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Cekici A, Sahinkaya S, Donmez MF, Turkmen E, Balci N, Toygar H. Sirtuin6 and Lipoxin A4 levels are decreased in severe periodontitis. Clin Oral Investig 2023; 27:7407-7415. [PMID: 37851128 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-023-05330-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sirtuin6 plays an important role in the regulation of inflammation, homeostasis, and apoptosis, and it has anti-inflammatory effects on several diseases. Lipoxin A4 is a pro-resolving lipid mediator of inflammation and inhibits hypoxia-induced apoptosis and oxidative stress. Considering that Lipoxin A4 and Sirtuin6 have protective effects on inflammatory diseases, the aim of this study is to determine the possible roles of these molecules on periodontitis inflammation in saliva and serum and to reveal the relationship of these data with clinical periodontal parameters. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 20 stage III/grade B periodontitis and 20 periodontally healthy subjects were included in this cross-sectional study (all never smokers and systemically healthy). Clinical periodontal parameters (plaque index, probing pocket depth, bleeding on probing, clinical attachment loss) were recorded. Saliva and serum levels of Sirtuin6 and Lipoxin A4 were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Serum Sirtuin6 and saliva Lipoxin A4 levels were significantly lower in the periodontitis group than the control group (respectively, p = 0.0098, p = 0.0008). There were negative correlations between all periodontal clinical parameters and saliva Lipoxin A4 level (p < 0.05) and between probing pocket depth, clinical attachment loss, and serum and saliva Sirtuin6 levels (respectively, r = - 0.465 and r = - 0.473, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Decreased levels of serum Sirtuin6 and saliva Lipoxin A4 in periodontitis patients and their correlation with clinical periodontal parameters suggest that serum Sirtuin6 and saliva Lipoxin A4 may be related with periodontal inflammation. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Scientific rationale for the study: Sirtuin6 is one of seven members of the family of NAD + dependent protein that played an important role in the regulation of inflammation, energy metabolism, homeostasis, and apoptosis. Sirtuin6 is associated with the pathogenesis of several diseases. Lipoxin A4 is a lipid mediator that inhibits hypoxia-induced apoptosis and oxidative stress, and it has an active role in the resolution of periodontal inflammation. No studies that investigated the potential role Sirtuin6 and its relationship with inflammation resolution and apoptosis mechanisms in severe periodontitis patients. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS the serum Sirtuin6 and saliva Lipoxin A4 levels were significantly lower and negatively correlated with clinical periodontal parameters in the patients with periodontitis than the healthy controls. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS this study shows that serum Sirtuin6 and saliva Lipoxin A4 may be candidate biomarkers related with periodontal inflammation and estimating to periodontal status. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT05417061.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Cekici
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul University, Vezneciler, Fatih-Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Selin Sahinkaya
- Department of Periodontology Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Periodontology, Institute of Health Sciences, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - M Fatih Donmez
- Department of Periodontology Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Periodontology, Institute of Health Sciences, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Emrah Turkmen
- Department of Periodontology Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Periodontology, Institute of Health Sciences, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nur Balci
- Department of Periodontology Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Periodontology, Institute of Health Sciences, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hilal Toygar
- Department of Periodontology Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Periodontology, Institute of Health Sciences, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Lovins HB, Bathon BE, Shaikh SR, Gowdy KM. Inhaled toxicants and pulmonary lipid metabolism: biological consequences and therapeutic interventions. Toxicol Sci 2023; 196:141-151. [PMID: 37740395 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfad100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhaled toxicants drive the onset of and exacerbate preexisting chronic pulmonary diseases, however, the biological mechanisms by which this occurs are largely unknown. Exposure to inhaled toxicants, both environmental and occupational, drives pulmonary inflammation and injury. Upon activation of the inflammatory response, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are metabolized into predominately proinflammatory lipid mediators termed eicosanoids which recruit immune cells to the site of injury, perpetuating inflammation to clear the exposed toxicants. Following inflammation, lipid mediator class-switching occurs, a process that leads to increased metabolism of hydroxylated derivates of PUFAs. These mediators, which include mono-hydroxylated PUFA derivatives and specialized proresolving lipid mediators, initiate an active process of inflammation resolution by inhibiting the inflammatory response and activating resolution pathways to return the tissue to homeostasis. Exposure to inhaled toxicants leads to alterations in the synthesis of these proinflammatory and proresolving lipid mediator pathways, resulting in greater pulmonary inflammation and injury, and increasing the risk for the onset of chronic lung diseases. Recent studies have begun utilizing supplementation of PUFAs and their metabolites as potential therapeutics for toxicant-induced pulmonary inflammation and injury. Here we will review the current understanding of the lipid mediators in pulmonary inflammation and resolution as well as the impact of dietary fatty acid supplementation on lipid mediator-driven inflammation following air pollution exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah B Lovins
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Brooke E Bathon
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health and School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Saame Raza Shaikh
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health and School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kymberly M Gowdy
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Therapeutic and Metagenomic Potential of the Biomolecular Therapies against Periodontitis and the Oral Microbiome: Current Evidence and Future Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213708. [PMID: 36430182 PMCID: PMC9693164 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The principles of periodontal therapy are based on the control of microbial pathogens and host factors that contribute to biofilm dysbiosis, with the aim of modulating the progression of periodontitis and periodontal tissue destruction. It is currently known how differently each individual responds to periodontal treatment, depending on both the bacterial subtypes that make up the dysbiotic biofilm and interindividual variations in the host inflammatory response. This has allowed the current variety of approaches for the management of periodontitis to be updated by defining the goals of target strategies, which consist of reducing the periodontopathogenic microbial flora and/or modulating the host-mediated response. Therefore, this review aims to update the current variety of approaches for the management of periodontitis based on recent target therapies. Recently, encouraging results have been obtained from several studies exploring the effects of some targeted therapies in the medium- and long-term. Among the most promising target therapies analyzed and explored in this review include: cell-based periodontal regeneration, mediators against bone resorption, emdogain (EMD), platelet-rich plasma, and growth factors. The reviewed evidence supports the hypothesis that the therapeutic combination of epigenetic modifications of periodontal tissues, interacting with the dysbiotic biofilm, is a key step in significantly reducing the development and progression of disease in periodontal patients and improving the therapeutic response of periodontal patients. However, although studies indicate promising results, these need to be further expanded and studied to truly realize the benefits that targeted therapies could bring in the treatment of periodontitis.
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Spahr A, Divnic‐Resnik T. Impact of health and lifestyle food supplements on periodontal tissues and health. Periodontol 2000 2022; 90:146-175. [PMID: 35916868 PMCID: PMC9804634 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
According to the new classification, periodontitis is defined as a chronic multifactorial inflammatory disease associated with dysbiotic biofilms and characterized by progressive destruction of the tooth-supporting apparatus. This definition, based on the current scientific evidence, clearly indicates and emphasizes, beside the microbial component dental biofilm, the importance of the inflammatory reaction in the progressive destruction of periodontal tissues. The idea to modulate this inflammatory reaction in order to decrease or even cease the progressive destruction was, therefore, a logical consequence. Attempts to achieve this goal involve various kinds of anti-inflammatory drugs or medications. However, there is also an increasing effort in using food supplements or so-called natural food ingredients to modulate patients' immune responses and maybe even improve the healing of periodontal tissues. The aim of this chapter of Periodontology 2000 is to review the evidence of various food supplements and ingredients regarding their possible effects on periodontal inflammation and wound healing. This review may help researchers and clinicians to evaluate the current evidence and to stimulate further research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Spahr
- Discipline of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and HealthThe University of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Tihana Divnic‐Resnik
- Discipline of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and HealthThe University of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
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Preda SA, Predescu AM, Stoica LE, Albulescu DM, Ionovici N, Bugălă NM, Popescu M, Ţuculină MJ. Histopathological and immunohistochemical changes of the marginal periodontium in patients with Turner syndrome. ROMANIAN JOURNAL OF MORPHOLOGY AND EMBRYOLOGY 2021; 62:239-247. [PMID: 34609427 PMCID: PMC8597370 DOI: 10.47162/rjme.62.1.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Turner syndrome (TS) is characterized by partial or complete loss of a sexual chromosome, resulting in an incomplete development of the body, gonadic failure, cardiac and renal abnormalities, oro-dental changes, etc. In our study, we proposed to perform a histological and immunohistochemical (IHC) study of the periodontium changes in patients with TS. The biological material under study was represented by fragments of gingival mucosa harvested from 18 patients with TS who presented advanced periodontal lesions and required dental extractions. The fragments of gingival mucosa were processed by the classical histological technique of paraffin inclusion, subsequently the obtained sections being stained by the Hematoxylin–Eosin (HE) and examined under the optical microscope. For the IHC study, there were performed serial sections incubated with anti-cluster of differentiation (CD) 3, anti-CD20 and anti-CD68 antibodies for highlighting immune cells, as well as with anti-matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 2 and anti-MMP8 antibodies for highlighting MMPs (MMP2 and MMP8) involved in the periodontal tissue lesions. In the present study, during the histological examination, there were observed morphological changes, both in the epithelium and in the gingival mucosa chorion. Epithelial changes consisted in the onset of acanthosis processes, in the thickening of the epithelium due to the increase of the spinous layer, as well as in the parakeratosis phenomenon. In the chorion, there was observed the presence of inflammatory infiltrates in various stages, presence of fibrosis (extended in some cases) and the presence of an important vascularization in some cases, with a high number of immunocompetent cells involved in the inborn immune response, but also in the adaptive one, as well as a more or less intense immunoexpression of MMP2 and MMP8. Our study suggests that TS may contribute to the development of some inflammatory processes in the marginal periodontium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smaranda Adelina Preda
- Department of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Romania; ,
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Aslroosta H, Yaghobee S, Akbari S, Kanounisabet N. The effects of topical erythropoietin on non-surgical treatment of periodontitis: a preliminary study. BMC Oral Health 2021; 21:240. [PMID: 33957902 PMCID: PMC8101234 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-021-01607-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The purpose of periodontal treatments is to reduce inflammation, restore gingival health and clinical attachment level gain by controlling microbial plaque formation and other etiological factors. One of the drugs that has been tested in many areas and shown good anti-inflammatory properties is erythropoietin (EPO). We evaluated the effect of this drug on the improvement of periodontitis after the phase I treatment. Methods This study was conducted on 30 patients with stage III periodontitis who had at least two bilateral teeth with CAL of ≥ 5 mm and PPD ≥ 6 mm at ≥ 2 non‐adjacent teeth and bleeding on probing. After oral hygiene instruction and scaling and root planning (SRP), EPO gel containing a solution of 4000 units was applied deeply in the test group and placebo gel was deeply administered in the control pockets (5 times, every other day). The clinical parameters of the plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), clinical attachment level (CAL), probing depth (PD) and bleeding index (BI) were measured at baseline and after three months of follow up. The P-value was set at 0.05. Results All clinical variables improved after treatment in both groups. The BI and GI scores (which reflects the degree of gingival inflammation) showed statistically more reduction in test group. The CAL decreased from 5.1 ± 4.1 to 3.40 ± 2.71 mm; and 5.67 ± 4.32 to 4.33 ± 3.19 mm in test and control group, respectively (P < 0.00). After the treatment, there was a significant greater reduction in CAL and also PD values in test group (P < 0.01). Conclusion Local application of EPO gel in adjunct to SRP can improve clinical inflammation and CAL gain in periodontitis. Trial registration: This study was registered at 2017-11-06 in IRCT. All procedures performed in this study were approved with ID number of IR.TUMS.DENTISTRY.REC.1396.3139 in Tehran University of medical science. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12903-021-01607-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoori Aslroosta
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, North Kargar Street, Tehran, Iran
| | - Siamak Yaghobee
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, North Kargar Street, Tehran, Iran
| | - Solmaz Akbari
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, North Kargar Street, Tehran, Iran
| | - Negar Kanounisabet
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, North Kargar Street, Tehran, Iran.
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Önder C, Kurgan Ş, Altıngöz SM, Bağış N, Uyanık M, Serdar MA, Kantarcı A, Günhan M. Impact of non-surgical periodontal therapy on saliva and serum levels of markers of oxidative stress. Clin Oral Investig 2016; 21:1961-1969. [PMID: 27807715 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-016-1984-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of non-surgical periodontal treatment on markers of oxidative stress in saliva and serum in patients with chronic periodontitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS In total, 25 patients, who were diagnosed with generalized chronic periodontitis (11 females and 14 males), and 26 systemically and periodontally healthy individuals (15 females and 11 males) were included. The plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), probing pocket depth (PPD), attachment loss (AL), gingival recession (GR), and bleeding on probing (BOP) were recorded at baseline and 6 weeks later. Malondialdehyde (MDA), 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE) were assessed in saliva and serum samples before and after the non-surgical treatment by enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS In the group with chronic periodontitis, all clinical parameters were significantly higher compared to the control group at baseline (p < 0.001). Periodontal treatment reduced plaque, gingival inflammation, and pocket depth significantly (p < 0.001). At baseline, salivary 8-OHdG was significantly higher in chronic periodontitis (p < 0.001) and reduced significantly subsequent to the periodontal treatment (p < 0.001). Salivary MDA and serum 4-HNE were significantly higher in the patients with periodontitis compared to the control group (p < 0.001). Periodontal treatment did not significantly change the levels of 4-HNE and salivary MDA (p = 0.503, p = 0.093). CONCLUSIONS Salivary 8-OHdG and MDA may be associated with local impact of periodontal disease, while 4-HNE may be associated with systemic impact of chronic periodontitis. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Clinical intervention in periodontitis may be beneficial for periodontitis patients' systemic oxidative stress control, and using lipidic agents for the use of anti-inflammatory/pro-resolving processes for blocking the actions of arachidonic acid cascade can enable some late therapeutic strategies in order to lead oxidative stress-induced inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Canan Önder
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara University, Beşevler, 06500, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Şivge Kurgan
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara University, Beşevler, 06500, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Nilsun Bağış
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara University, Beşevler, 06500, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Metin Uyanık
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Corlu Military Hospital, Tekirdag, Turkey
| | - Muhittin A Serdar
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Acıbadem University, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Meral Günhan
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara University, Beşevler, 06500, Ankara, Turkey
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Uriarte SM, Edmisson JS, Jimenez-Flores E. Human neutrophils and oral microbiota: a constant tug-of-war between a harmonious and a discordant coexistence. Immunol Rev 2016; 273:282-98. [PMID: 27558341 PMCID: PMC5353849 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils are a major component of the innate host response, and the outcome of the interaction between the oral microbiota and neutrophils is a key determinant of oral health status. The composition of the oral microbiome is very complex and different in health and disease. Neutrophils are constantly recruited to the oral cavity, and their protective role is highlighted in cases where their number or functional responses are impeded, resulting in different forms of periodontal disease. Periodontitis, one of the more severe and irreversible forms of periodontal disease, is a microbial-induced chronic inflammatory disease that affects the gingival tissues supporting the tooth. This chronic inflammatory disease is the result of a shift of the oral bacterial symbiotic community to a dysbiotic more complex community. Chronic inflammatory infectious diseases such as periodontitis can occur because the pathogens are able to evade or disable the innate immune system. In this review, we discuss how human neutrophils interact with both the symbiotic and the dysbiotic oral community; an understanding of which is essential to increase our knowledge of the periodontal disease process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia M. Uriarte
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Jacob S. Edmisson
- Department of Biology, School of Arts & Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Emeri Jimenez-Flores
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Schoaol of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
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Ghallab NA, Hamdy E, Shaker OG. Malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase and melatonin levels in gingival crevicular fluid of aggressive and chronic periodontitis patients. Aust Dent J 2016; 61:53-61. [PMID: 25581300 DOI: 10.1111/adj.12294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to investigate malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and melatonin levels in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of patients with chronic periodontitis (CP) and generalized aggressive periodontitis (GAgP) as biomarkers for oxidative stress. METHODS The study comprised 65 subjects: 15 healthy individuals, 25 CP patients and 25 GAgP patients. Plaque index, gingival index, pocket depth, clinical attachment level measurements and GCF samples were obtained from all subjects. MDA, SOD and melatonin levels were determined utilizing enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS GCF-MDA levels were significantly higher in the GAgP group compared to the CP and control groups (p < 0.001) and significantly higher in the CP group than the C group (p < 0.001). SOD and melatonin GCF levels were significantly higher in the control than the GAgP and CP groups (p < 0.05), and significantly lower in the GAgP than the CP group (p < 0.05). The CP group demonstrated a significant negative correlation between GCF-MDA and melatonin concentrations. A positive correlation was observed between SOD and CAL in the CP group and PD in the GAgP group. CONCLUSIONS MDA, melatonin and SOD could be considered as biomarkers for oxidative stress in periodontal diseases and might be useful diagnostic aids in distinguishing CP and GAgP patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Ghallab
- Department of Oral Medicine, Periodontology and Diagnosis, Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - E Hamdy
- Department of Oral Medicine, Periodontology and Diagnosis, Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - O G Shaker
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
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Lütfioğlu M, Aydoğdu A, Sakallioğlu EE, Alaçam H, Pamuk F. Gingival crevicular fluid interleukin-8 and lipoxin A4 levels of smokers and nonsmokers with different periodontal status: a cross-sectional study. J Periodontal Res 2015; 51:471-80. [PMID: 26446985 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Smoking is an important risk factor for periodontal disease and effects the pathogenesis of the disease. This study evaluated the impact of smoking on gingival crevicular fluid interleukin-8 (IL-8) and lipoxin A4 (LxA4 ) levels in patients with and without periodontal disease. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 122 participants were grouped as follows: smokers with generalized aggressive periodontitis (S-GAgP, n = 15); smokers with chronic periodontitis (S-CP, n = 17); smokers with gingivitis (SG, n = 15); smokers classified as periodontally healthy (SH, n = 15); nonsmokers with generalized aggressive periodontitis (N-GAgP, n = 15); nonsmokers with chronic periodontitis (N-CP, n = 15); nonsmokers with gingivitis (NG, n = 15); and nonsmokers classified as periodontally healthy (NH, n = 15). Gingival index, plaque index, probing pocket depth and clinical attachment level were recorded. Gingival crevicular fluid IL-8 and LxA4 levels were analyzed by ELISA. RESULTS Gingival crevicular fluid IL-8 levels varied among groups, as follows: S-GAgP>S-CP>SG>SH and N-GAgP>N-CP>NG>NH. The gingival crevicular fluid IL-8 levels were significantly higher in the S-GAgP group compared with the N-GAgP group and in the S-CP group compared with the N-CP group (p < 0.05); differences between the SG and NG and the SH and NH groups were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Gingival crevicular fluid LxA4 levels also varied among groups, but in an inverse direction when compared with the IL-8 levels, as follows: S-GAgP<S-CP<SG and N-GAgP<N-CP<NG. (The gingival crevicular fluid LxA4 levels in SH and NH groups were below the limits of detection.) The gingival crevicular fluid LxA4 levels were significantly lower in the S-GAgP group than in the N-GAgP group and in the S-CP group than in the N-CP group (p < 0.05); differences between the SG and NG groups were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION The study findings suggest that the observed increases in gingival crevicular fluid IL-8 levels and decreases in gingival crevicular fluid LxA4 levels reflect changes in immune and inflammatory responses that occur as a result of smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lütfioğlu
- Department of Periodontology, OndokuzMayis University Faculty of Dentistry, Samsun, Turkey
| | - A Aydoğdu
- Department of Periodontology, Biruni University Faculty of Dentistry, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - E E Sakallioğlu
- Department of Periodontology, OndokuzMayis University Faculty of Dentistry, Samsun, Turkey
| | - H Alaçam
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Hacettepe University Medical Faculty, Ankara, Turkey
| | - F Pamuk
- Department of Periodontology, Istanbul Aydin University Faculty of Dentistry, İstanbul, Turkey
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Wu B, Walker J, Spur B, Rodriguez A, Yin K. Effects of Lipoxin A4 on antimicrobial actions of neutrophils in sepsis. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2015; 94:55-64. [PMID: 25476955 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2014.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In sepsis, hyperactivation of neutrophils can lead to tissue injury. Later, neutrophil dysregulation with reduced levels of migration, decreased apoptosis and inadequate phagocytosis may impair the host׳s ability to clear infection. Lipoxin A4 (LXA4) is a pro-resolution lipid mediator which reduces neutrophil migration and inflammatory mediator expression. As neutrophil migration and activation are important in bacterial clearance, the role of LXA4 in regulating neutrophil function for bacterial clearance is unclear. Using the cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) rat model of sepsis, LXA4 given after 1h reduced blood bacterial load at 24h. LXA4 treatment decreased neutrophil migration to the peritoneum but augmented blood neutrophil phagocytic ability and promoted apoptosis without affecting free radical production. In contrast, LXA4 increased peritoneal neutrophil phagocytic ability without affecting apoptosis or free radical production suggesting that in vivo effects of LXA4 were compartment specific. To investigate if LXA4 acted directly on neutrophils, blood and peritoneal leukocytes were taken from CLP rats 1h after surgery and incubated ex vivo with and without LXA4. LXA4 (1nM) increased phagocytosis in blood neutrophils without affecting apoptosis or free radical production. Ex vivo LXA4 had no effect on peritoneal neutrophils which suggests that LXA4 enhanced peritoneal neutrophil phagocytic ability in vivo by an indirect mechanism. The results suggest that LXA4 reduced neutrophil migration, but increased neutrophil bacteria clearing function without excessive free radical production. This phenotype was associated with reduced blood bacteria load.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Wu
- Department of Cell Biology, Rowan University - SOM, Stratford, NJ, USA
| | - J Walker
- Department of Cell Biology, Rowan University - SOM, Stratford, NJ, USA
| | - B Spur
- Department of Cell Biology, Rowan University - SOM, Stratford, NJ, USA
| | - A Rodriguez
- Department of Cell Biology, Rowan University - SOM, Stratford, NJ, USA
| | - K Yin
- Department of Cell Biology, Rowan University - SOM, Stratford, NJ, USA.
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12
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Elwakeel NM, Hazaa HH. Effect of omega 3 fatty acids plus low-dose aspirin on both clinical and biochemical profiles of patients with chronic periodontitis and type 2 diabetes: a randomized double blind placebo-controlled study. J Periodontal Res 2015; 50:721-9. [DOI: 10.1111/jre.12257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. M. Elwakeel
- Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontology; Faculty of Dentistry; Al-Azhar University (Girls Branch); Cairo Egypt
| | - H. H. Hazaa
- Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontology; Faculty of Dentistry; Al-Azhar University (Girls Branch); Cairo Egypt
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13
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Teles R, Teles F, Frias-Lopez J, Paster B, Haffajee A. Lessons learned and unlearned in periodontal microbiology. Periodontol 2000 2014; 62:95-162. [PMID: 23574465 PMCID: PMC3912758 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Periodontal diseases are initiated by bacterial species living in polymicrobial biofilms at or below the gingival margin and progress largely as a result of the inflammation elicited by specific subgingival species. In the past few decades, efforts to understand the periodontal microbiota have led to an exponential increase in information about biofilms associated with periodontal health and disease. In fact, the oral microbiota is one of the best-characterized microbiomes that colonize the human body. Despite this increased knowledge, one has to ask if our fundamental concepts of the etiology and pathogenesis of periodontal diseases have really changed. In this article we will review how our comprehension of the structure and function of the subgingival microbiota has evolved over the years in search of lessons learned and unlearned in periodontal microbiology. More specifically, this review focuses on: (i) how the data obtained through molecular techniques have impacted our knowledge of the etiology of periodontal infections; (ii) the potential role of viruses in the etiopathogenesis of periodontal diseases; (iii) how concepts of microbial ecology have expanded our understanding of host-microbe interactions that might lead to periodontal diseases; (iv) the role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases; and (v) the impact of these evolving concepts on therapeutic and preventive strategies to periodontal infections. We will conclude by reviewing how novel systems-biology approaches promise to unravel new details of the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases and hopefully lead to a better understanding of their mechanisms.
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Gürsoy M, Gürsoy UK, Sorsa T, Pajukanta R, Könönen E. High Salivary Estrogen and Risk of Developing Pregnancy Gingivitis. J Periodontol 2013; 84:1281-9. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2012.120512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Tabbaa M, Golubic M, Roizen MF, Bernstein AM. Docosahexaenoic acid, inflammation, and bacterial dysbiosis in relation to periodontal disease, inflammatory bowel disease, and the metabolic syndrome. Nutrients 2013; 5:3299-310. [PMID: 23966110 PMCID: PMC3775255 DOI: 10.3390/nu5083299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid, has been used to treat a range of different conditions, including periodontal disease (PD) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). That DHA helps with these oral and gastrointestinal diseases in which inflammation and bacterial dysbiosis play key roles, raises the question of whether DHA may assist in the prevention or treatment of other inflammatory conditions, such as the metabolic syndrome, which have also been linked with inflammation and alterations in normal host microbial populations. Here we review established and investigated associations between DHA, PD, and IBD. We conclude that by beneficially altering cytokine production and macrophage recruitment, the composition of intestinal microbiota and intestinal integrity, lipopolysaccharide- and adipose-induced inflammation, and insulin signaling, DHA may be a key tool in the prevention of metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Adam M. Bernstein
- Cleveland Clinic, Wellness Institute, 1950 Richmond Road/TR2-203, Lyndhurst, OH 44124, USA; E-Mails: (M.T.); (M.G.); (M.F.R.)
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Börgeson E, Godson C. Resolution of inflammation: therapeutic potential of pro-resolving lipids in type 2 diabetes mellitus and associated renal complications. Front Immunol 2012; 3:318. [PMID: 23087692 PMCID: PMC3474937 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and its associated complications is increasingly recognized. The resolution of inflammation is actively regulated by endogenously produced lipid mediators such as lipoxins, resolvins, protectins, and maresins. Here we review the potential role of these lipid mediators in diabetes-associated pathologies, specifically focusing on adipose inflammation and diabetic kidney disease, i.e., diabetic nephropathy (DN). DN is one of the major complications of T2DM and we propose that pro-resolving lipid mediators may have therapeutic potential in this context. Adipose inflammation is also an important component of T2DM-associated insulin resistance and altered adipokine secretion. Promoting the resolution of adipose inflammation would therefore likely be a beneficial therapeutic approach in T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Börgeson
- UCD Diabetes Research Centre, UCD Conway Institute, School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University College Dublin Dublin, Ireland
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Nath SG, Raveendran R. "What is there in a name?": A literature review on chronic and aggressive periodontitis. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2012; 15:318-22. [PMID: 22368353 PMCID: PMC3283926 DOI: 10.4103/0972-124x.92561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this review is to bring the reader up-to-date on the current understanding of chronic and aggressive forms of periodontitis and the implications for diagnosis and treatment of these diseases. The only difference between chronic periodontitis and aggressive periodontitis with regard to tissue destruction appear to be perhaps the magnitude, sequelae, and control of the response. While there may be some differences in the cellular infiltrate between these two diseases, the molecular mediators and pathologic processes are generally the same.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameera G Nath
- Department of Periodontics, Govt. Dental College, Calicut, India
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Figueredo CM, Martinez GL, Koury JC, Fischer RG, Gustafsson A. Serum levels of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in patients with periodontal disease. J Periodontol 2012; 84:675-82. [PMID: 22769444 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2012.120171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids omega-3 and omega-6 (LC-PUFA n-3 and n-6) can function as important inflammatory modulators and also have a strong effect in the proresolving inflammatory processes. The aim of the authors is to analyze the serum levels of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), and arachidonic acid (AA) in patients with generalized chronic periodontitis (GCP) and compare these results with serum levels of patients with gingivitis only. METHODS Twenty-one patients with untreated GCP (mean age: 46.0 ± 8.8 years) and 16 patients with gingivitis only (mean age: 31.5 ± 7.5 years) were investigated. The clinical examination included probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level, bleeding on probing, and plaque index. Blood samples were analyzed for the presence of DHA, EPA, DPA, and AA using gas chromatography. RESULTS Significantly higher levels of DHA, DPA, EPA, and AA were observed in patients with GCP when compared with patients with gingivitis (P = 0.007, P = 0.004, P = 0.033, and P = 0.001, respectively). The differences were still significant even after the adjustments for age and sex. The PD showed a significant positive correlation with DHA (r = 0.5; P = 0.003), DPA (r = 0.6; P <0.001), and AA (r = 0.6; P <0.001). CONCLUSION The present findings suggest that serum levels of LC-PUFA n-3 and n-6 may be affected by the severity of periodontal disease.
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Gätke D, Holtfreter B, Biffar R, Kocher T. Five-year change of periodontal diseases in the Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP). J Clin Periodontol 2012; 39:357-67. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2011.01849.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Gätke
- Department of Periodontology; Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald; University Medicine; Greifswald; Germany
| | - Birte Holtfreter
- Department of Periodontology; Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald; University Medicine; Greifswald; Germany
| | - Reiner Biffar
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry; Gerostomatology and Dental Materials; Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald; University Medicine; Greifswald; Germany
| | - Thomas Kocher
- Department of Periodontology; Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald; University Medicine; Greifswald; Germany
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Bogdanovska L, Kukeska S, Popovska M, Petkovska R, Goracinova K. Therapeutic strategies in the treatment of periodontitis. MAKEDONSKO FARMACEVTSKI BILTEN 2012. [DOI: 10.33320/maced.pharm.bull.2012.58.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory process which affects the tooth - supporting structures of the teeth. The disease is initiated by subgingival periopathogenic bacteria in susceptible periodontal sites. The host immune response towards periodontal pathogens helps to sustain periodontal disease and eventual alveolar bone loss. Although scaling and root planing is the standard treatment modality for periodontitis, it suffers from several drawbacks such as the inability to reach the base of deep pockets and doesn’t arrest migration of periodontal pathogens from other sites in the oral cavity. In order to overcome the limitations of scaling and root planning, adjunctive chemotherapeutics and host modulatory agents to the treatment are used. These therapeutic agents show substantial beneficial effects when compared to scaling and root planning alone. This review will cover an update on chemotherapeutic and past and future host immune modulatory agents used adjunctively to treat and manage periodontal diseases.
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Shields AM, Panayi GS, Corrigall VM. Resolution-associated molecular patterns (RAMP): RAMParts defending immunological homeostasis? Clin Exp Immunol 2011; 165:292-300. [PMID: 21671907 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2011.04433.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The resolution of inflammation is central to the maintenance of good health and immune homeostasis. Recently, several intracellular stress proteins have been described as having extracellular properties that are anti-inflammatory or favour the resolution of inflammation. We propose that these molecules should be defined as resolution-associated molecular patterns (RAMPs). RAMPs are released at times of cellular stress and help to counterbalance the inflammatory effects of pathogen-associated (PAMPs) and damage-associated (DAMPs) molecular patterns. We propose that heat shock protein 10 (HSP10), αB-crystallin (αBC), HSP27 and binding immunoglobulin protein (BiP) should be considered founding members of the RAMP family. A greater understanding of RAMP biology may herald the development of novel immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Shields
- Academic Department of Rheumatology, King's College London School of Medicine at Guy's, King's and St Thomas' Hospitals, London, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- Motonao Nakamura
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Tokyo, Japan.
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Lipoxin A₄ inhibits porphyromonas gingivalis-induced aggregation and reactive oxygen species production by modulating neutrophil-platelet interaction and CD11b expression. Infect Immun 2011; 79:1489-97. [PMID: 21263017 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00777-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is an etiological agent that is strongly associated with periodontal disease, and it correlates with numerous inflammatory disorders, such as cardiovascular disease. Circulating bacteria may contribute to atherogenesis by promoting CD11b/CD18-mediated interactions between neutrophils and platelets, causing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and aggregation. Lipoxin A₄ (LXA₄) is an endogenous anti-inflammatory and proresolving mediator that is protective of inflammatory disorders. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of LXA₄ on the P. gingivalis-induced activation of neutrophils and platelets and the possible involvement of Rho GTPases and CD11b/CD18 integrins. Platelet/leukocyte aggregation and ROS production was examined by lumiaggregometry and fluorescence microscopy. Integrin activity was studied by flow cytometry, detecting the surface expression of CD11b/CD18 as well as the exposure of the high-affinity integrin epitope, whereas the activation of Rac2/Cdc42 was examined using a glutathione S-transferase pulldown assay. The study shows that P. gingivalis activates Rac2 and Cdc42 and upregulates CD11b/CD18 and its high-affinity epitope on neutrophils, and that these effects are diminished by LXA₄. Furthermore, we found that LXA₄ significantly inhibits P. gingivalis-induced aggregation and ROS generation in whole blood. However, in platelet-depleted blood and in isolated neutrophils and platelets, LXA₄ was unable to inhibit either aggregation or ROS production, respectively. In conclusion, this study suggests that LXA₄ antagonizes P. gingivalis-induced cell activation in a manner that is dependent on leukocyte-platelet interaction, likely via the inhibition of Rho GTPase signaling and the downregulation of CD11b/CD18. These findings may contribute to new strategies in the prevention and treatment of periodontitis-induced inflammatory disorders, such as atherosclerosis.
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El-Sharkawy H, Aboelsaad N, Eliwa M, Darweesh M, Alshahat M, Kantarci A, Hasturk H, Van Dyke TE. Adjunctive treatment of chronic periodontitis with daily dietary supplementation with omega-3 Fatty acids and low-dose aspirin. J Periodontol 2010; 81:1635-43. [PMID: 20572767 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2010.090628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Host modulatory therapy has been proposed as a treatment for periodontal diseases. Omega-3 (ω-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), including docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), were shown to have therapeutic anti-inflammatory and protective actions in inflammatory diseases including periodontitis. The goal of this study was to test an innovative strategy for periodontal treatment in a clinical experiment. METHODS Eighty healthy subjects (40 in each group) with advanced chronic periodontitis were enrolled in Mansoura, Egypt, in a parallel-design, double-masked clinical study. The control group was treated with scaling and root planing (SRP) and a placebo, whereas the ω-3 group was treated with SRP followed by dietary supplementation of fish oil (900 mg EPA + DHA) and 81 mg aspirin daily. Saliva samples were obtained from all patients at baseline and 3 and 6 months for evaluation of receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL) and matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8). Plaque and gingival indices, bleeding on probing, probing depths, and attachment levels were recorded at the same time points. RESULTS Statistical analyses demonstrated a significant reduction in probing depths and a significant attachment gain after 3 and 6 months in the ω-3 group compared to baseline and the control group (P <0.05). Salivary RANKL and MMP-8 levels showed significant reductions in the ω-3 group in response to treatment at 3 and 6 months and compared to the control group at 6 months (P <0.01). Supplementation with ω-3 + aspirin resulted in a significant shift in the frequency of pockets with probing depths <4 mm (P <0.05). CONCLUSION The results of this preliminary clinical study suggest that dietary supplementation with ω-3 PUFAs and 81 mg aspirin may provide a sustainable, low-cost intervention to augment periodontal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hesham El-Sharkawy
- Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Smoking is an independent risk factor for periodontal disease and tooth loss. STATE OF THE ART Smoking impairs inflammatory and immune responses to periodontal pathogens, and exerts both systemic and local effects. Periodontal disease is increased both in prevalence and severity in smokers. Smoking is a predisposing factor to acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis and is associated with an increased rate of periodontal disease in terms of pocket formation and attachment loss, as well as alveolar bone loss. Cigar, pipe, water-pipe and cannabis smoking have similar adverse effects on periodontal health as cigarette smoking. Passive smoking is also an independent periodontal disease risk factor. Smokeless tobacco is associated with localized periodontal disease. Smokers respond less favourably to both non-surgical and surgical treatments and have higher failure rates and complications following dental implantation. Smoking cessation may halt the disease progression and improve the outcome of periodontal treatment. CONCLUSION Smoking cessation counselling should be an integral part of periodontal therapy and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Underner
- Unité de Tabacologie, Service de Pneumologie, Pavillon René Beauchant, CHU la Milétrie, BP 577, 86021 Poitiers cedex.
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Hasturk H, Goguet-Surmenian E, Blackwood A, Andry C, Kantarci A. 1-Tetradecanol Complex: Therapeutic Actions in Experimental Periodontitis. J Periodontol 2009; 80:1103-13. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2009.090002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Carvalho RR, Pellizzon CH, Justulin L, Felisbino SL, Vilegas W, Bruni F, Lopes-Ferreira M, Hiruma-Lima CA. Effect of mangiferin on the development of periodontal disease: Involvement of lipoxin A4, anti-chemotaxic action in leukocyte rolling. Chem Biol Interact 2009; 179:344-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2008.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2008] [Revised: 10/23/2008] [Accepted: 10/24/2008] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Kebschull M, Demmer R, Behle JH, Pollreisz A, Heidemann J, Belusko PB, Celenti R, Pavlidis P, Papapanou PN. Granulocyte chemotactic protein 2 (gcp-2/cxcl6) complements interleukin-8 in periodontal disease. J Periodontal Res 2008; 44:465-71. [PMID: 18842116 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2008.01134.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Mucosal inflammatory responses are orchestrated largely by pro-inflammatory chemokines. The chemokine granulocyte chemotactic protein 2 (CXCL6) is involved in neutrophil recruitment and migration. Previous studies have shown that granulocyte chemotactic protein 2 is up-regulated during mucosal inflammation (e.g. in inflammatory bowel disease), similarly to the functionally and structurally related chemokine interleukin-8. Nevertheless, unlike interleukin-8, a role of granulocyte chemotactic protein 2 in gingival inflammation has not been yet demonstrated. In this study we aimed to evaluate the expression of the chemokine granulocyte chemotactic protein 2 in clinically healthy vs. diseased gingival tissues and to explore possible correlations with clinical and microbiological markers of periodontitis. MATERIAL AND METHODS Gene expression in 184 'diseased' and 63 'healthy' gingival tissue specimens from 90 patients with periodontitis was analyzed using Affymetrix U133Plus2.0 arrays. The expression of granulocyte chemotactic protein 2 was further confirmed by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, western blotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, while the localization of granulocyte chemotactic protein 2 in gingival tissues was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Plaque samples from the adjacent periodontal pockets were collected and evaluated for 11 species of periodontal bacteria using checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridizations. RESULTS Among all known chemokines, GCP-2 expression was the most up-regulated (3.8-fold, p < 1.1 x 10(-16)), in 'diseased' vs. 'healthy' tissue as compared to a 2.6-fold increased expression of interleukin-8 mRNA (p < 1.2 x 10(-15)). Increased expression of granulocyte chemotactic protein 2 correlated with higher levels of 'red' and 'orange' complex pathogens and with increased probing depth, but not with attachment loss. Immunohistochemistry showed that granulocyte chemotactic protein 2 was expressed in gingival vascular endothelium. CONCLUSION The level of expression of granulocyte chemotactic protein 2 correlates with the severity of periodontitis and appears to act as a hitherto unrecognized functional adjunct to interleukin-8 in diseased gingival tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kebschull
- Division of Periodontics, Section of Oral and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Weinberger B, Quizon C, Vetrano AM, Archer F, Laskin JD, Laskin DL. Mechanisms mediating reduced responsiveness of neonatal neutrophils to lipoxin A4. Pediatr Res 2008; 64:393-8. [PMID: 18535486 PMCID: PMC2651411 DOI: 10.1203/pdr.0b013e318180e4af] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Lipoxin A4 is an eicosanoid that plays a key role in the resolution of neutrophilic inflammation. In these studies, we investigated the hypothesis that responses to lipoxin A4 are impaired in neonates, relative to adults. Lipoxin A4 was found to inhibit chemotaxis and respiratory burst in adult neutrophils. In contrast, it had no effect on these activities in neonatal neutrophils. In addition, while lipoxin A4 augmented apoptosis in LPS-treated adult neutrophils, apoptosis in neonatal cells was not affected by lipoxin A4 alone or in combination with LPS. The biologic actions of anti-inflammatory eicosanoids are mediated, in part, via the transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma). Expression of PPAR-gamma mRNA and its target gene, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), were significantly reduced in neonatal cells when compared with adult cells. Moreover, whereas treatment of adult neutrophils with lipoxin A4 increased PPAR-gamma expression, no effects were observed in neonatal cells. 5- and 15-lipoxygenase, enzymes required for the synthesis of lipoxin A4, were also reduced in neonatal neutrophils. These findings suggest that the anti-inflammatory activity of lipoxin A4 is impaired in neonatal neutrophils and that this is due, in part, to reduced PPAR-gamma signaling. This may contribute to diseases associated with chronic inflammation in neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry Weinberger
- Department of Pediatrics, UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA.
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Design and synthesis of benzo-lipoxin A4 analogs with enhanced stability and potent anti-inflammatory properties. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:1382-7. [PMID: 18249111 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2007] [Revised: 12/31/2007] [Accepted: 01/03/2008] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A new class of chemically and metabolically stable lipoxin analogs featuring a replacement of the tetraene unit of native LXA(4) with a substituted benzo-fused ring system have been designed and studied. These molecules were readily synthesized via a convergent synthetic route involving iterative palladium-mediated cross-coupling, and exhibit enhanced chemical stability, as well as resistance to metabolic inactivation via eicosanoid oxido-reductase. These new LX analogs were evaluated in a model of acute inflammation and were shown to exhibit potent anti-inflammatory properties, significantly decreasing neutrophil infiltration in vivo. The most potent among these was compound 9 (o-[9,12]-benzo-15-epi-LXA(4) methyl ester. Taken together, these findings help identify a new class of stable and easily prepared LX analogs that may serve as novel tools and as promising leads for new anti-inflammatory agents with improved therapeutic profile.
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WEJNEROWSKA G, GACKOWSKA A, GACA J. Determination of Linoleic Acid in Toothpaste by Gas Chromatography with Flame Ionization Detection. ANAL SCI 2008; 24:759-62. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.24.759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Grazyna WEJNEROWSKA
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, University of Technology and Life Sciences in Bydgoszcz
| | - Alicja GACKOWSKA
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, University of Technology and Life Sciences in Bydgoszcz
| | - Jerzy GACA
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, University of Technology and Life Sciences in Bydgoszcz
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Kirkwood KL, Cirelli JA, Rogers JE, Giannobile WV. Novel host response therapeutic approaches to treat periodontal diseases. Periodontol 2000 2007; 43:294-315. [PMID: 17214846 PMCID: PMC2570321 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.2006.00166.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keith L Kirkwood
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Garlet GP, Cardoso CR, Campanelli AP, Martins W, Silva JS. Expression of suppressors of cytokine signaling in diseased periodontal tissues: a stop signal for disease progression? J Periodontal Res 2007; 41:580-4. [PMID: 17076785 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2006.00908.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Inflammatory cytokines are thought to trigger periodontal tissue destruction. In addition to being regulated by anti-inflammatory mediators, their activity is under the control of suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS), which down-regulate the signal transduction as part of an inhibitory feedback loop. We therefore investigated the expression of SOCS-1, -2 and -3, and the cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-10, in different forms of human periodontal diseases. MATERIAL AND METHODS Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RealTime-PCR) was performed with mRNA from gingival biopsies of control subjects and from that of patients with chronic gingivitis and chronic periodontitis. RESULTS Our results show that patients with chronic gingivitis and chronic periodontitis exhibit significantly higher SOCS-1, -2 and -3, TNF-alpha and interleukin-10 mRNA expression when compared with healthy controls. The data also demonstrate that SOCS-1 and -3 mRNA expression was higher in tissue from patients with chronic gingivitis than chronic periodontitis, while the levels of SOCS-2, TNF-alpha and interleukin-10 mRNA were similar in these groups. CONCLUSION The increased expression of SOCS-1, -2 and -3 mRNA in diseased periodontal tissues is believed to be involved in the down-regulation of inflammatory cytokine and Toll-like receptor signaling, and therefore in the attenuation of both the inflammatory reaction and disease severity. Furthermore, it is possible that variation in the levels of SOCS mRNA expressed in different forms of periodontal diseases may determine the stable or progressive nature of the lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- G P Garlet
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry of Bauru, São Paulo University (FOB/USP), Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a host defense mechanism associated with neutralization of an insult and restoration of normal structure and function of brain. Neuroinflammation is a hallmark of all major CNS diseases. The main mediators of neuroinflammation are microglial cells. These cells are activated during a CNS injury. Microglial cells initiate a rapid response that involves cell migration, proliferation, release of cytokines/chemokines and trophic and/or toxic effects. Cytokines/chemokines stimulate phospholipases A2 and cyclooxygenases. This results in breakdown of membrane glycerophospholipids with the release of arachidonic acid (AA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Oxidation of AA produces pro-inflammatory prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and thromboxanes. One of the lyso-glycerophospholipids, the other products of reactions catalyzed by phospholipase A2, is used for the synthesis of pro-inflammatory platelet-activating factor. These pro-inflammatory mediators intensify neuroinflammation. Lipoxin, an oxidized product of AA through 5-lipoxygenase, is involved in the resolution of inflammation and is anti-inflammatory. Docosahexaenoic acid is metabolized to resolvins and neuroprotectins. These lipid mediators inhibit the generation of prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and thromboxanes. Levels of prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and thromboxanes are markedly increased in acute neural trauma and neurodegenerative diseases. Docosahexaenoic acid and its lipid mediators prevent neuroinflammation by inhibiting transcription factor NFkappaB, preventing cytokine secretion, blocking the synthesis of prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and thromboxanes, and modulating leukocyte trafficking. Depending on its timing and magnitude in brain tissue, inflammation serves multiple purposes. It is involved in the protection of uninjured neurons and removal of degenerating neuronal debris and also in assisting repair and recovery processes. The dietary ratio of AA to DHA may affect neurodegeneration associated with acute neural trauma and neurodegenerative diseases. The dietary intake of docosahexaenoic acid offers the possibility of counter-balancing the harmful effects of high levels of AA-derived pro-inflammatory lipid mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhlaq A Farooqui
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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