1
|
Domin H, Śmiałowska M. The diverse role of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and its CRF1 and CRF2 receptors under pathophysiological conditions: Insights into stress/anxiety, depression, and brain injury processes. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 163:105748. [PMID: 38857667 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF, corticoliberin) is a neuromodulatory peptide activating the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, widely distributed in the central nervous system (CNS) in mammals. In addition to its neuroendocrine effects, CRF is essential in regulating many functions under physiological and pathophysiological conditions through CRF1 and CRF2 receptors (CRF1R, CRF2R). This review aims to present selected examples of the diverse and sometimes opposite effects of CRF and its receptor ligands in various pathophysiological states, including stress/anxiety, depression, and processes associated with brain injury. It seems interesting to draw particular attention to the fact that CRF and its receptor ligands exert different effects depending on the brain structures or subregions, likely stemming from the varied distribution of CRFRs in these regions and interactions with other neurotransmitters. CRFR-mediated region-specific effects might also be related to brain site-specific ligand binding and the associated activated signaling pathways. Intriguingly, different types of CRF molecules can also influence the diverse actions of CRF in the CNS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helena Domin
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Neurobiology, 12 Smętna Street, Kraków 31-343, Poland.
| | - Maria Śmiałowska
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Neurobiology, 12 Smętna Street, Kraków 31-343, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ning B, Ge T, Wu Y, Wang Y, Zhao M. Role of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Anxiety or Depression After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:2921-2937. [PMID: 37946008 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03758-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Anxiety or depression after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is one of the key clinical problems in cardiology that need to be solved urgently. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) may be a potential biomarker for the pathogenesis and treatment of anxiety or depression after PCI. This article reviews the correlation between BDNF and cardiovascular system and nervous system from the aspects of synthesis, release and action site of BDNF, and focuses on the latest research progress of the mechanism of BDNF in anxiety or depression after PCI. It includes the specific mechanisms by which BDNF regulates the levels of inflammatory factors, reduces oxidative stress damage, and mediates multiple signaling pathways. In addition, this review summarizes the therapeutic potential of BDNF as a potential biomarker for anxiety or depression after PCI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Ning
- First Clinical Medical College, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, China
| | - Teng Ge
- First Clinical Medical College, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, China
| | - Yongqing Wu
- First Clinical Medical College, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, China
| | - Yuting Wang
- First Clinical Medical College, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, China
- Affiliated Hospital, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, China
| | - Mingjun Zhao
- First Clinical Medical College, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, China.
- Affiliated Hospital, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, China.
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases, Xianyang, 712046, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Fröhlich A, Pfaff AL, Bubb VJ, Koks S, Quinn JP. Characterisation of the Function of a SINE-VNTR-Alu Retrotransposon to Modulate Isoform Expression at the MAPT Locus. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:815695. [PMID: 35370538 PMCID: PMC8965460 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.815695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
SINE-VNTR-Alu retrotransposons represent one class of transposable elements which contribute to the regulation and evolution of the primate genome and have the potential to be involved in genetic instability and disease progression. However, these polymorphic elements have not been extensively analysed when addressing the missing heritability of neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson’s disease (PD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). SVA_67, a retrotransposon insertion polymorphism, is located in a 1.8 Mb region of high linkage disequilibrium, called the MAPT locus, which is known to contribute to increased risk of developing PD, frontotemporal dementia and other tauopathies. To investigate the role of SVA_67 in directing differential gene expression at this locus, we characterised the impact of SVA_67 allele dosage on isoform expression of several genes in the MAPT locus using the datasets from both the Parkinson’s Progression Markers Initiative and New York Genome Center Consortium Target ALS cohort. The Parkinson’s data was from gene expression in the blood and the ALS data from a variety of CNS regions and allowed us to demonstrate that SVA_67 presence or absence correlated with both isoform- and tissue-specific expression of multiple genes at this locus. This study highlights the importance of addressing SVA polymorphism in disease genetics to gain insight into a better understanding of the role of these regulatory domains to a variety of neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Fröhlich
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Alexander Fröhlich,
| | - Abigail L. Pfaff
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Vivien J. Bubb
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Sulev Koks
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - John P. Quinn
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lichlyter DA, Krumm ZA, Golde TA, Doré S. Role of CRF and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in stroke: revisiting temporal considerations and targeting a new generation of therapeutics. FEBS J 2022; 290:1986-2010. [PMID: 35108458 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ischaemic neurovascular stroke represents a leading cause of death in the developed world. Preclinical and human epidemiological evidence implicates the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) family of neuropeptides as mediators of acute neurovascular injury pathology. Preclinical investigations of the role of CRF, CRF receptors and CRF-dependent activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis have pointed toward a tissue-specific and temporal relationship between activation of these pathways and physiological outcomes. Based on the literature, the major phases of ischaemic stroke aetiology may be separated into an acute phase in which CRF and anti-inflammatory stress signalling are beneficial and a chronic phase in which these contribute to neural degeneration, toxicity and apoptotic signalling. Significant gaps in knowledge remain regarding the pathway, temporality and systemic impact of CRF signalling and stress biology in neurovascular injury progression. Heterogeneity among experimental designs poses a challenge to defining the apparent reciprocal relationship between neurological injury and stress metabolism. Despite these challenges, it is our opinion that the elucidated temporality may be best matched with an antibody against CRF with a half-life of days to weeks as opposed to minutes to hours as with small-molecule CRF receptor antagonists. This state-of-the-art review will take a multipronged approach to explore the expected potential benefit of a CRF antibody by modulating CRF and corticotropin-releasing factor receptor 1 signalling, glucocorticoids and autonomic nervous system activity. Additionally, this review compares the modulation of CRF and HPA axis activity in neuropsychiatric diseases and their counterpart outcomes post-stroke and assess lessons learned from antibody therapies in neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Lichlyter
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Zachary A Krumm
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Todd A Golde
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Sylvain Doré
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, Pharmaceutics, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chauhan G, Kumar G, Roy K, Kumari P, Thondala B, Kishore K, Panjwani U, Ray K. Hypobaric Hypoxia Induces Deficits in Adult Neurogenesis and Social Interaction via Cyclooxygenase-1/ EP1 Receptor Pathway Activating NLRP3 Inflammasome. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:2497-2519. [PMID: 35089581 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02750-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Low oxygen environments, like hypobaric hypoxia (HH), are common nodes in a number of diseases characterized by neuroinflammation, which is detrimental to the structural and functional aspects of hippocampal circuitry. Hypoxic conditions lead to elevation of inflammasome-mediated inflammation that may contribute to cognitive deficits. However, a systematic investigation of the impact of inflammasome-mediated neuroinflammation on the components of neurogenic niche during HH remains to be elusive. Cerebral hypoxia was induced in adult male Sprague Dawley rats via decreasing partial pressure of oxygen. The effect of HH (1, 3, and 7 days at 25,000 ft) on social memory, anxiety, adult neurogenesis, and NLRP3- (NLR family pyrin domain containing 3) mediated neuroinflammation in the dentate gyrus (DG) was explored in detail. Furthermore, we explored the therapeutic efficacy of cyclooxygenase-1 inhibitor (valeryl salicylate, 5 mg/kg/day, i.p.) and EP1 receptor (EP1R) antagonist (SC19220, 1 mg/kg/day, i.p.) on HH-induced deficits. Seven days of HH exposure induced alteration in social and anxiety-like behavior along with perturbation in adult neurogenesis. Elevation in NLRP3, caspase-1, and IL-1β levels was observed during HH from day 1. A notable increase in the COX-1/EP1R pathway in activated glial cells in DG was evident during HH. COX-1 inhibitor and EP1R antagonist mitigated the detrimental effects of HH on social memory, adult neurogenesis via blunting NLRP3-mediated inflammation. Our data showed induction of the COX-1/EP1R pathway in the glial cells, which is detrimental to neurogenesis and social memory, opening up the possibility that the COX-1/EP1R pathway is a plausible target for inflammasome-related neurogenesis impairments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Garima Chauhan
- Neurophysiology Division, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Defence Research and Development Organization, Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi, 110054, India
| | - Gaurav Kumar
- Neurophysiology Division, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Defence Research and Development Organization, Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi, 110054, India
| | - Koustav Roy
- Neurophysiology Division, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Defence Research and Development Organization, Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi, 110054, India
| | - Punita Kumari
- Neurophysiology Division, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Defence Research and Development Organization, Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi, 110054, India
| | - Bhanuteja Thondala
- Neurophysiology Division, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Defence Research and Development Organization, Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi, 110054, India
| | - Krishna Kishore
- Neurophysiology Division, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Defence Research and Development Organization, Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi, 110054, India
| | - Usha Panjwani
- Neurophysiology Division, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Defence Research and Development Organization, Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi, 110054, India
| | - Koushik Ray
- Neurophysiology Division, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Defence Research and Development Organization, Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi, 110054, India.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhai Y, Liu BG, Mo XN, Zou M, Mei XP, Chen W, Huang GD, Wu L. Gingerol ameliorates neuronal damage induced by hypoxia-reoxygenation via the miR-210/brain-derived neurotrophic factor axis. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2021; 38:367-377. [PMID: 34962339 DOI: 10.1002/kjm2.12486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The specific mechanism of gingerol in cerebral ischemia remains unknown. A neuroprotective function for miR-210 in cerebral ischemia has been identified. The brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-mediated signaling pathway protects against cerebral ischemic injury. This investigation aimed to determine whether gingerol plays a neuroprotective role in cerebral ischemia via the miR-210/BDNF axis. N2a cells subjected to 10 h of hypoxia and 4 h of reoxygenation were treated with 5, 10, or 20 μmol/L gingerol. The levels of viability, apoptosis, and proteins in N2a cells were determined using MTT assays, flow cytometry, and western blotting, respectively. The binding relationship between BDNF and miR-210 was studied using a dual luciferase reporter assay. The expression levels of miR-210 and BDNF were determined using qPCR. Gingerol repressed the increase in apoptosis and decrease in viability observed in response to hypoxia/reoxygenation. Gingerol increased Bcl-2, BDNF, and TrkB levels and reduced Bax and cleaved caspase 3 levels after hypoxia/reoxygenation. Gingerol evoked decreased expression of miR-210. Inhibition of miR-210 resulted in increased viability and reduced apoptosis along with increased levels of Bcl-2, BDNF, and TrkB and reduced levels of Bax and cleaved caspase 3 after hypoxia/reoxygenation. Additionally, the miR-210 mimic reversed changes induced by gingerol. The cotransfection of the miR-210 mimic and wild type BDNF led to decreased luciferase activity. BDNF was negatively regulated by miR-210. BDNF siRNA reversed these changes evoked by miR-210 inhibition. Gingerol ameliorated hypoxia/reoxygenation-stimulated neuronal damage by regulating the miR-210/BDNF axis, indicating that gingerol is worthy of further application in cerebral ischemia therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhai
- Graduate School, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China.,Department of Neurology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Foundation Research, Nanning, China.,Department of International Medical, Guangxi International Zhuang Medicine Hospital, Nanning, China
| | - Bu-Gu Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Xue-Ni Mo
- Department of Neurology, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Min Zou
- Department of Pediatrics, Guangxi International Zhuang Medicine Hospital, Nanning, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Mei
- Department of Endocrinology, Guangxi International Zhuang Medicine Hospital, Nanning, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Guo-Dong Huang
- Department of International Medical, Guangxi International Zhuang Medicine Hospital, Nanning, China
| | - Lin Wu
- Department of Neurology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Foundation Research, Nanning, China.,Department of Neurology, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Meyer E, Bonato JM, Mori MA, Mattos BA, Guimarães FS, Milani H, de Campos AC, de Oliveira RMW. Cannabidiol Confers Neuroprotection in Rats in a Model of Transient Global Cerebral Ischemia: Impact of Hippocampal Synaptic Neuroplasticity. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:5338-5355. [PMID: 34302281 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02479-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Evidence for the clinical use of neuroprotective drugs for the treatment of cerebral ischemia (CI) is still greatly limited. Spatial/temporal disorientation and cognitive dysfunction are among the most prominent long-term sequelae of CI. Cannabidiol (CBD) is a non-psychotomimetic constituent of Cannabis sativa that exerts neuroprotective effects against experimental CI. The present study investigated possible neuroprotective mechanisms of action of CBD on spatial memory impairments that are caused by transient global cerebral ischemia (TGCI) in rats. Hippocampal synaptic plasticity is a fundamental mechanism of learning and memory. Thus, we also evaluated the impact of CBD on neuroplastic changes in the hippocampus after TGCI. Wistar rats were trained to learn an eight-arm aversive radial maze (AvRM) task and underwent either sham or TGCI surgery. The animals received vehicle or 10 mg/kg CBD (i.p.) 30 min before surgery, 3 h after surgery, and then once daily for 14 days. On days 7 and 14, we performed a retention memory test. Another group of rats that received the same pharmacological treatment was tested in the object location test (OLT). Brains were removed and processed to assess neuronal degeneration, synaptic protein levels, and dendritic remodeling in the hippocampus. Cannabidiol treatment attenuated ischemia-induced memory deficits. In rats that were subjected to TGCI, CBD attenuated hippocampal CA1 neurodegeneration and increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels. Additionally, CBD protected neurons against the deleterious effects of TGCI on dendritic spine number and the length of dendritic arborization. These results suggest that the neuroprotective effects of CBD against TGCI-induced memory impairments involve changes in synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erika Meyer
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo, Maringá, Paraná, 5790, 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Mendes Bonato
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo, Maringá, Paraná, 5790, 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Marco Aurélio Mori
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo, Maringá, Paraná, 5790, 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Bianca Andretto Mattos
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo, Maringá, Paraná, 5790, 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Francisco Silveira Guimarães
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, USP, Av. Bandeirantes, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, 14015-000, Brazil
| | - Humberto Milani
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo, Maringá, Paraná, 5790, 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Alline Cristina de Campos
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, USP, Av. Bandeirantes, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, 14015-000, Brazil
| | - Rúbia Maria Weffort de Oliveira
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo, Maringá, Paraná, 5790, 87020-900, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kai-Xin-San Attenuates Doxorubicin-Induced Cognitive Impairment by Reducing Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Neural Degeneration in 4T1 Breast Cancer Mice. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:5521739. [PMID: 34234834 PMCID: PMC8216823 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5521739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective This study explored the potential therapeutic effect and possible mechanism of Kai-Xin-San (KXS) on doxorubicin-induced cognitive impairment in 4T1 breast cancer mice. Methods A model of chemotherapy-induced cognitive impairment (CICI) was established with the injection of doxorubicin (DOX, 5 mg/kg) at a 7-day interval in a 4T1 breast cancer mouse. KXS was given (1 g/kg) daily by gavage over three weeks starting at the first week while giving DOX. The Morris water maze task was performed to measure the CICI-like behaviors. Oxidative stress markers in the hippocampus, inflammatory cytokines in the serum and hippocampus, Nissl staining, immunofluorescence staining, and analysis for Glial fibrillary acidic protein and ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 of the hippocampus were examined to explore the effect and mechanism of KXS on DOX-induced CICI. Meanwhile, tumor growth and survival time were tested in this study. Results CICI-like behaviors induced by DOX occurred earlier and were severer than the cognitive impairment induced by the tumor, and the effect of KXS on improving the cognitive impairment was obvious. KXS protected against DOX-induced neuroinflammation by decreasing levels of proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-6, interleukin-12p70, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in both serum and brain and interleukin-1β in the brain, increasing the anti-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-4 in the serum and interleukin-10 in the hippocampus, and inhibiting the astrocytic hyperplasia and microglial polarization in the hippocampus. KXS reduced neural degeneration and protected against DOX-induced oxidative stress according to decreased malondialdehyde level, increased glutathione level, and enhanced activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase. Moreover, KXS recovered the lost body weights after DOX administration and prolonged the survival times of mice. Conclusions KXS may attenuate DOX-induced cognitive impairment by regulating inflammatory responses and reducing oxidative stress and neural degeneration. These findings also presented the role of KXS in improving the quality of life and prolonging survival time in breast cancer mice that received chemotherapy.
Collapse
|
9
|
Morin A, Poitras M, Plamondon H. Global cerebral ischemia in adolescent male Long Evans rats: Effects of vanillic acid supplementation on stress response, emotionality, and visuospatial memory. Behav Brain Res 2021; 412:113403. [PMID: 34090940 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The developmental period is critical in delineating plastic response to internal and external events. However, neurobehavioural effects of global cerebral ischemia (GCI) in the maturing brain remain largely unknown. This study characterised the effects of GCI experienced at puberty on adulthood (1) hippocampus CA1 neuronal damage, (2) cognitive and emotional impairments, and (3) glucocorticoid receptor (GR) expression. Effects of adolescent exposure to the phenol vanillic acid (VA) on post-ischemic outcomes were also determined. Male Long Evans rats (n = 35) were supplemented for 21 consecutive days (postnatal days 33-53) with VA (91 mg/kg) or nut paste vehicle (control) prior to a 10-min GCI or sham surgery. As adults, rats were tested in the Open Field Test (OFT), Elevated-Plus Maze (EPM), and Barnes Maze (BM). GR expression was determined in the basolateral amygdala (BLA), CA1, and paraventricular nucleus (PVN), and brain injury assessed via CA1 neuronal density. Adolescent GCI exposure induced extensive hippocampal CA1 injury, which was not prevented by VA supplementation. Behaviourally, GCI increased EPM exploration while having no impact on spatial memory. VA intake increased OFT peripheral exploration. Notably, while no delayed changes in CA1 and PVN GR immunoreactivity were noted, both treatments separately increased BLA GR expression when compared with sham-nut paste rats. Age at GCI occurrence plays a critical role on post-ischemic impairments. The observation of minimal functional impairments despite important CA1 neuronal damage supports use of compensatory mechanisms. Our findings also show daily VA supplementation during adolescence to have no protective effects on post-ischemic outcomes, contrasting adult intake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Morin
- Behavioural Neuroscience Group, School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, 136 Jean-Jacques Lussier, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada.
| | - Marilou Poitras
- Behavioural Neuroscience Group, School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, 136 Jean-Jacques Lussier, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada.
| | - Hélène Plamondon
- Behavioural Neuroscience Group, School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, 136 Jean-Jacques Lussier, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Vecchiarelli HA, Morena M, Keenan CM, Chiang V, Tan K, Qiao M, Leitl K, Santori A, Pittman QJ, Sharkey KA, Hill MN. Comorbid anxiety-like behavior in a rat model of colitis is mediated by an upregulation of corticolimbic fatty acid amide hydrolase. Neuropsychopharmacology 2021; 46:992-1003. [PMID: 33452437 PMCID: PMC8115350 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-020-00939-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral inflammatory conditions, including those localized to the gastrointestinal tract, are highly comorbid with psychiatric disorders such as anxiety and depression. These behavioral symptoms are poorly managed by conventional treatments for inflammatory diseases and contribute to quality of life impairments. Peripheral inflammation is associated with sustained elevations in circulating glucocorticoid hormones, which can modulate central processes, including those involved in the regulation of emotional behavior. The endocannabinoid (eCB) system is exquisitely sensitive to these hormonal changes and is a significant regulator of emotional behavior. The impact of peripheral inflammation on central eCB function, and whether this is related to the development of these behavioral comorbidities remains to be determined. To examine this, we employed the trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced model of colonic inflammation (colitis) in adult, male, Sprague Dawley rats to produce sustained peripheral inflammation. Colitis produced increases in behavioral measures of anxiety and elevations in circulating corticosterone. These alterations were accompanied by elevated hydrolytic activity of the enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), which hydrolyzes the eCB anandamide (AEA), throughout multiple corticolimbic brain regions. This elevation of FAAH activity was associated with broad reductions in the content of AEA, whose decline was driven by central corticotropin releasing factor type 1 receptor signaling. Colitis-induced anxiety was reversed following acute central inhibition of FAAH, suggesting that the reductions in AEA produced by colitis contributed to the generation of anxiety. These data provide a novel perspective for the pharmacological management of psychiatric comorbidities of chronic inflammatory conditions through modulation of eCB signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haley A. Vecchiarelli
- grid.22072.350000 0004 1936 7697Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N4N1 Canada ,grid.22072.350000 0004 1936 7697Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N4N1 Canada ,grid.22072.350000 0004 1936 7697Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research and Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N4N1 Canada
| | - Maria Morena
- grid.22072.350000 0004 1936 7697Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N4N1 Canada ,grid.22072.350000 0004 1936 7697Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research and Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N4N1 Canada ,grid.22072.350000 0004 1936 7697Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N4N1 Canada ,grid.22072.350000 0004 1936 7697Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N4N1 Canada
| | - Catherine M. Keenan
- grid.22072.350000 0004 1936 7697Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N4N1 Canada ,grid.22072.350000 0004 1936 7697Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N4N1 Canada ,grid.22072.350000 0004 1936 7697Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N4N1 Canada
| | - Vincent Chiang
- grid.22072.350000 0004 1936 7697Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N4N1 Canada ,grid.22072.350000 0004 1936 7697Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research and Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N4N1 Canada ,grid.22072.350000 0004 1936 7697Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N4N1 Canada ,grid.22072.350000 0004 1936 7697Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N4N1 Canada
| | - Kaitlyn Tan
- grid.22072.350000 0004 1936 7697Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N4N1 Canada ,grid.22072.350000 0004 1936 7697Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research and Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N4N1 Canada ,grid.22072.350000 0004 1936 7697Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N4N1 Canada ,grid.22072.350000 0004 1936 7697Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N4N1 Canada
| | - Min Qiao
- grid.22072.350000 0004 1936 7697Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N4N1 Canada ,grid.22072.350000 0004 1936 7697Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research and Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N4N1 Canada ,grid.22072.350000 0004 1936 7697Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N4N1 Canada ,grid.22072.350000 0004 1936 7697Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N4N1 Canada
| | - Kira Leitl
- grid.22072.350000 0004 1936 7697Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N4N1 Canada ,grid.22072.350000 0004 1936 7697Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research and Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N4N1 Canada ,grid.22072.350000 0004 1936 7697Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N4N1 Canada ,grid.22072.350000 0004 1936 7697Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N4N1 Canada
| | - Alessia Santori
- grid.22072.350000 0004 1936 7697Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N4N1 Canada ,grid.22072.350000 0004 1936 7697Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research and Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N4N1 Canada ,grid.22072.350000 0004 1936 7697Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N4N1 Canada ,grid.22072.350000 0004 1936 7697Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N4N1 Canada
| | - Quentin J. Pittman
- grid.22072.350000 0004 1936 7697Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N4N1 Canada ,grid.22072.350000 0004 1936 7697Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research and Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N4N1 Canada ,grid.22072.350000 0004 1936 7697Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N4N1 Canada ,grid.22072.350000 0004 1936 7697Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N4N1 Canada
| | - Keith A. Sharkey
- grid.22072.350000 0004 1936 7697Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N4N1 Canada ,grid.22072.350000 0004 1936 7697Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N4N1 Canada ,grid.22072.350000 0004 1936 7697Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N4N1 Canada
| | - Matthew N. Hill
- grid.22072.350000 0004 1936 7697Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N4N1 Canada ,grid.22072.350000 0004 1936 7697Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research and Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N4N1 Canada ,grid.22072.350000 0004 1936 7697Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N4N1 Canada ,grid.22072.350000 0004 1936 7697Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N4N1 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Cao BQ, Tan F, Zhan J, Lai PH. Mechanism underlying treatment of ischemic stroke using acupuncture: transmission and regulation. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:944-954. [PMID: 33229734 PMCID: PMC8178780 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.297061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The inflammatory response after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion is an important cause of neurological damage and repair. After cerebral ischemia/reperfusion, microglia are activated, and a large number of circulating inflammatory cells infiltrate the affected area. This leads to the secretion of inflammatory mediators and an inflammatory cascade that eventually causes secondary brain damage, including neuron necrosis, blood-brain barrier destruction, cerebral edema, and an oxidative stress response. Activation of inflammatory signaling pathways plays a key role in the pathological process of ischemic stroke. Increasing evidence suggests that acupuncture can reduce the inflammatory response after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion and promote repair of the injured nervous system. Acupuncture can not only inhibit the activation and infiltration of inflammatory cells, but can also regulate the expression of inflammation-related cytokines, balance the effects of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory factors, and interfere with inflammatory signaling pathways. Therefore, it is important to study the transmission and regulatory mechanism of inflammatory signaling pathways after acupuncture treatment for cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury to provide a theoretical basis for clinical treatment of this type of injury using acupuncture. Our review summarizes the overall conditions of inflammatory cells, mediators, and pathways after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion, and discusses the possible synergistic intervention of acupuncture in the inflammatory signaling pathway network to provide a foundation to explore the multiple molecular mechanisms by which acupuncture promotes nerve function restoration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Qian Cao
- Department of Neurology, Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Foshan, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Feng Tan
- Department of Neurology, Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Foshan, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jie Zhan
- Department of Rehabilitation, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Peng-Hui Lai
- Department of Rehabilitation, Nan'ao People's Hospital Dapeng New District, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Tan L, Wang Y, Jiang Y, Wang R, Zu J, Tan R. Hydroxysafflor Yellow A Together with Blood-Brain Barrier Regulator Lexiscan for Cerebral Ischemia Reperfusion Injury Treatment. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:19151-19164. [PMID: 32775917 PMCID: PMC7408215 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c02502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacodynamic and biodistribution effects are two important factors in drug research. As a clinical drug, the neuroprotective effects and mechanisms of hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA) have been widely reported but have still not been described in enough detail. In this study, we first aimed to improve the pharmacology of HSYA in nerve injury treatments. The down-regulative expression of cytokines, including NLRP3, ASC, Caspase-1, GSDMD, IL-1β, IL-18, LDH, NF-κB, and p-p56, suggested that HSYA could both suppress pyroptosis and apoptosis pathway activation during the nerve injury. Additionally, HSYA improved the cellular viability in an oxidative stress damage cell model. Second, to further improve the therapeutic effect of the HSYA, we tried to enhance the concentration of HSYA in a lesion. The FDA-approved adenosine receptor agonist Lexiscan (Lex) could inhibit the expression of P-glycoprotein on the endothelial cell surface to transiently increase the permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) without any sustained damage, which was used to assist HSYA in passing through the BBB to increase the accumulation in the brain. Furthermore, living image and distribution detection in vivo showed that the accumulation of HSYA in the brain could be significantly increased with the addition of Lex. Lastly, HSYA together with Lex (Lex-HSYA) could significantly reduce the volume of cerebral infarction, improve the histopathological morphology, and recruit brain-derived neurotrophic factors to alleviate the cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury. In conclusion, the pyroptosis pathway could act as a novel therapeutic target of HSYA in nerve injury treatment, and Lex-HSYA could be a promising candidate for nerve injury treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Tan
- College
of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest
Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Yeye Wang
- College
of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Yu Jiang
- College
of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Rong Wang
- College
of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Jingzhi Zu
- College
of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Rui Tan
- College
of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest
Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
- or . Phone/Fax: +86-28-87634667
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kipnis PA, Sullivan BJ, Carter BM, Kadam SD. TrkB agonists prevent postischemic emergence of refractory neonatal seizures in mice. JCI Insight 2020; 5:136007. [PMID: 32427585 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.136007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Refractory neonatal seizures do not respond to first-line antiseizure medications like phenobarbital (PB), a positive allosteric modulator for GABAA receptors. GABAA receptor-mediated inhibition is dependent upon electroneutral cation-chloride transporter KCC2, which mediates neuronal chloride extrusion and its age-dependent increase and postnatally shifts GABAergic signaling from depolarizing to hyperpolarizing. Brain-derived neurotropic factor-tyrosine receptor kinase B activation (BDNF-TrkB activation) after excitotoxic injury recruits downstream targets like PLCγ1, leading to KCC2 hypofunction. Here, the antiseizure efficacy of TrkB agonists LM22A-4, HIOC, and deoxygedunin (DG) on PB-refractory seizures and postischemic TrkB pathway activation was investigated in a mouse model (CD-1, P7) of refractory neonatal seizures. LM, a BDNF loop II mimetic, rescued PB-refractory seizures in a sexually dimorphic manner. Efficacy was associated with a substantial reduction in the postischemic phosphorylation of TrkB at Y816, a site known to mediate postischemic KCC2 hypofunction via PLCγ1 activation. LM rescued ischemia-induced phospho-KCC2-S940 dephosphorylation, preserving its membrane stability. Full TrkB agonists HIOC and DG similarly rescued PB refractoriness. Chemogenetic inactivation of TrkB substantially reduced postischemic neonatal seizure burdens at P7. Sex differences identified in developmental expression profiles of TrkB and KCC2 may underlie the sexually dimorphic efficacy of LM. These results support a potentially novel role for the TrkB receptor in the emergence of age-dependent refractory neonatal seizures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pavel A Kipnis
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Hugo W. Moser Research Institute, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Brennan J Sullivan
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Hugo W. Moser Research Institute, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Brandon M Carter
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Hugo W. Moser Research Institute, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Shilpa D Kadam
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Hugo W. Moser Research Institute, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Liu S, Dai Y, Zhou C, Zhu T. Parecoxib exhibits anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects in a rat model of transient global cerebral ischemia. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH-PART A 2020; 83:203-214. [PMID: 32216542 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2020.1745722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Transient global cerebral ischemia (tGCI) induces inflammation leading to secondary brain injury. Data suggested that cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is involved in the occurrence and development of inflammatory reaction after reperfusion; however, the effectiveness of a highly selective COX-2 inhibitor, parecoxib, to counteract tGCI remains to be determined. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the potential protective actions of parecoxib in a rat model of tGCI and the role inflammation plays in this disorder. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were administered parecoxib 10 or 20 mg/kg intraperitoneally (ip) at 5 min, 24 or 48 hr after tGCI. Control rats received an equal volume of 0.9% saline. The rat model of tGCI was established using the method of bilateral common carotid artery occlusion combined with arterial hypotension. The following parameters were measured: Neurological Severity Score, morphological changes in the hippocampal CA1 region, Evans blue (EB) extravasation, brain water content, levels of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), neuronal apoptosis, the protein expression of Bcl-2, Bax, COX-2, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Parecoxib treatment significantly improved neurological function and morphological defects in the hippocampal CA1 region, reduced levels of COX-2, PGE2, IL-1β, and TNF-α. In addition, parecoxib attenuated brain edema and BBB destruction as evidenced by increased ZO-1 expression and decreased MMP-9 expression. Further, parecoxib reduced neuronal apoptosis via diminished protein expression of Bax and enhanced expression of Bcl-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaoxing Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, Chengdu Second People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yue'e Dai
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Chen Zhou
- The Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Tao Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zhong K, Wang RX, Qian XD, Yu P, Zhu XY, Zhang Q, Ye YL. Neuroprotective effects of saffron on the late cerebral ischemia injury through inhibiting astrogliosis and glial scar formation in rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 126:110041. [PMID: 32113053 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This study is to explore the neuroprotective effects and involved glial scar of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) on the late cerebral ischemia in rats. Focal cerebral ischemia was induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in Sprague Dawley rats that were randomly divided into sham group, MCAO group, edaravone group (as a positive control) and saffron groups (saffron extract 30, 100, 300 mg/kg). Saffron was administered orally at 2 h at the first day and once daily from day 2 to 42 after ischemia. Behavioral changes were detected from day 43 to 46 after ischemia to evaluate the effects of saffron. Infarct volume, survival neuron density, activated astrocyte, and the thickness of glial scar were also detected. GFAP, neurocan, phosphocan, neurofilament expressions and inflammatory cytokine contents were detected by Western-blotting and ELISA methods, respectively. Saffron improved the body weight loss, neurological deficit and spontaneous activity. It also ameliorated anxiety-like state and cognitive dysfunction, which were detected by elevated plus maze (EPM), marble burying test (MBT) and novel object recognition test (NORT). Toluidine blue staining found that saffron treatment decreased the infarct volume and increased the neuron density in cortex in the ischemic boundary zone. The activated astrocyte number and the thickness of glial scar in the penumbra zone reduced after saffron treatment. Additionally, saffron decreased the contents of IL-6 and IL-1β, increased the content of IL-10 in the ischemic boundary zone. GFAP, neurocan, and phosphocan expressions in ischemic boundary zone and ischemic core zone all decreased after saffron treatment. Saffron exerted neuroprotective effects on late cerebral ischemia, associating with attenuating astrogliosis and glial scar formation after ischemic injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhong
- School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Rou-Xin Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | | | - Ping Yu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xin-Ying Zhu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yi-Lu Ye
- School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Yu KW, Wang CJ, Wu Y, Wang YY, Wang NH, Kuang SY, Liu G, Xie HY, Jiang CY, Wu JF. An enriched environment increases the expression of fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the cerebral cortex of the ischemic mouse brain. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:1671-1677. [PMID: 32209771 PMCID: PMC7437579 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.276339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies have shown that fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FDNC5) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) play vital roles in plasticity after brain injury. An enriched environment refers to an environment that provides animals with multi-sensory stimulation and movement opportunities. An enriched environment has been shown to promote the regeneration of nerve cells, synapses, and blood vessels in the animal brain after cerebral ischemia; however, the exact mechanisms have not been clarified. This study aimed to determine whether an enriched environment could improve neurobehavioral functions after the experimental inducement of cerebral ischemia and whether neurobehavioral outcomes were associated with the expression of FDNC5 and BDNF. This study established ischemic mouse models using permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO) on the left side. On postoperative day 1, the mice were randomly assigned to either enriched environment or standard housing condition groups. Mice in the standard housing condition group were housed and fed under standard conditions. Mice in the enriched environment group were housed in a large cage, containing various toys, and fed with a standard diet. Sham-operated mice received the same procedure, but without artery occlusion, and were housed and fed under standard conditions. On postoperative days 7 and 14, a beam-walking test was used to assess coordination, balance, and spatial learning. On postoperative days 16–20, a Morris water maze test was used to assess spatial learning and memory. On postoperative day 15, the expression levels of FDNC5 and BDNF proteins in the ipsilateral cerebral cortex were analyzed by western blot assay. The results showed that compared with the standard housing condition group, the motor balance and coordination functions (based on beam-walking test scores 7 and 14 days after operation), spatial learning abilities (based on the spatial learning scores from the Morris water maze test 16–19 days after operation), and memory abilities (based on the memory scores of the Morris water maze test 20 days after operation) of the enriched environment group improved significantly. In addition, the expression levels of FDNC5 and BDNF proteins in the ipsilateral cerebral cortex increased in the enriched environment group compared with those in the standard housing condition group. Furthermore, the Pearson correlation coefficient showed that neurobehavioral functions were positively associated with the expression levels of FDNC5 and BDNF (r = 0.587 and r = 0.840, respectively). These findings suggest that an enriched environment upregulates FDNC5 protein expression in the ipsilateral cerebral cortex after cerebral ischemia, which then activates BDNF protein expression, improving neurological function. BDNF protein expression was positively correlated with improved neurological function. The experimental protocols were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Fudan University, China (approval Nos. 20160858A232, 20160860A234) on February 24, 2016.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Wei Yu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuan-Jie Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Jinshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Yang Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Nian-Hong Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shen-Yi Kuang
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong-Yu Xie
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cong-Yu Jiang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun-Fa Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zhang B, Chen X, Lv Y, Wu X, Gui L, Zhang Y, Qiu J, Song G, Yao W, Wan L, Zhang C. Cdh1 overexpression improves emotion and cognitive-related behaviors via regulating hippocampal neuroplasticity in global cerebral ischemia rats. Neurochem Int 2019; 124:225-237. [PMID: 30677437 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Post-stroke survivors exhibited cognitive deficits and performed emotional impairment. However, the effect of global cerebral ischemia on standard behavioral measures of emotionality and underlying mechanism remain largely unknown. Our previous work identified that down-regulation of Cdh1 contributed to ischemic neuronal death in rat, thus we hypothesized that Cdh1 exerts a role in emotionality after cerebral ischemia, and we investigated the effect of Cdh1 overexpression on neurogenic behaviors and possible mechanisms in transient global cerebral ischemia reperfusion (tGCI/R) rats. A series of behavioral tests were used to evaluate emotion and cognitive related behaviors, and molecular biological techniques were employed to investigate hippocampal neuroplasticity. The results showed that tGCI/R rats displayed anxiety- and depression-like behaviors and a certain degree of cognitive impairment, and these abnormal behaviors accompanied with a loss of hippocampal synapses and dendritic spines, disruption of dendrite arborization and decline in the level of GAP-43, synaptophysin, synapsin and PSD-95. However, Cdh1 overexpression improved negative emotionality, ameliorated cognitive deficits, rescued hippocampal synapses loss, prevented dendritic network disorganization, and increased the level of synaptic-associated proteins after tGCI/R. Taken together, these findings suggest that Cdh1 overexpression exerts a neuroprotective effect by regulating hippocampal neuroplasticity thus improving negative emotionality and cognitive deficits after tGCI/R.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China; Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Xuhui Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Youyou Lv
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China; Department of Anesthesiology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, 510275, China
| | - Xi Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China; Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Lingli Gui
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jin Qiu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Guizhi Song
- Department of Quality Inspection, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Wenlong Yao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Li Wan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Chuanhan Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Fang M, Zhong L, Jin X, Cui R, Yang W, Gao S, Lv J, Li B, Liu T. Effect of Inflammation on the Process of Stroke Rehabilitation and Poststroke Depression. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:184. [PMID: 31031649 PMCID: PMC6470379 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A considerable body of evidence has shown that inflammation plays an important role in the process of stroke rehabilitation and development of poststroke depression (PSD). However, the specific molecular and cellular mechanisms involved remain unclear. In this review, we summarize how neuroinflammation affects stroke rehabilitation and PSD. We mainly focus on the immune/inflammatory response, involving astrocytes, microglia, monocyte-derived macrophages, cytokines (tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 1), and microRNAs (microRNA-124, microRNA 133b). This review provides new insights into the effect of inflammation on the process of stroke rehabilitation and PSD and potentially offer new therapeutic targets of stroke and PSD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meidan Fang
- Department of General Surgery, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lili Zhong
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xin Jin
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ranji Cui
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shuohui Gao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Colorectal Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jing Lv
- Chang Chun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Bingjin Li
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tongjun Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Torres-Reverón A, Rivera-Lopez LL, Flores I, Appleyard CB. Antagonizing the corticotropin releasing hormone receptor 1 with antalarmin reduces the progression of endometriosis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197698. [PMID: 30427841 PMCID: PMC6235236 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometriosis is a disorder in which endometrial tissue is found outside the uterus causing pain, infertility and stress. Finding effective, non-hormonal and long-term treatments for endometriosis still remains one of the most significant challenges in the field. Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) is one of the main signaling peptides within the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis released in response to stress. CRH can affect nervous and visceral tissues such as the uterus and gut via activation of two types of CRH receptors: CRHR1 and CRHR2. Our aim was to determine if blocking CRHR1 with antalarmin will reduce endometriosis progression. In experiment 1 we induced endometriosis in female rats by suturing uterine horn tissue next to the intestinal mesentery and allowed to progress for 7 days. We determined that after 7 days, there was a significant increase in CRHR1 within endometriotic vesicles as compared to normal uterus. In Experiment 2, we induced endometriosis and administered either antalarmin (20 mg/kg, i.p.) or vehicle during the first 7 days after surgery. A separate group of sham surgery rats served as non-endometriosis controls. Endometriosis was allowed to progress until 60 days after surgery, at which time rats were tested for anxiety behaviors. At the time of sacrifice, endometriotic vesicles, uterus and blood were collected. Treatment with antalarmin significantly reduced the size (67% decrease) and number (30% decrease) of endometriotic vesicles. Antalarmin also prevented the increase in CRH and CRHR1 mRNA within endometriotic vesicles but not of glucocorticoid receptor. Endometriosis did not change anxiety behaviors in the open field and zero-maze tests and prior antalarmin administration did not modify this. Our data provides the first in-vivo demonstration for use of CRHR1 antagonist for the treatment of endometriosis opening the possibility for further exploring CRH signaling as a treatment target for this debilitating disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annelyn Torres-Reverón
- Dept. Neuroscience, University of Texas at Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine, Edinburg, Texas, United States of America
- Dept. of Human Genetics, University of Texas at Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine, Edinburg, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Leslie L. Rivera-Lopez
- Dept. of Psychiatry and Neurology, University of Texas at Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine, Harlingen, Texas, United States of America
| | - Idhaliz Flores
- Division of Basic Sciences, Ponce Health Sciences University—Ponce Research Institute, Ponce, Puerto Rico
- Dept. of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ponce Health Sciences University, School of Medicine, Ponce, Puerto Rico
| | - Caroline B. Appleyard
- Division of Basic Sciences, Ponce Health Sciences University—Ponce Research Institute, Ponce, Puerto Rico
- Dept. of Internal Medicine, Ponce Health Sciences University, School of Medicine, Ponce Puerto Rico
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Zappa Villar MF, López Hanotte J, Falomir Lockhart E, Trípodi LS, Morel GR, Reggiani PC. Intracerebroventricular streptozotocin induces impaired Barnes maze spatial memory and reduces astrocyte branching in the CA1 and CA3 hippocampal regions. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2018; 125:1787-1803. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-018-1928-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
21
|
Abdel-Fattah MM, Messiha BAS, Mansour AM. Modulation of brain ACE and ACE2 may be a promising protective strategy against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury: an experimental trial in rats. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2018; 391:1003-1020. [PMID: 29909460 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-018-1523-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The brain renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is considered a crucial regulator for physiological homeostasis and disease progression. We evaluated the protective effects of the angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) telmisartan and the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) activator xanthenone on experimental cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Rats were divided into a sham control, a cerebral I/R control, a standard treatment (nimodipine, 10 mg/kg/day, 15 days, p.o.), three telmisartan treatments (1, 3, and 10 mg/kg/day, 15 days, p.o.), and three xanthenone treatments (0.5, 1, and 2 mg/kg/day, 15 days, s.c.) groups. One hour after the last dose, all rats except the sham control group were exposed to 30-min cerebral ischemia followed by 24-h reperfusion. Brain ACE and ACE2 activities and the apoptotic marker caspase-3 levels were assessed. Glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), and nitric oxide end products (NOx) as oxidative markers and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and IL-10 as immunological markers were assessed. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical evaluation of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) were performed in cerebral cortex and hippocampus sections. Telmisartan and xanthenone in the higher doses restored MDA, NOx, TNF-α, IL-6, caspase-3, ACE, and GFAP back to normal levels and significantly increased GSH, IL-10, and ACE2 compared to I/R control values. Histopathologically, both agents showed mild degenerative changes and necrosis of neurons in cerebral cortex and hippocampus compared with I/R control group. Modulation of brain RAS, either through suppression of the classic ACE pathway or stimulation of its antagonist pathway ACE2, may be a promising strategy against cerebral I/R damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ahmed Mohamed Mansour
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Intranasal post-cardiac arrest treatment with orexin-A facilitates arousal from coma and ameliorates neuroinflammation. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182707. [PMID: 28957432 PMCID: PMC5619710 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac arrest (CA) entails significant risks of coma resulting in poor neurological and behavioral outcomes after resuscitation. Significant subsequent morbidity and mortality in post-CA patients are largely due to the cerebral and cardiac dysfunction that accompanies prolonged whole-body ischemia post-CA syndrome (PCAS). PCAS results in strong inflammatory responses including neuroinflammation response leading to poor outcome. Currently, there are no proven neuroprotective therapies to improve post-CA outcomes apart from therapeutic hypothermia. Furthermore, there are no acceptable approaches to promote cortical or cognitive arousal following successful return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). Hypothalamic orexinergic pathway is responsible for arousal and it is negatively affected by neuroinflammation. However, whether activation of the orexinergic pathway can curtail neuroinflammation is unknown. We hypothesize that targeting the orexinergic pathway via intranasal orexin-A (ORXA) treatment will enhance arousal from coma and decrease the production of proinflammatory cytokines resulting in improved functional outcome after resuscitation. We used a highly validated CA rat model to determine the effects of intranasal ORXA treatment 30-minute post resuscitation. At 4hrs post-CA, the mRNA levels of proinflammatory markers (IL1β, iNOS, TNF-α, GFAP, CD11b) and orexin receptors (ORX1R and ORX2R) were examined in different brain regions. CA dramatically increased proinflammatory markers in all brain regions particularly in the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and hypothalamus. Post-CA intranasal ORXA treatment significantly ameliorated the CA-induced neuroinflammatory markers in the hypothalamus. ORXA administration increased production of orexin receptors (ORX1R and ORX2R) particularly in hypothalamus. In addition, ORXA also resulted in early arousal as measured by quantitative electroencephalogram (EEG) markers, and recovery of the associated behavioral neurologic deficit scale score (NDS). Our results indicate that intranasal delivery of ORXA post-CA has an anti-inflammatory effect and accelerates cortical EEG and behavioral recovery. Beneficial outcomes from intranasal ORXA treatment lay the groundwork for therapeutic clinical approach to treating post-CA coma.
Collapse
|
23
|
Gao Y, Li M, Wang Y, Li Z, Fan C, Wang Z, Cao X, Chang J, Qiao H. Protective Effects of Sodium (±)-5-Bromo-2-(α-Hydroxypentyl) Benzoate in a Rodent Model of Global Cerebral Ischemia. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:691. [PMID: 29021761 PMCID: PMC5623681 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the current study was to explore the protective effects of sodium (±)-5-bromo-2-(α-hydroxypentyl) benzoate (brand name: brozopine, BZP) in a rat model of global cerebral ischemia. The rat model was established using a modified Winocur's method; close postoperative observation was conducted at all times. Neurological function was detected through prehensile traction and beam-walking test. BZP reduced mortality and prolonged the survival time of rats with global cerebral ischemia, within 24 h. There was a decreased survival rate (60%) in the Model group, while the survival rate of the BZP (3 and 12 mg/kg) remarkably increased the survival rate (to 80 and 90%, respectively), in a dose-dependent manner. Compared with the Model group (survival time: 18.50 h), the administration of BZP (0.75, 3, and 12 mg/kg) prolonged the survival time (to 20.38, 21.85, and 23.90 h, respectively), particularly in BZP 12 mg/kg group (P < 0.05). Additionally, the BZP (12 mg/kg) group exhibited an improvement in their motor function (P < 0.05). The BZP groups (0.75, 3, and 12 mg/kg) displayed significantly reduced necrosis and the percentage of apoptotic cells (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively). Compared with Model group, BZP (0.75, 3, and 12 mg/kg) increased the NeuN optical density values (P < 0.01). Rats with global ischemia had a high expression of Cyt-c, caspase-3, and the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio compared with sham group (P < 0.01). BZP (0.75, 3, and 12 mg/kg), however, reduced the expression of Cyt-c, caspase-3, and the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.01). There was low expression of p-Akt and PI3K in Model group, compared with the sham group (P < 0.01). Meanwhile, BZP (0.75, 3, and 12 mg/kg) increased the expression of p-Akt and PI3K in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.01). We also found the expression of Cyt-c, caspase-3, Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, PI3K, p-Akt, and comprehensive score were directly related. In conclusion, BZP had therapeutic potential and prevented stroke in rat model of global cerebral ischemia. The underlying mechanisms may be related to the inhibition of apoptosis and activation of the survival-signaling-pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Gao
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Miao Li
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhengqi Li
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chenyu Fan
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xinyu Cao
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Junbiao Chang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hailing Qiao
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|