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Michaeloudes C, Christodoulides S, Christodoulou P, Kyriakou TC, Patrikios I, Stephanou A. Variability in the Clinical Effects of the Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids DHA and EPA in Cardiovascular Disease-Possible Causes and Future Considerations. Nutrients 2023; 15:4830. [PMID: 38004225 PMCID: PMC10675410 DOI: 10.3390/nu15224830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) that includes myocardial infarction and stroke, is the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Atherosclerosis, the primary underlying cause of CVD, can be controlled by pharmacological and dietary interventions, including n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) supplementation. n-3 PUFA supplementation, primarily consisting of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), has shown promise in reducing atherosclerosis by modulating risk factors, including triglyceride levels and vascular inflammation. n-3 PUFAs act by replacing pro-inflammatory fatty acid types in cell membranes and plasma lipids, by regulating transcription factor activity, and by inducing epigenetic changes. EPA and DHA regulate cellular function through shared and differential molecular mechanisms. Large clinical studies on n-3 PUFAs have reported conflicting findings, causing confusion among the public and health professionals. In this review, we discuss important factors leading to these inconsistencies, in the context of atherosclerosis, including clinical study design and the differential effects of EPA and DHA on cell function. We propose steps to improve clinical and basic experimental study design in order to improve supplement composition optimization. Finally, we propose that understanding the factors underlying the poor response to n-3 PUFAs, and the development of molecular biomarkers for predicting response may help towards a more personalized treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charalambos Michaeloudes
- School of Medicine, European University Cyprus, Nicosia 2404, Cyprus; (S.C.); (P.C.); (T.-C.K.); (I.P.); (A.S.)
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Sun C, Liu B, Zhou Q, Xiong Z, Shan F, Zhang H. Response of Macrobrachium rosenbergii to Vegetable Oils Replacing Dietary Fish Oil: Insights From Antioxidant Defense. Front Physiol 2020; 11:218. [PMID: 32231592 PMCID: PMC7082322 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The study was conducted to evaluate the effects of fish oil replacement by vegetable oils on growth performance, histology, and antioxidant capacity of Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Three isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were formulated with different lipid sources included. DFO diet contained 6% fish oil, whereas DSO and DRO diets included 6% soybean oil and rapeseed oil (RO) as alternatives for fish oil, respectively. Prawns were fed thrice daily for 8 weeks. The results showed that prawns in DFO group showed significantly lower final weight, weight gain ratio, and specific growth rate (SGR), but higher feed intake and feed coefficient ratio than those in DSO and DRO groups. In hepatocellular ultrastructure, malformed and atrophic nucleus and higher apoptosis ratio were observed in DFO group. In addition, levels of haemolymph proinflammatory cytokines, activities of anti-superoxide anion, inducible-type NO-synthase (iNOS) and content of nitric oxide, and hepatopancreas NF-κB signal pathway gene expression in DFO group increased markedly compared to those of DSO and DRO groups. The results suggested that vegetable oils, such as soybean oil and RO might be the better lipid sources in diets for Macrobrachium rosenbergii than fish oil, it may be attributed to modified oxidative status induced by NF-κB-NO signal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cunxin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, China.,Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, China
| | - Qunlan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, China.,Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, China
| | - Zhe Xiong
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, China
| | - Fan Shan
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, China
| | - Huimin Zhang
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, China
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Fournier N, Benoist JF, Allaoui F, Nowak M, Dakroub H, Vedie B, Paul JL. Contrasting effects of membrane enrichment with polyunsaturated fatty acids on phospholipid composition and cholesterol efflux from cholesterol-loaded J774 mouse or primary human macrophages. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2019; 1865:158536. [PMID: 31672574 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2019.158536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A high consumption of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), particularly n-3 PUFAs, is atheroprotective. PUFAs incorporation into membrane phospholipids alters the functionality of membrane proteins. We studied the consequences of the in vitro supplementation of several PUFAs on the FA profiles and on ABCA1-dependent cholesterol efflux capacities from cholesterol-loaded macrophages. Arachidonic acid (AA, C20:4 n-6) and, to a lesser extent, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5 n-3), dose-dependently impaired cholesterol efflux from cholesterol-loaded J774 mouse macrophages without alterations in ABCA1 expression, whereas docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6 n-3) had no impact. AA cells exhibited higher proportions of arachidonic acid and adrenic acid (C22:4 n-6), its elongation product. EPA cells exhibited slightly higher proportions of EPA associated with much higher proportions of docosapentaenoic acid (C22:5 n-3), its elongation product and with lower proportions of AA. Conversely, both EPA and DHA and, to a lesser extent, AA decreased cholesterol efflux from cholesterol-loaded primary human macrophages (HMDM). The differences observed in FA profiles after PUFA supplementations were different from those observed for the J774 cells. In conclusion, we are the first to report that AA and EPA, but not DHA, have deleterious effects on the cardioprotective ABCA1 cholesterol efflux pathway from J774 foam cells. Moreover, the membrane incorporation of PUFAs does not have the same impact on cholesterol efflux from murine (J774) or human (HMDM) cholesterol-loaded macrophages. This finding emphasizes the key role of the cellular model in cholesterol efflux studies and may partly explain the heterogeneous literature data on the impact of PUFAs on cholesterol efflux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Fournier
- Lip(Sys)(2) - EA 7357, Athérosclérose: homéostasie et trafic du cholestérol des macrophages, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, UFR de Pharmacie, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France; Laboratoire de Biochimie, AP-HP (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris), Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Jean-François Benoist
- Lip(Sys)(2) - EA 7357, Athérosclérose: homéostasie et trafic du cholestérol des macrophages, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, UFR de Pharmacie, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France; Laboratoire de Biochimie hormonale, AP-HP (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris), Hôpital Robert Debré, 75019 Paris, France
| | - Fatima Allaoui
- Lip(Sys)(2) - EA 7357, Athérosclérose: homéostasie et trafic du cholestérol des macrophages, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, UFR de Pharmacie, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Maxime Nowak
- Lip(Sys)(2) - EA 7357, Athérosclérose: homéostasie et trafic du cholestérol des macrophages, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, UFR de Pharmacie, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Hani Dakroub
- Lip(Sys)(2) - EA 7357, Athérosclérose: homéostasie et trafic du cholestérol des macrophages, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, UFR de Pharmacie, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Benoît Vedie
- Laboratoire de Biochimie, AP-HP (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris), Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Louis Paul
- Lip(Sys)(2) - EA 7357, Athérosclérose: homéostasie et trafic du cholestérol des macrophages, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, UFR de Pharmacie, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France; Laboratoire de Biochimie, AP-HP (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris), Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, 75015 Paris, France
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Fournier N, Sayet G, Vedie B, Nowak M, Allaoui F, Solgadi A, Caudron E, Chaminade P, Benoist JF, Paul JL. Eicosapentaenoic acid membrane incorporation impairs cholesterol efflux from cholesterol-loaded human macrophages by reducing the cholesteryl ester mobilization from lipid droplets. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2017; 1862:1079-1091. [PMID: 28739279 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2017.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A diet containing a high n-3/n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) ratio has cardioprotective properties. PUFAs incorporation into membranes influences the function of membrane proteins. We investigated the impact of the membrane incorporation of PUFAs, especially eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) (C20:5 n-3), on the anti-atherogenic cholesterol efflux pathways. We used cholesteryl esters (CE)-loaded human monocyte-derived macrophages (HMDM) to mimic foam cells exposed to the FAs for a long period of time to ensure their incorporation into cellular membranes. Phospholipid fraction of EPA cells exhibited high levels of EPA and its elongation product docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) (C22:5 n-3), which was associated with a decreased level of arachidonic acid (AA) (C20:4 n-6). EPA 70μM reduced ABCA1-mediated cholesterol efflux to apolipoprotein (apo) AI by 30% without any alteration in ABCA1 expression. The other tested PUFAs, DPA, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (C22:6 n-3), and AA, were also able to reduce ABCA1 functionality while the monounsaturated oleic FA slightly decreased efflux and the saturated palmitic FA had no impact. Moreover, EPA also reduced cholesterol efflux to HDL mediated by the Cla-1 and ABCG1 pathways. EPA incorporation did not hinder efflux in free cholesterol-loaded HMDM and did not promote esterification of cholesterol. Conversely, EPA reduced the neutral hydrolysis of cytoplasmic CE by 24%. The reduced CE hydrolysis was likely attributed to the increase in cellular TG contents and/or the decrease in apo E secretion after EPA treatment. In conclusion, EPA membrane incorporation reduces cholesterol efflux in human foam cells by reducing the cholesteryl ester mobilization from lipid droplets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Fournier
- Univ Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, EA 7357, Lip(Sys)(2), Athérosclérose: homéostasie et trafic du cholestérol des macrophages (FKA EA 4529), UFR de Pharmacie, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France; AP-HP (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris), Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Laboratoire de Biochimie, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Guillaume Sayet
- Univ Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, EA 7357, Lip(Sys)(2), Chimie Analytique Pharmaceutique (FKA EA 4041), UFR de Pharmacie, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Benoît Vedie
- AP-HP (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris), Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Laboratoire de Biochimie, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Maxime Nowak
- Univ Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, EA 7357, Lip(Sys)(2), Athérosclérose: homéostasie et trafic du cholestérol des macrophages (FKA EA 4529), UFR de Pharmacie, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Fatima Allaoui
- Univ Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, EA 7357, Lip(Sys)(2), Athérosclérose: homéostasie et trafic du cholestérol des macrophages (FKA EA 4529), UFR de Pharmacie, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Audrey Solgadi
- Univ Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, SFR IPSIT (Institut Paris-Saclay d'Innovation Thérapeutique), UMS IPSIT Service d'Analyse des Médicaments et Métabolites, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Eric Caudron
- Univ Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, EA 7357, Lip(Sys)(2), Chimie Analytique Pharmaceutique (FKA EA 4041), UFR de Pharmacie, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Pierre Chaminade
- Univ Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, EA 7357, Lip(Sys)(2), Chimie Analytique Pharmaceutique (FKA EA 4041), UFR de Pharmacie, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Jean-François Benoist
- AP-HP (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris), Hôpital Robert Debré, Laboratoire de Biochimie hormonale, 75019 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Louis Paul
- Univ Paris Sud-Paris Saclay, EA 7357, Lip(Sys)(2), Athérosclérose: homéostasie et trafic du cholestérol des macrophages (FKA EA 4529), UFR de Pharmacie, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France; AP-HP (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris), Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Laboratoire de Biochimie, 75015 Paris, France
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Eicosapentaenoic acid membrane incorporation impairs ABCA1-dependent cholesterol efflux via a protein kinase A signaling pathway in primary human macrophages. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1861:331-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Li Q, Ai Q, Mai K, Xu W, Zheng Y. A comparative study: In vitro effects of EPA and DHA on immune functions of head-kidney macrophages isolated from large yellow croaker (Larmichthys crocea). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 35:933-940. [PMID: 23859878 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Comparative effects of different concentrations of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on immune responses of head-kidney macrophages isolated from large yellow croaker were studied in vitro. After exposing to serum-free medium for 1 day, cultured cells were incubated in medium supplemented with graded levels of EPA or DHA (0, 5, 25, 100, 200 and 1000 μM, respectively) in the form of fatty acid bovine serum albumin (FA-BSA) complex for 12 h, 24 h and 36 h, respectively. Control samples were incubated in the absence of EPA or DHA (2% bovine serum albumin, BSA). Following stimulation, cell viability, lipid peroxidation, secretary phopholipase A2 (sPLA2) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production as well as some immune parameters including phagocytosis, respiratory burst activity and interleukin 1β (IL-1β) production were determined. Results showed that EPA and DHA affected cell viability in dose-dependent and time-dependent manners. In particular, cell viability was significantly decreased after 24 h and 36 h incubation with 1000 μM EPA or DHA (P < 0.05). Higher levels of EPA (200 and 1000 μM) caused a significant increase in the production of malondialdehyde (MDA) (P < 0.05), while DHA did not significantly affect the MDA production. EPA significantly increased the intracellular superoxide anion synthesis which, on the contrary, was significantly reduced by DHA. Phagocytosis percentage (PP) values were significantly higher in treatments with 5 μM DHA (P < 0.05), but significantly decreased by 200 and 1000 μM EPA and DHA compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Decreased PGE2 production was produced by cells treated with relatively low doses of EPA or DHA. When high levels of stimulants (1000 μM EPA or DHA) were used, PGE2 levels were elevated and reached a significant level (P < 0.05). Both EPA and DHA significantly inhibited the production of sPLA2, where DHA exerted the more potent inhibitory effects than EPA. No pronounced effect was observed on IL-1β production among all the treatments, and IL-1β level in cell culture supernatant was fairly low (only approximately 6 pg/ml). Those findings suggested that EPA and DHA could influence the immunity and physiological conditions of macrophages from head kidney of large yellow croaker in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingfei Li
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry Education of China), Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, PR China
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Alberici LC, Paim BA, Zecchin KG, Mirandola SR, Pestana CR, Castilho RF, Vercesi AE, Oliveira HCF. Activation of the mitochondrial ATP-sensitive K+ channel reduces apoptosis of spleen mononuclear cells induced by hyperlipidemia. Lipids Health Dis 2013; 12:87. [PMID: 23764148 PMCID: PMC3693968 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-12-87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We have previously demonstrated that increased rates of superoxide generation by extra-mitochondrial enzymes induce the activation of the mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium channel (mitoKATP) in the livers of hypertriglyceridemic (HTG) mice. The resulting mild uncoupling mediated by mitoKATP protects mitochondria against oxidative damage. In this study, we investigate whether immune cells from HTG mice also present increased mitoKATP activity and evaluate the influence of this trait on cell redox state and viability. Methods Oxygen consumption (Clark-type electrode), reactive oxygen species production (dihydroethidium and H2-DCF-DA probes) and cell death (annexin V, cytocrome c release and Trypan blue exclusion) were determined in spleen mononuclear cells. Results HTG mice mononuclear cells displayed increased mitoKATP activity, as evidenced by higher resting respiration rates that were sensitive to mitoKATP antagonists. Whole cell superoxide production and apoptosis rates were increased in HTG cells. Inhibition of mitoKATP further increased the production of reactive oxygen species and apoptosis in these cells. Incubation with HTG serum induced apoptosis more strongly in WT cells than in HTG mononuclear cells. Cytochrome c release into the cytosol and caspase 8 activity were both increased in HTG cells, indicating that cell death signaling starts upstream of the mitochondria but does involve this organelle. Accordingly, a reduced number of blood circulating lymphocytes was found in HTG mice. Conclusions These results demonstrate that spleen mononuclear cells from hyperlipidemic mice have more active mitoKATP channels, which downregulate mitochondrial superoxide generation. The increased apoptosis rate observed in these cells is exacerbated by closing the mitoKATP channels. Thus, mitoKATP opening acts as a protective mechanism that reduces cell death induced by hyperlipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciane C Alberici
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Altavilla D, Minutoli L, Polito F, Irrera N, Arena S, Magno C, Rinaldi M, Burnett BP, Squadrito F, Bitto A. Effects of flavocoxid, a dual inhibitor of COX and 5-lipoxygenase enzymes, on benign prostatic hyperplasia. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 167:95-108. [PMID: 22471974 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.01969.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Inflammation plays a key role in the development of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Eicosanoids derived from the COX and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) pathways are elevated in the enlarging prostate. Flavocoxid is a novel flavonoid-based 'dual inhibitor' of the COX and 5-LOX enzymes. This study evaluated the effects of flavocoxid in experimental BPH. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Rats were treated daily with testosterone propionate (3 mg·kg(-1) s.c.) or its vehicle for 14 days to induce BPH. Animals receiving testosterone were randomized to receive vehicle (1 mL·kg(-1) , i.p.) or flavocoxid (20 mg·kg(-1) , i.p.) for 14 days. Histological changes, eicosanoid content and mRNA and protein levels for apoptosis-related proteins and growth factors were assayed in prostate tissue. The effects of flavocoxid were also tested on human prostate carcinoma PC3 cells. KEY RESULTS Flavocoxid reduced prostate weight and hyperplasia, blunted inducible expression of COX-2 and 5-LOX as well as the increased production of PGE(2) and leukotriene B(4) (LTB(4) ), enhanced pro-apoptotic Bax and caspase-9 and decreased the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 mRNA. Flavocoxid also reduced EGF and VEGF expression. In PC3 cells, flavocoxid stimulated apoptosis and inhibited growth factor expression. Flavocoxid-mediated induction of apoptosis was inhibited by the pan-caspase inhibitor, Z-VAD-FMK, in PC3 cells, suggesting an essential role of caspases in flavocoxid-mediated apoptosis during prostatic growth. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Our results show that a 'dual inhibitor' of the COX and 5-LOX enzymes, such as flavocoxid, might represent a rational approach to reduce BPH through modulation of eicosanoid production and a caspase-induced apoptotic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Altavilla
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, Section of Pharmacology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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Pauwels EKJ. The protective effect of the Mediterranean diet: focus on cancer and cardiovascular risk. Med Princ Pract 2011; 20:103-11. [PMID: 21252562 DOI: 10.1159/000321197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2010] [Accepted: 06/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The lower occurrence of cancer and cardiovascular disease in the population around the Mediterranean basin has been linked to the dietary habits of the region. Indeed, this so-called Mediterranean diet is essentially different from the diets consumed in Western and Northern European countries and is rich in nuts, fruits, vegetables, legumes, whole-wheat bread, fish, and olive oil, with moderate amounts of red wine, which is mainly consumed during meals. Although a variety of cultural and religious traditions exist among the peoples of the Mediterranean area, olive oil, fish, and red wine hold a traditional and central position in the culinary routines of the region. The components of the diet contain an ample source of molecules with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions, among which omega-3 fatty acids, oleic acid, and phenolic compounds hold a prominent place. This review will summarize the results of important epidemiological studies that have investigated the protective effect of fish and olive oil on the risk of breast, prostate, and colorectal cancer and of wine on the risk of cardiovascular disease. The present review also aims to elucidate the various mechanisms by which various dietary components exhibit their beneficial action. In this respect, emphasis will be placed on the properties of omega-3 fatty acids from fish, oleic acid from olive oil, and phenolic compounds from olive oil and red wine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest K J Pauwels
- University of Pisa Medical School, Pisa, Italy. ernestpauwels @ gmail.com
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Nowak M, Tardivel S, Sayegrih K, Robert V, Abreu S, Chaminade P, Vicca S, Grynberg A, Lacour B. Impact of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Oxidized Low Density Lipoprotein-Induced U937 Cell Apoptosis. J Atheroscler Thromb 2011; 18:494-503. [DOI: 10.5551/jat.7062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Martins de Lima T, Gorjão R, Hatanaka E, Cury-Boaventura MF, Portioli Silva EP, Procopio J, Curi R. Mechanisms by which fatty acids regulate leucocyte function. Clin Sci (Lond) 2007; 113:65-77. [PMID: 17555405 DOI: 10.1042/cs20070006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acids (FAs) have been shown to alter leucocyte function and thus to modulate inflammatory and immune responses. In this review, the effects of FAs on several aspects of lymphocyte, neutrophil and macrophage function are discussed. The mechanisms by which FAs modulate the production of lipid mediators, activity of intracellular signalling pathways, activity of lipid-raft-associated proteins, binding to TLRs (Toll-like receptors), control of gene expression, activation of transcription factors, induction of cell death and production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species are described in this review. The rationale for the use of specific FAs to treat patients with impaired immune function is explained. Substantial improvement in the therapeutic usage of FAs or FA derivatives may be possible based on an improvement in the understanding of the precise molecular mechanisms of action with respect to the different leucocyte types and outcome with respect to the inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais Martins de Lima
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Martins de Lima T, Cury-Boaventura MF, Giannocco G, Nunes MT, Curi R. Comparative toxicity of fatty acids on a macrophage cell line (J774). Clin Sci (Lond) 2006; 111:307-17. [PMID: 16737441 DOI: 10.1042/cs20060064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the cytotoxicity of palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, arachidonic, docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic acids on a macrophage cell line (J774) was investigated. The induction of toxicity was investigated by changes in cell size, granularity, membrane integrity, DNA fragmentation and phosphatidylserine externalization by using flow cytometry. Fluorescence microscopy was used to determine the type of cell death (Acridine Orange/ethidium bromide assay). The possible mechanisms involved were examined by measuring mitochondrial depolarization, lipid accumulation and PPARgamma (peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor gamma) activation. The results demonstrate that fatty acids induce apoptosis and necrosis of J774 cells. At high concentrations, fatty acids cause macrophage death mainly by necrosis. The cytotoxicity of the fatty acids was not strictly related to the number of double bonds in the molecules: palmitic acid>docosahexaenoic acid>stearic acid=eicosapentaenoic acid=arachidonic acid>oleic acid>linoleic acid. The induction of cell death did not involve PPARgamma activation. The mechanisms of fatty acids to induce cell death involved changes in mitochondrial transmembrane potential and intracellular neutral lipid accumulation. Fatty acids poorly incorporated into triacylglycerol had the highest toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais Martins de Lima
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, CEP 05508-900, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Dymkowska D, Szczepanowska J, Wieckowski MR, Wojtczak L. Short-term and long-term effects of fatty acids in rat hepatoma AS-30D cells: The way to apoptosis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2006; 1763:152-63. [PMID: 16610102 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2005.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Arachidonic acid and, to a smaller extent, oleic acid at micromolar concentrations decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential within AS-30D rat hepatoma cells cultivated in vitro and increased cell respiration. The uncoupling effect of both fatty acids on cell respiration was partly prevented by cyclosporin A, blocker of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. Arachidonic acid increased the rate of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, while oleic acid decreased it. Both fatty acids induced apoptotic cell death of AS-30D cells, accompanied by the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria to the cytosol, activation of caspase-3 and association of proapoptotic Bax protein with mitochondria; arachidonic acid being a more potent inducer than oleic acid. Trolox, a potent antioxidant, prevented ROS increase induced by arachidonic acid and protected the cells against apoptosis produced by this fatty acid. It is concluded that arachidonic and oleic acids induce apoptosis of AS-30D hepatoma cells by the mitochondrial pathway but differ in the mechanism of their action: Arachidonic acid induces apoptosis mainly by stimulating ROS production, whereas oleic acid may contribute to programmed cell death by activation of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Dymkowska
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Pasteura 3, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
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