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Jiang C, Tan J, Liu Y, Cao J, Wang L, Sun Y, Jia G, Hua H, Zhao R, Han T. Cephaliverins A-D, four new lignans from Cephalotaxus oliveri Mast. Fitoterapia 2024; 177:106040. [PMID: 38801892 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2024.106040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Four new lignans named cephaliverins A-D (1-4), along with seven known analogues (5-11), were isolated from Cephalotaxus oliveri Mast. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of HR-ESI-MS and NMR analyses, and their absolute configurations were determined by ECD comparison. Cephaliverin A (1), herpetotriol (5) and hedyotol A (6) exhibited moderate antitumor activity against HepG2 and A549 cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyu Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Life Science & Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, 5 Xinfeng Road, Daqing 163319, PR China
| | - Jiayi Tan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Life Science & Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, 5 Xinfeng Road, Daqing 163319, PR China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Life Science & Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, 5 Xinfeng Road, Daqing 163319, PR China
| | - Junyang Cao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Life Science & Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, 5 Xinfeng Road, Daqing 163319, PR China
| | - Liu Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Life Science & Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, 5 Xinfeng Road, Daqing 163319, PR China
| | - Yuquan Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Life Science & Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, 5 Xinfeng Road, Daqing 163319, PR China
| | - Guiyan Jia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Life Science & Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, 5 Xinfeng Road, Daqing 163319, PR China
| | - Huiming Hua
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, and School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, PR China.
| | - Rui Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Life Science & Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, 5 Xinfeng Road, Daqing 163319, PR China.
| | - Tong Han
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Life Science & Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, 5 Xinfeng Road, Daqing 163319, PR China.
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2
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Chen Y, Wang Y, He L, Wang L, Zhao J, Yang Z, Li Q, Shi R. Supercritical CO 2 Extraction of Terpenoids from Indocalamus latifolius Leaves: Optimization, Purification, and Antioxidant Activity. Foods 2024; 13:1719. [PMID: 38890947 PMCID: PMC11171701 DOI: 10.3390/foods13111719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of supercritical CO2 (SC-CO2) extraction in enhancing the extraction rate, purity, and antioxidant activity of Indocalamus latifolius (Keng) McClure (Poaceae) leaf terpenoids (ILLTs). Crude extracts obtained from leaves were subjected to qualitative and quantitative analyses, revealing neophytadiene, phytol, β-sitosterol, β-amyrone, squalene, and friedelin as the primary terpenoid constituents, identified through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Compared with steam distillation extraction (SD), simultaneous distillation extraction (SDE), ultra-high pressure-assisted n-hexane extraction (UHPE-Hex), ultra-high pressure-assisted ethanol extraction (UHPE-EtOH), ultrasound-assisted n-hexane extraction (UE-Hex), and ultrasound-assisted ethanol extraction (UE-EtOH), SC-CO2 exhibited a superior ILLT extraction rate, purity, and antioxidant activity. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations of the residues further revealed more severe damage to both the residues and their cell walls after SC-CO2 extraction. Under optimal parameters (4.5 h, 26 MPa, 39 °C, and 20% ethyl alcohol), the ILLT extraction rate with SC-CO2 reached 1.44 ± 0.12 mg/g, which was significantly higher than the rates obtained by the other six methods. The subsequent separation and purification using WelFlash C18-l, BUCHI-C18, and Sephadex LH-20 led to an increase in the purity of the six terpenoid components from 12.91% to 93.34%. Furthermore, the ILLTs demonstrated cytotoxicity against HepG2 cells with an IC50 value of 148.93 ± 9.93 μg/mL. Additionally, with increasing concentrations, the ILLTs exhibited an enhanced cellular antioxidant status, as evidenced by reductions in both reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadan Chen
- The Key Laboratory of State Forest Food Resources Utilization and Quality Control, Department of Forest Foods, Zhejiang Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 310023, China
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yanbin Wang
- The Key Laboratory of State Forest Food Resources Utilization and Quality Control, Department of Forest Foods, Zhejiang Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Liang He
- The Key Laboratory of State Forest Food Resources Utilization and Quality Control, Department of Forest Foods, Zhejiang Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Liling Wang
- The Key Laboratory of State Forest Food Resources Utilization and Quality Control, Department of Forest Foods, Zhejiang Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Jianchen Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of State Forest Food Resources Utilization and Quality Control, Department of Forest Foods, Zhejiang Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Zhenya Yang
- The Key Laboratory of State Forest Food Resources Utilization and Quality Control, Department of Forest Foods, Zhejiang Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Qin Li
- The Key Laboratory of State Forest Food Resources Utilization and Quality Control, Department of Forest Foods, Zhejiang Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Rui Shi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
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Jiang C, Han Z, Sun W, Tan J, Gao G, Wang X, Hua H, Zhao R, Han T. Diterpenolignans and cephalotane diterpenoids from Cephalotaxus oliveri mast. with antitumor activity. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2024; 217:113924. [PMID: 37956886 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2023.113924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Four undescribed naturally diterpenolignans, and two cephalotane diterpenoids, along with seven known compounds, including two pairs of enantiomers, were isolated from the twigs and leaves of Cephalotaxus oliveri Mast. Their structures were elucidated via spectroscopic data interpretation, chiral-phase HPLC analysis, NMR calculations, and electronic circular dichroism analysis. All the isolated compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxic activities against three kinds of human tumor cell lines. Among them, compound 8 exhibited the most potent activities against MCF-7, HepG2 and A549 cell lines with IC50 values of 2.83, 4.75 and 2.77 μM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyu Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Life Science & Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, 5 Xinfeng Road, Daqing, 163319, PR China
| | - Zimeng Han
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Life Science & Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, 5 Xinfeng Road, Daqing, 163319, PR China
| | - Wen Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Life Science & Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, 5 Xinfeng Road, Daqing, 163319, PR China
| | - Jiayi Tan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Life Science & Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, 5 Xinfeng Road, Daqing, 163319, PR China
| | - Guiwen Gao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Life Science & Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, 5 Xinfeng Road, Daqing, 163319, PR China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Life Science & Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, 5 Xinfeng Road, Daqing, 163319, PR China
| | - Huiming Hua
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, And School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, PR China.
| | - Rui Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Life Science & Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, 5 Xinfeng Road, Daqing, 163319, PR China.
| | - Tong Han
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Life Science & Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, 5 Xinfeng Road, Daqing, 163319, PR China.
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Zou D, Liu F, Liu L, Xu H, Li D, Hua H. Cytotoxic xanthones from Garcinia pedunculata fruits. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2024; 217:113898. [PMID: 37875167 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2023.113898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Eight previously undescribed and seven known xanthones were isolated from the fruits of Garcinia pedunculata Roxb. The structures were identified by a variety of spectroscopic methods as well as by comparison with the literature. The isolates showed appreciable cytotoxicity against three human tumor cell lines (HepG2, A549, and MCF-7). Pedunculaxanthone G exhibited inhibitory activities with IC50 values of 12.41, 16.51, and 15.45 μM against the cancer cell lines and induced cell apoptosis in HepG2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deli Zou
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, And School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, PR China
| | - Fangshen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, And School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, PR China
| | - Lei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, And School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, PR China
| | - Huarong Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, PR China.
| | - Dahong Li
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, And School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, PR China.
| | - Huiming Hua
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, And School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, PR China.
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5
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Zhang S, Mao X, Xu H, Wei X, Chou G. Abietane diterpenoids and iridoids from Caryopteris mongolica. Chin J Nat Med 2023; 21:927-937. [PMID: 38143106 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(23)60409-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Six new abietane diterpenoids (1-6) and five undescribed iridoids (7-11) have been isolated from the aerial parts of Caryopteris mongolica. The intricate structural characterization of these compounds was meticulously undertaken using an array of advanced spectroscopic techniques. This process was further enhanced by the application of DP4+ probability analyses and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations. Following isolation and structural elucidation, the cytotoxicity of these compounds was evaluated. Among them, compound 3 stood out, displaying significant cytotoxic activity against HeLa cells with an IC50 value of 7.83 ± 1.28 μmol·L-1. Additionally, compounds 1, 2, 4, 9, and 10 manifested moderate cytotoxic effects on specific cell lines, with IC50 values ranging from 11.7 to 20.9 μmol·L-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xudong Mao
- State Key Lab of New Drug and Pharmaceutical Process, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hongtao Xu
- Shanghai R&D Center for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiaohui Wei
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Guixin Chou
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; Shanghai R&D Center for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai 201203, China.
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6
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Sun Y, Yang HY, Huang PZ, Zhang LJ, Feng WJ, Li Y, Gao K. Abietane diterpenoids with anti-inflammatory activities from Callicarpa bodinieri. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2023; 214:113825. [PMID: 37591440 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2023.113825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Nine undescribed abietane diterpenoids (1-9) and eleven known abietane analogs (10-20) were isolated from Callicarpa bodinieri. Their structures were characterized by interpreting spectroscopic data, X-ray crystallography, and ECD analysis. The anti-inflammatory activities of these compounds were tested by evaluation of their inhibitory effect on NO production by lipopolysaccharide in RAW 264.7 macrophages, and compounds 3 and 8 exhibited potent anti-inflammatory activities with IC50 values of 36.35 ± 1.12 and 37.21 ± 0.92 μM. The western blotting studies demonstrated that compound 3 inhibited the expression of nitric oxide synthase and p65 that involved in the NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Ying Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Pei-Zhi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Lan-Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Jiao Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Kun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China.
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Yang MY, Shao ZX, Wang YT, Hou YL, Zhu DK, Chen S, Zhang YH, Cao F, Jing YK, Lin B, Li ZL, Li DH, Hua HM. Stilbenes with potent cytotoxicity from the seedcases of Paeonia suffruticosa Andrews. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2023; 205:113515. [PMID: 36403670 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Stilbenes (based on the 1,2-diphenylethylene skeleton) are a class of plant polyphenols with rich structural and bioactive diversity. Twenty-six stilbenes, including five undescribed compounds (7,8-dioxy-4,3',5'-trihydroxystilbene, trans-13'-methoxygnetin H, suffruticosol E, paestibenetrimerols A and B), were isolated from the seedcases of Paeonia suffruticosa Andrews. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analyses and comparison with previously reported data. The absolute configurations of trans-13'-methoxygnetin H, suffruticosol E, paestibenetrimerols A and B were assigned from their respective electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectra. Additionally, the structures of known compounds suffruticosols A, B and rockiol B were revised and the absolute configurations of them, and along with (+)-davidiol A, were also further determined by ECD. The isolated compounds, trans-gnetin H, cis-gnetin H and suffruticosol E, were found to have potent cytotoxicity against the DU-145 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines with IC50 values of 4.89-8.61 μM. The preliminary antitumor structure-activity relationship of these stilbenes is discussed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Yue Yang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, PR China
| | - Zhao-Xiang Shao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, PR China
| | - Yue-Tong Wang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Lian Hou
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, PR China
| | - Ding-Kang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, PR China
| | - Sha Chen
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, PR China
| | - Ya-Hui Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics of Education Ministry of China, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Cao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics of Education Ministry of China, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Kui Jing
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Lin
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, PR China
| | - Zhan-Lin Li
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, PR China
| | - Da-Hong Li
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, PR China.
| | - Hui-Ming Hua
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, PR China.
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Hu JW, Wang Q, Liu L, Hu YM, Xie M, Zheng DK, Xie Z, Liu Y. Abietane diterpenoids from Phlegmariurus carinatus and their biological activities. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2022; 204:113457. [PMID: 36179821 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Five undescribed abietane diterpenoids, along with eight known analogs, were isolated from Phlegmariurus carinatus. Their structures were unambiguously elucidated by extensive analysis of spectroscopic data and comparison between the literature. The absolute configuration of phlecarinatone C was determined by evaluating ECD spectra. Four undescribed abietane diterpenoids and eight known analogs were tested for their neuroprotective and cytotoxic activities, separately. Teuvincenone C showed potential neuroprotective effect against Hemin-induced HT22 cell damage. Importantly, phlecarinatone C showed pronounced cytotoxic effect against U251 cells in vitro assays. The biological evaluation revealed that phlecarinatone C could inhibit proliferation, migration, and invasion in a concentration-dependent manner of U251 cells. Meanwhile, phlecarinatone C effectively reversed epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and promoted U251 cells apoptosis via a mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. Taken together, phlecarinatone C might be a valuable candidate for anti-metastatic agents against glioblastoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Wei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Biomaterials and Bio-fabrication in Tissue Engineering of Jiangxi Province, Scientific Research Center, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, 341000, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, 341000, China
| | - Lin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, 341000, China
| | - Yi-Ming Hu
- School of Basic Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, 341000, China
| | - Min Xie
- School of Basic Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, 341000, China
| | - Dong-Kun Zheng
- National Engineering Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine-Hakka Medical Resources Branch, College of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, 341000, China
| | - Zhen Xie
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, 341000, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, 341000, China.
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