/8-8', and 8-8'/9-N-7'. Furthermore, we identified two linkage types that were not previously reported for hydroxycinnamoylagmatine dimers, namely, 8-8' and 4-O-8'. We conclude that oxidative coupling by horseradish peroxidase can be used for biomimetic formation of natural antifungal hydroxycinnamoylagmatine dimers from barley.
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Liu S, Xie L, Su J, Tian B, Fang A, Yu Y, Bi C, Yang Y. Integrated Metabolo-transcriptomics Reveals the Defense Response of Homogentisic Acid in Wheat against Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:3719-3729. [PMID: 35293725 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c00231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Stripe rust is a widespread and harmful wheat disease caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) worldwide. Targeted metabolome and transcriptomics analyses of CYR23 infected leaves were performed to identify the differential metabolites and differentially expressed genes related to wheat disease resistance. We observed upregulation of 33 metabolites involved in the primary and secondary metabolism, especially for homogentisic acid (HGA), p-coumaroylagmatine, and saccharopine. These three metabolites were mainly involved in the phenylpropanoid metabolic pathway, hydroxycinnamic acid amides pathway, and saccharopine pathway. Combined with transcriptome data on non-compatible interaction, the synthesis-related genes of these three differential metabolites were all upregulated significantly. The gene regulatory network involved in response to Pst infection was constructed, which revealed that several transcription factor families including WRKYs, MYBs, and bZIPs were identified as potentially hubs in wheat resistance response against Pst. An in vitro test showed that HGA effectively inhibited the germination of stripe rust fungus urediniospores and reduced the occurrence of wheat stripe rust. The results of gene silencing and overexpression of HGA synthesis-related gene 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase proved that HGA was involved in wheat disease resistance. These results provided a further understanding of the disease resistance of wheat and indicated that HGA can be developed as a potential agent against Pst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saifei Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Liyang Xie
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jiaxuan Su
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Binnian Tian
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Anfei Fang
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yang Yu
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Chaowei Bi
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yuheng Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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13
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Ishihara A. Defense mechanisms involving secondary metabolism in the grass family. JOURNAL OF PESTICIDE SCIENCE 2021; 46:382-392. [PMID: 34908899 PMCID: PMC8640679 DOI: 10.1584/jpestics.j21-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Plants synthesize and accumulate a wide variety of compounds called secondary metabolites. Secondary metabolites serve as chemical barriers to protect plants from pathogens and herbivores. Antimicrobial secondary metabolites are accumulated to prevent pathogen infection. These metabolites are classified into phytoalexins (induced in response to pathogen attack) and phytoanticipins (present prior to pathogen infection). The antimicrobial compounds in the grass family (Poaceae) were studied from the viewpoint of evolution. The studies were performed at three hierarchies, families, genera, and species and include the following: 1) the distribution of benzoxazinoids (Bxs) in the grass family, 2) evolutionary replacement of phytoanticipins from Bxs to hydroxycinnamic acid amide dimers in the genus Hordeum, and 3) chemodiversity of flavonoid and diterpenoid phytoalexins in rice. These studies demonstrated dynamic changes in secondary metabolism during evolution, indicating the adaptation of plants to their environment by repeating scrap-and-build cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Ishihara
- Department of Agricultural, Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680–8553, Japan
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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14
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Yamane M, Takenoya M, Yajima S, Sue M. Molecular and structural characterization of agmatine coumaroyltransferase in Triticeae, the key regulator of hydroxycinnamic acid amide accumulation. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2021; 189:112825. [PMID: 34119689 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxycinnamic acid amides (HCAAs) are involved in stress-induced defense in many plant species. Barley accumulates high concentrations of HCAAs irrespective of exogenous stressors, while other major cereals such as wheat and rice accumulate relatively low levels of HCAAs in intact tissues. The primary HCAA species in barley are biosynthesized by agmatine p-coumaroyltransferase (ACT), an N-acyltransferase of the BAHD superfamily. However, the molecular basis underlying barley's uniquely high HCAA accumulation has not been elucidated, and information regarding the structural details of BAHD N-acyltransferases is limited. Hence, we aimed to investigate the ACTs of family Poaceae. We isolated ACT (-like) genes, including those previously undescribed, and investigated their enzymatic and genetic features. All the identified enzymes belonged to clade IVa of the BAHD superfamily. The barley and wheat ACTs were further categorized, based on catalytic properties and primary structures, into ACT1 and ACT2 groups, the encoding loci of which are neighbors on the same chromosome. While all ACTs exhibited similar Km values for CoA-thioesters (acyl-group donors), members of the ACT1 group showed a distinctly higher affinity for agmatine (acyl-acceptor). Among the ACTs tested, an ACT isozyme in barley (HvACT1-1) showed the highest catalytic efficiency and transcript level, indicating that ACT regulates high-level HCAA accumulation in barley. For further enzymatic characterization of the ACTs, we crystalized wheat ACT2 (TaACT2) and determined its structure at 2.3 Å resolution. Structural alignment of TaACT2 and HvACT1-1 showed that the architectures of the substrate binding pockets were well conserved. However, the structure of a loop located at the entrance to acyl-acceptor binding site may be more flexible in TaACT2, which could be responsible for the lower affinity of TaACT2 to agmatine. Mutations of HvACT1-1 at Glu372 and Asp374 within one of the clade-IV specific motifs facing the deduced acyl-acceptor binding pocket caused significant catalytic deterioration toward agmatine both in Km and kcat, suggesting their key roles in acyl acceptor binding by the clade-IV enzymes. This study elucidated the molecular basis of how plants accumulate defensive specialized metabolites and provided insights into developing efficient and eco-friendly agricultural methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyo Yamane
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Setagaya, Tokyo, 156-8502, Japan
| | - Mihoko Takenoya
- Department of Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Setagaya, Tokyo, 156-8502, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Yajima
- Department of Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Setagaya, Tokyo, 156-8502, Japan
| | - Masayuki Sue
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Setagaya, Tokyo, 156-8502, Japan.
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15
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van Zadelhoff A, de Bruijn WJC, Fang Z, Gaquerel E, Ishihara A, Werck-Reichhart D, Zhang P, Zhou G, Franssen MCR, Vincken JP. Toward a Systematic Nomenclature for (Neo)Lignanamides. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2021; 84:956-963. [PMID: 33787264 PMCID: PMC8155391 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.0c00792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Phenylalkenoic acid amides, often referred to as phenol amides or hydroxycinnamic acid amides, are bioactive phytochemicals, whose bioactivity can be enhanced by coupling to form dimers or oligomers. Phenylalkenoic acid amides consist of a (hydroxy)cinnamic acid derivative (i.e., the phenylalkenoic acid subunit) linked to an amine-containing compound (i.e., the amine subunit) via an amide bond. The phenylalkenoic acid moiety can undergo oxidative coupling, either catalyzed by oxidative enzymes or due to autoxidation, which leads to the formation of (neo)lignanamides. Dimers described in the literature are often named after the species in which the compound was first discovered; however, the naming of these compounds lacks a systematic approach. We propose a new nomenclature, inspired by the existing system used for hydroxycinnamic acid dimers and lignin. In the proposed systematic nomenclature for (neo)lignanamides, compound names will be composed of three-letter codes and prefixes denoting the subunits, and numbers that indicate the carbon atoms involved in the linkage between the monomeric precursors. The proposed nomenclature is consistent, future-proof, and systematic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemiek van Zadelhoff
- Laboratory
of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter J. C. de Bruijn
- Laboratory
of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Zhongxiang Fang
- School
of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic 3010, Australia
| | - Emmanuel Gaquerel
- Institut
de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du Centre National de la
Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université
de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, 67084 France
| | - Atsushi Ishihara
- Faculty
of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101, Koyama-cho, Minami, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
| | - Danièle Werck-Reichhart
- Institut
de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du Centre National de la
Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université
de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, 67084 France
| | - Pangzhen Zhang
- School
of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic 3010, Australia
| | - Guangxiong Zhou
- Guangdong
Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and
New Drugs Research, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and
Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan
University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Maurice C. R. Franssen
- Laboratory
of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jean-Paul Vincken
- Laboratory
of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Roumani M, Besseau S, Gagneul D, Robin C, Larbat R. Phenolamides in plants: an update on their function, regulation, and origin of their biosynthetic enzymes. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:2334-2355. [PMID: 33315095 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Phenolamides represent a family of specialized metabolites, consisting of the association of hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives with aliphatic or aromatic amines. Since the discovery of the first phenolamide in the late 1940s, decades of phytochemical analyses have revealed a high structural diversity for this family and a wide distribution in the plant kingdom. The occurrence of structurally diverse phenolamides in almost all plant organs has led to early hypotheses on their involvement in floral initiation and fertility, as well as plant defense against biotic and abiotic stress. In the present work, we critically review the literature ascribing functional hypotheses to phenolamides and recent evidence on the control of their biosynthesis in response to biotic stress. We additionally provide a phylogenetic analysis of the numerous N-hydroxycinnamoyltransferases involved in the synthesis of phenolamides and discuss the potential role of other enzyme families in their diversification. The data presented suggest multiple evolutionary events that contributed to the extension of the taxonomic distribution and diversity of phenolamides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Roumani
- UMR 1121, Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement (LAE), Université de Lorraine- INRAe, Nancy, France
| | - Sébastien Besseau
- EA 2106, Biomolécules et biotechnologies végétales (BBV), Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - David Gagneul
- UMR 1158, BioEcoAgro, Université de Lille, INRAe, Université de Liège, UPJV, YNCREA, Université d'Artois, Université Littoral Côte d'Opale, Institut Charles Viollette (ICV), Lille, France
| | - Christophe Robin
- UMR 1121, Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement (LAE), Université de Lorraine- INRAe, Nancy, France
| | - Romain Larbat
- UMR 1121, Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement (LAE), Université de Lorraine- INRAe, Nancy, France
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Wlazło A, Święcicka M, Koter MD, Krępski T, Bolibok L, Stochmal A, Kowalczyk M, Rakoczy-Trojanowska M. Genes ScBx1 and ScIgl-Competitors or Cooperators? Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11020223. [PMID: 32093268 PMCID: PMC7074272 DOI: 10.3390/genes11020223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Two genes, Bx1 and Igl, both encoding indole-3-glycerol phosphate lyase (IGL), are believed to control the conversion of indole-3-glycerol phosphate (IGP) to indole. The first of these has generally been supposed to be regulated developmentally, being expressed at early stages of plant development with the indole being used in the benzoxazinoid (BX) biosynthesis pathway. In contrast, it has been proposed that the second one is regulated by stresses and that the associated free indole is secreted as a volatile. However, our previous results contradicted this. In the present study, we show that the ScIgl gene takes over the role of ScBx1 at later developmental stages, between the 42nd and 70th days after germination. In the majority of plants with silenced ScBx1 expression, ScIgl was either expressed at a significantly higher level than ScBx1 or it was the only gene with detectable expression. Therefore, we postulate that the synthesis of indole used in BX biosynthesis in rye is controlled by both ScBx1 and ScIgl, which are both regulated developmentally and by stresses. In silico and in vivo analyses of the promoter sequences further confirmed our hypothesis that the roles and modes of regulation of the ScBx1 and ScIgl genes are similar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Wlazło
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland; (A.W.); (M.Ś.); (M.D.K.); (T.K.)
| | - Magdalena Święcicka
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland; (A.W.); (M.Ś.); (M.D.K.); (T.K.)
| | - Marek D. Koter
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland; (A.W.); (M.Ś.); (M.D.K.); (T.K.)
| | - Tomasz Krępski
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland; (A.W.); (M.Ś.); (M.D.K.); (T.K.)
| | - Leszek Bolibok
- Department of Silviculture, Institute of Forest Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Anna Stochmal
- Department of Biochemistry and Crop Quality, Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation, State Research Institute, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (A.S.); (M.K.)
| | - Mariusz Kowalczyk
- Department of Biochemistry and Crop Quality, Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation, State Research Institute, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (A.S.); (M.K.)
| | - Monika Rakoczy-Trojanowska
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland; (A.W.); (M.Ś.); (M.D.K.); (T.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-225932150
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18
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Morimoto N, Ueno K, Teraishi M, Okumoto Y, Mori N, Ishihara A. Induced phenylamide accumulation in response to pathogen infection and hormone treatment in rice (Oryza sativa). Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2018; 82:407-416. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2018.1429889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Rice plants accumulate various specialized metabolites, including phenylamides, in response to pathogen attack. We prepared 25 phenylamides, and developed a method of analyzing them by multiple reaction monitoring with liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. We analyzed phenylamides in rice leaves infected with Cochliobolus miyabeanus and Xanthomonas oryzae. The phenylamides induced included benzoyltryptamine, cinnamoyl-, p-coumaroyl-, feruloyl-, and benzoylserotonins, cinnamoyl and benzoyltyramines, feruloylagmatine, and feruloylputrescine. Some of the phenylamides exhibited antimicrobial activity against C. miyabeanus and X. oryzae, indicating that they are phytoalexins. Treatment with jasmonic acid, salicylic acid, 6-benzylaminopurine, and ethephone also induced phenylamide accumulation. The compositions of the induced amides varied depending on the plant hormone used, and cinnamoyltryptamine, cinnamoylserotonin, and cinnamoyltyramine were not induced by the plant hormones. These findings suggest that several plant hormones and additional factors are involved in phenylamide accumulation in response to pathogen infection in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Morimoto
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Kotomi Ueno
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | | | - Yutaka Okumoto
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Naoki Mori
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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