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Bove M, Sikora V, Santoro M, Agosti LP, Palmieri MA, Dimonte S, Tucci P, Schiavone S, Morgese MG, Trabace L. Sex differences in the BTBR idiopathic mouse model of autism spectrum disorders: Behavioural and redox-related hippocampal alterations. Neuropharmacology 2024; 260:110134. [PMID: 39208979 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2024.110134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2024] [Revised: 08/24/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are highly heterogeneous neurodevelopmental diseases. Epidemiological data report that males have been diagnosed with autism more frequently than females. However, recent studies hypothesize that females' low incidence might be underestimated due to standard clinical measures of ASD behavioural symptoms, mostly derived from males. Indeed, up to now, ASD mouse models focused mainly on males, considering the prevalence of the diagnosis in that sex. Regarding ASD aetiopathogenesis, it has been recently reported that oxidative stress might be implicated in its onset and development, suggesting an association with ASD typical repetitive behaviours that still need to be disentangled. Here, we investigated possible behavioural and molecular sex-related differences by using the BTBR mouse model of idiopathic ASD. To this aim, animals were exposed to behavioural tests related to different ASD core symptoms and comorbidities, i.e. stereotyped repertoire, social dysfunctions, hyperlocomotion and risk-taking behaviours. Moreover, we analyzed hippocampal levels of pro-oxidant and anti-oxidant enzymes, together with biomarkers of oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation. Our results showed that BTBR females did not display the same patterns for repetitive behaviours as the male counterpart. From a biomolecular point of view, we found an increase in oxidative stress and pro-oxidant enzymes, accompanied by deficient enzymatic anti-oxidant response, only in BTBR males compared to C57BL/6 male mice, while no differences were retrieved in females. Overall, our study suggests that in females there is an urgent need to depict the distinct ASD symptomatology, accompanied by the identification of sex-specific pharmacological targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Bove
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Napoli 20, 71122, Foggia, Italy
| | - Vladyslav Sikora
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Napoli 20, 71122, Foggia, Italy; Department of Pathology, Sumy State University, 40007, Sumy, Ukraine
| | - Martina Santoro
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Lisa Pia Agosti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Napoli 20, 71122, Foggia, Italy
| | - Maria Adelaide Palmieri
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Napoli 20, 71122, Foggia, Italy
| | - Stefania Dimonte
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Napoli 20, 71122, Foggia, Italy
| | - Paolo Tucci
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Napoli 20, 71122, Foggia, Italy
| | - Stefania Schiavone
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Napoli 20, 71122, Foggia, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Morgese
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Napoli 20, 71122, Foggia, Italy
| | - Luigia Trabace
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Napoli 20, 71122, Foggia, Italy.
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2
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Karimi P, Ghahfarroki MS, Lorigooini Z, Shahrani M, Amini-Khoei H. Umbelliprenin via increase in the MECP2 and attenuation of oxidative stress mitigates the autistic-like behaviors in mouse model of maternal separation stress. Front Pharmacol 2024; 14:1300310. [PMID: 38259278 PMCID: PMC10800371 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1300310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental condition. Maternal separation (MS) stress is an early-life stress factor associated with behaviors resembling Autism. Both MECP2 and oxidative stress are implicated in the pathophysiology of Autism. Umbelliprenin (UMB) is a coumarin compound with various pharmacological properties. Our study aimed to investigate the potential effects of UMB in mitigating autistic-like behaviors in a mouse model subjected to MS stress, focusing on probable alterations in MECP2 gene expression in the hippocampus. Methods: MS paradigm was performed, and mice were treated with saline or UMB. Behavioral tests consisting of the three-chamber test (evaluating social interaction), shuttle box (assessing passive avoidance memory), elevated plus-maze (measuring anxiety-like behaviors), and marble-burying test (evaluating repetitive behaviors) were conducted. Gene expression of MECP2 and measurements of total antioxidant capacity (TAC), nitrite level, and malondialdehyde (MDA) level were assessed in the hippocampus. Results: The findings demonstrated that MS-induced behaviors resembling Autism, accompanied by decreased MECP2 gene expression, elevated nitrite, MDA levels, and reduced TAC in the hippocampus. UMB mitigated these autistic-like behaviors induced by MS and attenuated the adverse effects of MS on oxidative stress and MECP2 gene expression in the hippocampus. Conclusion: In conclusion, UMB likely attenuated autistic-like behaviors caused by MS stress, probably, through the reduction of oxidative stress and an increase in MECP2 gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Hossein Amini-Khoei
- Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
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de la Rubia Ortí JE, Moneti C, Serrano-Ballesteros P, Castellano G, Bayona-Babiloni R, Carriquí-Suárez AB, Motos-Muñoz M, Proaño B, Benlloch M. Liposomal Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate for the Treatment of Intestinal Dysbiosis in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Comprehensive Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:3265. [PMID: 37513683 PMCID: PMC10383799 DOI: 10.3390/nu15143265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is characterized by varying degrees of difficulty in social interaction and communication. These deficits are often associated with gastrointestinal symptoms, indicating alterations in both intestinal microbiota composition and metabolic activities. The intestinal microbiota influences the function and development of the nervous system. In individuals with ASD, there is an increase in bacterial genera such as Clostridium, as well as species involved in the synthesis of branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) like Prevotella copri. Conversely, decreased amounts of Akkermansia muciniphila and Bifidobacterium spp. are observed. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is one of the polyphenols with the greatest beneficial activity on microbial growth, and its consumption is associated with reduced psychological distress. Therefore, the objective of this review is to analyze how EGCG and its metabolites can improve the microbial dysbiosis present in ASD and its impact on the pathology. The analysis reveals that EGCG inhibits the growth of pathogenic bacteria like Clostridium perfringens and Clostridium difficile. Moreover, it increases the abundance of Bifidobacterium spp. and Akkermansia spp. As a result, EGCG demonstrates efficacy in increasing the production of metabolites involved in maintaining epithelial integrity and improving brain function. This identifies EGCG as highly promising for complementary treatment in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Costanza Moneti
- Doctoral School, Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, 46001 Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Gloria Castellano
- Centro de Investigación Traslacional San Alberto Magno (CITSAM), Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, 46001 Valencia, Spain
| | - Raquel Bayona-Babiloni
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, 46001 Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana Belén Carriquí-Suárez
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, 46001 Valencia, Spain
| | - María Motos-Muñoz
- Department of Personality Psychology, Treatment and Methodology, Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, 46100 Valencia, Spain
- Child Neurorehabilitation Unit, Manises Hospital, 46940 Valencia, Spain
| | - Belén Proaño
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, 46001 Valencia, Spain
| | - María Benlloch
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, 46001 Valencia, Spain
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4
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Gevezova M, Sbirkov Y, Sarafian V, Plaimas K, Suratanee A, Maes M. Autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) - Gene, molecular and pathway signatures linking systemic inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, transsynaptic signalling, and neurodevelopment. Brain Behav Immun Health 2023; 30:100646. [PMID: 37334258 PMCID: PMC10275703 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2023.100646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Despite advances in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) research and the vast genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic data available, there are still controversies regarding the pathways and molecular signatures underlying the neurodevelopmental disorders leading to ASD. Purpose To delineate these underpinning signatures, we examined the two largest gene expression meta-analysis datasets obtained from the brain and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of 1355 ASD patients and 1110 controls. Methods We performed network, enrichment, and annotation analyses using the differentially expressed genes, transcripts, and proteins identified in ASD patients. Results Transcription factor network analyses in up- and down-regulated genes in brain tissue and PBMCs in ASD showed eight main transcription factors, namely: BCL3, CEBPB, IRF1, IRF8, KAT2A, NELFE, RELA, and TRIM28. The upregulated gene networks in PBMCs of ASD patients are strongly associated with activated immune-inflammatory pathways, including interferon-α signaling, and cellular responses to DNA repair. Enrichment analyses of the upregulated CNS gene networks indicate involvement of immune-inflammatory pathways, cytokine production, Toll-Like Receptor signalling, with a major involvement of the PI3K-Akt pathway. Analyses of the downregulated CNS genes suggest electron transport chain dysfunctions at multiple levels. Network topological analyses revealed that the consequent aberrations in axonogenesis, neurogenesis, synaptic transmission, and regulation of transsynaptic signalling affect neurodevelopment with subsequent impairments in social behaviours and neurocognition. The results suggest a defense response against viral infection. Conclusions Peripheral activation of immune-inflammatory pathways, most likely induced by viral infections, may result in CNS neuroinflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction, leading to abnormalities in transsynaptic transmission, and brain neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gevezova
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical University of Plovdiv, Bulgaria
- Research Institute at MU-Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Yordan Sbirkov
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical University of Plovdiv, Bulgaria
- Research Institute at MU-Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Victoria Sarafian
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical University of Plovdiv, Bulgaria
- Research Institute at MU-Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Kitiporn Plaimas
- Advanced Virtual and Intelligent Computing (AVIC) Center, Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Apichat Suratanee
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Applied Science, King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok, 10800, Thailand
| | - Michael Maes
- Research Institute at MU-Plovdiv, Bulgaria
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, The Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
- Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, South Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
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Algahtani MM, Ahmad SF, Alkharashi LA, Al-Harbi NO, Alanazi WA, Alhamed AS, Attia SM, Bakheet SA, Ibrahim KE, Nadeem A. Exposure to Methylmercury at Juvenile Stage Worsens Autism-like Symptoms in Adult BTBR T+tf/J Mice Due to Lack of Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2 Signaling Upregulation in Periphery and Brain. TOXICS 2023; 11:546. [PMID: 37368646 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11060546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a multifaceted developmental condition that first appears in infancy. The condition is characterized by recurrent patterns in behavior and impairments in social and vocalization abilities. Methylmercury is a toxic environmental pollutant, and its derivatives are the major source of organic mercury to human beings. Inorganic mercury, which is released from a variety of pollutants into oceans, rivers, and streams, is transformed into methylmercury by bacteria and plankton in the water, which later builds up in fish and shellfish, and then enters humans through the consumption of fish and shellfish and increases the risk of developing ASD by disturbing the oxidant-antioxidant balance. However, there has been no prior research to determine the effect of juvenile exposure of methylmercury chloride on adult BTBR mice. Therefore, the current study evaluated the effect of methylmercury chloride administered during the juvenile stage on autism-like behavior (three-chambered sociability, marble burying, self-grooming tests) and oxidant-antioxidant balance (specifically Nrf2, HO-1, SOD-1, NF-kB, iNOS, MPO, and 3-nitrotyrosine) in the peripheral neutrophils and cortex of adult BTBR and C57BL/6 (B6) mice. Our results show that exposure to methylmercury chloride at a juvenile stage results in autism-like symptoms in adult BTBR mice which are related to a lack of upregulation of the Nrf2 signaling pathway as demonstrated by no significant changes in the expression of Nrf2, HO-1, and SOD-1 in the periphery and cortex. On the other hand, methylmercury chloride administration at a juvenile stage increased oxidative inflammation as depicted by a significant increase in the levels of NF-kB, iNOS, MPO, and 3-nitrotyrosine in the periphery and cortex of adult BTBR mice. This study suggests that juvenile exposure to methylmercury chloride contributes to the worsening of autism-like behavior in adult BTBR mice through the disruption of the oxidant-antioxidant balance in the peripheral compartment and CNS. Strategies that elevate Nrf2 signaling may be useful to counteract toxicant-mediated worsening of ASD and may improve quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad M Algahtani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sheikh F Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Layla A Alkharashi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naif O Al-Harbi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wael A Alanazi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah S Alhamed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sabry M Attia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh A Bakheet
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid E Ibrahim
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Nadeem
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Kamalmaz N, Ben Bacha A, Alonazi M, Albasher G, Khayyat AIA, El-Ansary A. Unveiling sex-based differences in developing propionic acid-induced features in mice as a rodent model of ASD. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15488. [PMID: 37334116 PMCID: PMC10274690 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Males are more likely to develop autism as a neurodevelopmental disorder than females are, although the mechanisms underlying male vulnerability are not fully understood. Therefore, studying the role of autism etiologies considering sex differences in the propionic acid (PPA) rodent model of autism would build greater understanding of how females are protected from autism spectrum disorder, which may be used as a treatment strategy for males with autism. Objectives This study aimed to investigate the sex differences in oxidative stress, glutamate excitotoxicity, neuroinflammation, and gut microbiota impairment as etiological mechanisms for many neurological diseases, with specific reference to autism. Method Forty albino mice were divided into four groups of 10 animals each with two control and two treated groups of both sexes received only phosphate-buffered saline or a neurotoxic dose of PPA (250 mg/kg body weight) for 3 days, respectively. Biochemical markers of energy metabolism, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and excitotoxicity were measured in mouse brain homogenates, whereas the presence of pathogenic bacteria was assessed in mouse stool samples. Furthermore, the repetitive behavior, cognitive ability, and physical-neural coordination of the animals were examined. Results Collectively, selected variables related to oxidative stress, glutamate excitotoxicity, neuroinflammation, and gut bacteria were impaired concomitantly with altered behavior in PPA-induced rodent model, with males being more susceptible than females. Conclusion This study explains the role of sex in the higher vulnerability of males to develop autistic biochemical and behavioral features compared with females. Female sex hormones and the higher detoxification capacity and higher glycolytic flux in females serve as neuroprotective contributors in a rodent model of autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasreen Kamalmaz
- Biochemistry Department, Science College, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abir Ben Bacha
- Biochemistry Department, Science College, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mona Alonazi
- Biochemistry Department, Science College, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gadah Albasher
- Zoology Department, Science College, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arwa Ishaq A. Khayyat
- Biochemistry Department, Science College, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Afaf El-Ansary
- Central Research Laboratory, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Cao W, Luo C, Fan Z, Lei M, Cheng X, Shi Z, Mao F, Xu Q, Fu Z, Zhang Q. Analysis of potential biomarkers and immune infiltration in autism based on bioinformatics analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e33340. [PMID: 37171362 PMCID: PMC10174422 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000033340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder caused by both environmental and genetic factors. However, its etiology and pathogenesis remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to establish an immune-related diagnostic model for ASD using bioinformatics methods and to identify ASD biomarkers. Two ASD datasets, GSE18123 and GSE29691, were integrated into the gene expression Database to eliminate batch effects. 41 differentially expressed genes were identified by microarray data linear model (limma package). Based on the results of the immune infiltration analysis, we speculated that neutrophils, B cells naive, CD8+ T cells, and Tregs are potential core immune cells in ASD and participate in the occurrence of ASD. Finally, the differential genes and immune infiltration in ASD and non-ASD patients were compared, and the most relevant genes were selected to construct the first immune correlation prediction model of ASD. After the calculation, the model exhibited better accuracy. The calculations show that the model has good accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Cao
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Clinical Treatment and Follow-up Center for High-risk Newborns of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Developmental Disorders, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chenghan Luo
- Orthopeadics Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhaohan Fan
- National Engineering Laboratory for Internet Medical Systems and Applications, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Mengyuan Lei
- Health Care Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xinru Cheng
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Clinical Treatment and Follow-up Center for High-risk Newborns of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Developmental Disorders, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zanyang Shi
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Clinical Treatment and Follow-up Center for High-risk Newborns of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Developmental Disorders, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Fengxia Mao
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Clinical Treatment and Follow-up Center for High-risk Newborns of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qianya Xu
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Clinical Treatment and Follow-up Center for High-risk Newborns of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhaoqin Fu
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Clinical Treatment and Follow-up Center for High-risk Newborns of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Clinical Treatment and Follow-up Center for High-risk Newborns of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Developmental Disorders, Zhengzhou, China
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8
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Yin B, Li H, Zhao P, Zhao Y, Zheng R, Feng P, Xu C, Li E, Li L. GM1 Reduced the Symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorder by Suppressing α-Syn Through Activating Autophagy. J Mol Neurosci 2023; 73:287-296. [PMID: 37084025 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-023-02110-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that cannot be cured. The ASD rat model was developed in this study to demonstrate the role and mechanism of ganglioside GM1 (GM1). Rats were given valproic acid (VPA) to create the ASD rat model. The rats' behaviors were assessed using the Y-maze test, open-field test, three-chamber social interaction test, and Morris water maze test. Relative levels of glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were quantitated using relative kits. Nissl, TUNEL, immunofluorescent, and immunohistochemistry staining techniques were used. GM1 treatment improved the ASD model rats' behavior disorders, including locomotor activity and exploratory behavior, social interaction, learning and memory capacity, and repetitive behavior. Following GM1 injection, striatal neurons grew and apoptosis decreased. GM1 reduced the excessively elevated α-Syn in ASD by encouraging autophagy. The behavior disorder of ASD model rats was exacerbated by autophagy inhibition, which also increased α-Syn levels. By increasing autophagy, GM1 reduced α-Syn levels and, ultimately, improved behavioral abnormalities in ASD model rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoqi Yin
- Department of Children Rehabilitation, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.3 Rehabilitation Street, Zhengzhou, 450052, People's Republic of China
| | - Honglei Li
- Department of Children Rehabilitation, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.3 Rehabilitation Street, Zhengzhou, 450052, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengju Zhao
- Department of Children Rehabilitation, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.3 Rehabilitation Street, Zhengzhou, 450052, People's Republic of China
| | - Yonghong Zhao
- Department of Children Rehabilitation, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.3 Rehabilitation Street, Zhengzhou, 450052, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruijuan Zheng
- Department of Children Rehabilitation, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.3 Rehabilitation Street, Zhengzhou, 450052, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengya Feng
- Department of Children Rehabilitation, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.3 Rehabilitation Street, Zhengzhou, 450052, People's Republic of China
| | - Cuixiang Xu
- Department of Children Rehabilitation, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.3 Rehabilitation Street, Zhengzhou, 450052, People's Republic of China
| | - Enyao Li
- Department of Children Rehabilitation, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.3 Rehabilitation Street, Zhengzhou, 450052, People's Republic of China.
| | - Liguo Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhengzhou Health Vocational College, No. 69 Jingxiang Road, Zhengzhou, 450000, People's Republic of China.
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9
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Liu M, Chen Y, Sun M, Du Y, Bai Y, Lei G, Zhang C, Zhang M, Zhang Y, Xi C, Ma Y, Wang G. Auts2 regulated autism-like behavior, glucose metabolism and oxidative stress in mice. Exp Neurol 2023; 361:114298. [PMID: 36525998 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by abnormal social behavior and communication. The autism susceptibility candidate 2 (AUTS2) gene has been associated with multiple neurological diseases, including ASD. Glucose metabolism plays an important role in social behaviors associated with ASD, but the potential role of AUTS2 in glucose metabolism has not been studied. Here, we generated Auts2flox/flox; Emx1Cre+ conditional knockout mice with Auts2 deletion specifically in Exm1-positive neurons in the brain (Auts2-cKO mice) to evaluate the effects of Auts2 knockdown on social behaviors and metabolic pathways. Auts2-cKO mice exhibited ASD-like behaviors, including impaired social interactions and repetitive grooming behaviors. At the molecular level, we found that Auts2 knockdown reduced brain glucose uptake and inhibited the pentose phosphate pathway. Auts2 knockdown also resulted in signs of oxidative stress, and we documented increased levels of reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde as well as decreased levels of antioxidant molecules, including glutathione and superoxide dismutases in Auts2-cKO mouse brains compared to controls. Finally, Auts2 knockdown significantly disrupted mitochondrial homeostasis and inhibited activity of the SIRT1-SIRT3 axis. Taken together, our findings indicate that loss of AUTS2 expression in Emx1-expressing cells induces multiple changes in metabolic pathways that have been linked to the pathology of ASD. Further characterization of the role of AUTS2 in Emx1-expressing cells in regulating the metabolism of brain neurons may identify opportunities to treat ASD and AUTS2-deficiency disorders with metabolism-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yimeng Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Miao Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121000, China
| | - Yingjie Du
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yafan Bai
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Guiyu Lei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Congya Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Mingru Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Chunhua Xi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yulong Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China.
| | - Guyan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China.
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10
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Alshehri S, Nadeem A, Ahmad SF, Alqarni SS, Al-Harbi NO, Al-Ayadhi LY, Attia SM, Alqarni SA, Bakheet SA. Disequilibrium in the Thioredoxin Reductase-1/Thioredoxin-1 Redox Couple Is Associated with Increased T-Cell Apoptosis in Children with Autism. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13020286. [PMID: 36837907 PMCID: PMC9964134 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13020286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neuropsychiatric childhood disorder that affects social skill and language development, and is characterized by persistent stereotypic behaviors, restricted social interests, and impaired language/social skills. ASD subjects have dysregulated immune responses due to impairment in inflammatory and antioxidant signaling in immune cells, such as T cells. Thioredoxin reductase-1 (TrxR1) and thioredoxin-1 (Trx1) play a crucial role in the maintenance of redox equilibrium in several immune cells, including T cells. T-cell apoptosis plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of several inflammatory diseases. However, it remains to be explored how the TrxR1/Trx1 redox couple affects T-cells apoptosis in ASD and typically developing control (TDC) groups. Therefore, this single-center cross-sectional study explored the expression/activity of TrxR1/Trx1, and Bcl2, 7-AAD/annexin V immunostaining in T cells of ASD (n = 25) and TDC (n = 22) groups. Further, effects of the LPS were determined on apoptosis in TDC and ASD T cells. Our data show that T cells have increased TrxR1 expression, while having decreased Trx1 expression in the ASD group. Further, TrxR enzymatic activity was also elevated in T cells of the ASD group. Furthermore, T cells of the ASD group had a decreased Bcl2 expression and an increased % of annexin V immunostaining. Treatment of T cells with LPS caused greater apoptosis in the ASD group than the TDC group, with same treatment. These data reveal that the redox couple TrxR1/Trx1 is dysregulated in T cells of ASD subjects, which is associated with decreased Bcl2 expression and increased apoptosis. This may lead to decreased survival of T cells in ASD subjects during chronic inflammation. Future studies should investigate environmental factors, such as gut dysbiosis and pollutants, that may cause abnormal immune responses in the T cells of ASD subjects due to chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samiyah Alshehri
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Nadeem
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence:
| | - Sheikh F. Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sana S. Alqarni
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naif O. Al-Harbi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Laila Y. Al-Ayadhi
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sabry M. Attia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh A. Alqarni
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh A. Bakheet
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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11
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Lampiasi N, Bonaventura R, Deidda I, Zito F, Russo R. Inflammation and the Potential Implication of Macrophage-Microglia Polarization in Human ASD: An Overview. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:2703. [PMID: 36769026 PMCID: PMC9916462 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a heterogeneous collection of neurodevelopmental disorders, difficult to diagnose and currently lacking treatment options. The possibility of finding reliable biomarkers useful for early identification would offer the opportunity to intervene with treatment strategies to improve the life quality of ASD patients. To date, there are many recognized risk factors for the development of ASD, both genetic and non-genetic. Although genetic and epigenetic factors may play a critical role, the extent of their contribution to ASD risk is still under study. On the other hand, non-genetic risk factors include pollution, nutrition, infection, psychological states, and lifestyle, all together known as the exposome, which impacts the mother's and fetus's life, especially during pregnancy. Pathogenic and non-pathogenic maternal immune activation (MIA) and autoimmune diseases can cause various alterations in the fetal environment, also contributing to the etiology of ASD in offspring. Activation of monocytes, macrophages, mast cells and microglia and high production of pro-inflammatory cytokines are indeed the cause of neuroinflammation, and the latter is involved in ASD's onset and development. In this review, we focused on non-genetic risk factors, especially on the connection between inflammation, macrophage polarization and ASD syndrome, MIA, and the involvement of microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Lampiasi
- Istituto per la Ricerca e l’Innovazione Biomedica IRIB, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy
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12
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Liu Y, Guo Z, Zhu R, Gou D, Jia PP, Pei DS. An insight into sex-specific neurotoxicity and molecular mechanisms of DEHP: A critical review. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 316:120673. [PMID: 36400143 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Di-2-Ethylhexyl Phthalate (DEHP) is often used as an additive in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) to give plastics flexibility, which makes DEHP widely used in food packaging, daily necessities, medical equipment, and other products. However, due to the unstable combination of DEHP and polymer, it will migrate to the environment in the materials and eventually contact the human body. It has been recorded that low-dose DEHP will increase neurotoxicity in the nervous system, and the human health effects of DEHP have been paid attention to because of the extensive exposure to DEHP and its high absorption during brain development. In this study, we review the evidence that DEHP exposure is associated with neurodevelopmental abnormalities and neurological diseases based on human epidemiological and animal behavioral studies. Besides, we also summarized the oxidative damage, apoptosis, and signal transduction disorder related to neurobehavioral abnormalities and nerve injury, and described the potential mechanisms of neurotoxicity caused by DEHP. Overall, we found exposure to DEHP during the critical developmental period will increase the risk of neurobehavioral abnormalities, depression, and autism spectrum disorders. This effect is sex-specific and will continue to adulthood and even have an intergenerational effect. However, the research results on the sex-dependence of DEHP neurotoxicity are inconsistent, and there is a lack of systematic mechanisms research as theoretical support. Future investigations need to be carried out in a large-scale population and model organisms to produce more consistent and convincing results. And we emphasize the importance of mechanism research, which can enhance the understanding of the environmental and human health risks of DEHP exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyun Liu
- School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhiling Guo
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Ruihong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dongzhi Gou
- School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Pan-Pan Jia
- School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - De-Sheng Pei
- School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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13
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Role of JAK-STAT and PPAR-Gamma Signalling Modulators in the Prevention of Autism and Neurological Dysfunctions. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:3888-3912. [PMID: 35437700 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02819-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The Janus-kinase (JAK) and signal transducer activator of transcription (STAT) signalling pathways regulate gene expression and control various factors involved in normal physiological functions such as cell proliferation, neuronal development, and cell survival. JAK activation phosphorylates STAT3 in astrocytes and microglia, and this phosphorylation has been linked to mitochondrial damage, apoptosis, neuroinflammation, reactive astrogliosis, and genetic mutations. As a regulator, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-gamma), in relation to JAK-STAT signalling, prevents this phosphorylation and aids in the treatment of the above-mentioned neurocomplications. Changes in cellular signalling may also contribute to the onset and progression of autism. Thus, PPAR-gamma agonist upregulation may be associated with JAK-STAT signal transduction downregulation. It may also be responsible for attenuating neuropathological changes by stimulating SOCS3 or involving RXR or SMRT, thereby reducing transcription of the various cytokine proteins and genes involved in neuronal damage. Along with JAK-STAT inhibitors, PPAR-gamma agonists could be used as target therapeutic interventions for autism. This research-based review explores the potential involvement and mutual regulation of JAK-STAT and PPAR-gamma signalling in controlling multiple pathological factors associated with autism.
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14
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Nadeem A, Ahmad SF, Al-Harbi NO, Al-Ayadhi LY, Alanazi MM, Alfardan AS, Attia SM, Algahtani M, Bakheet SA. Dysregulated Nrf2 signaling in response to di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in neutrophils of children with autism. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 106:108619. [PMID: 35183033 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by constellation of impaired behaviors that include deficits in social interaction/communication and the presence of restricted/repetitive behavioral patterns. Both genetic component and environmental factors are thought to play a key role in the initiation and progression of ASD. Several environmental factors such as heavy metals and plasticizers are known to affect the progression of ASD. One of the most common pollutants in the environment today is di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP). DEHP is utilized as a plasticizer in several household and office materials which range from medical devices to plastic toys. Children usually get exposed to DEHP at an early age through use of plastic toys and other plastic materials. Nuclear factor erythroid 2 (NFE2)-relatedfactor-2 (Nrf2) is a master redox regulator as it controls transcription of several antioxidant genes. DEHP has been reported to cause dysregulation in Nrf2 signaling in vitro/in vivo and ASD subjects also exhibit oxidant-antioxidant imbalance.Therefore, this study attempted to delineate the effect of DEHP on Nrf2 signaling in neutrophils of ASD and typically developing healthy children (TDC) in vitro. Our data display that neutrophils of ASD subjects have dysregulated Nrf2 and hemeoxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression as compared to TDC subjects. DEHP treatment leads to elevation of oxidant stress in neutrophils of both ASD and TDC subjects, however TDC neutrophils have better antioxidant response to mitigate oxidative stress. This is depicted by enhancement of Nrf2/HO-1 signaling in TDC neutrophils in response to DEHP whereas ASD neutrophils fail to do so. These results suggest that plasticizer, DEHP may cause further dysregulation in Nrf2 signaling which may promote progression of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Nadeem
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Sheikh F Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naif O Al-Harbi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Laila Y Al-Ayadhi
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed M Alanazi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali S Alfardan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sabry M Attia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Algahtani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh A Bakheet
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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15
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Liu W, Li L, Xia X, Zhou X, Du Y, Yin Z, Wang J. Integration of Urine Proteomic and Metabolomic Profiling Reveals Novel Insights Into Neuroinflammation in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:780747. [PMID: 35615451 PMCID: PMC9124902 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.780747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) comprises a group of neurodevelopmental disorders whose etiology and pathogenesis are not fully understood. To gain insight into the molecular basis of ASD, we performed comparative integrated proteomic and metabolomic analyses of urine samples from children diagnosed with ASD and healthy children. All 160 samples underwent proteomics analysis and 60 were analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to obtain metabolite profiles. We identified 77 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs; 21 downregulated and 56 upregulated) and 277 differentially expressed metabolites; 31 of the DEPs including glutathione, leukocyte antigens, glycoproteins, neural adhesion factors, and immunoglobulins, have been implicated in neuroinflammation. The proteomic analysis also revealed 8 signaling pathways that were significantly dysregulated in ASD patients; 3 of these (transendothelial leukocyte migration, antigen processing and presentation, and graft vs. host disease) were associated with the neuroimmune response. The metabolism of tryptophan, which is also related to the neuroimmune response, has been found to play a potential role in ASD. Integrated proteome and metabolome analysis showed that 6 signaling pathways were significantly enriched in ASD patients, 3 of which were correlated with impaired neuroinflammation (glutathione metabolism, metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450 and transendothelial migration of leukocyte). We also found a correlation between prostaglandin (PG) E2 levels and the inflammatory response in ASD. These results underscore the prominent role of the neuroimmune response in ASD and provide potential biomarkers that can be used for diagnosis or as targets for early intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlong Liu
- Department of Child Development and Behavior, School of Medicine, Women and Children's Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Liming Li
- Department of Public Health and Medical Technology, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, China
| | - Xiaochun Xia
- Department of Public Health and Medical Technology, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, China
| | - Xulan Zhou
- Department of Public Health and Medical Technology, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, China
| | - Yukai Du
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhaoqing Yin
- Division of Neonatology, The People's Hospital of Dehong Autonomous Prefecture, Mangshi, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of Public Health and Medical Technology, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, China
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16
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Erbescu A, Papuc SM, Budisteanu M, Arghir A, Neagu M. Re-emerging concepts of immune dysregulation in autism spectrum disorders. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:1006612. [PMID: 36339838 PMCID: PMC9626859 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1006612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by communication and social interaction deficits, and by restricted interests and stereotyped, repetitive behavior patterns. ASD has a strong genetic component and a complex architecture characterized by the interplay of rare and common genetic variants. Recently, increasing evidence suggest a significant contribution of immune system dysregulation in ASD. The present paper reviews the latest updates regarding the altered immune landscape of this complex disorder highlighting areas with potential for biomarkers discovery as well as personalization of therapeutic approaches. Cross-talk between the central nervous system and immune system has long been envisaged and recent evidence brings insights into the pathways connecting the brain to the immune system. Disturbance of cytokine levels plays an important role in the establishment of a neuroinflammatory milieu in ASD. Several other immune molecules involved in antigen presentation and inflammatory cellular phenotypes are also at play in ASD. Maternal immune activation, the presence of brain-reactive antibodies and autoimmunity are other potential prenatal and postnatal contributors to ASD pathophysiology. The molecular players involved in oxidative-stress response and mitochondrial system function, are discussed as contributors to the pro-inflammatory pattern. The gastrointestinal inflammation pathways proposed to play a role in ASD are also discussed. Moreover, the body of evidence regarding some of the genetic factors linked to the immune system dysregulation is reviewed and discussed. Last, but not least, the epigenetic traits and their interactions with the immune system are reviewed as an expanding field in ASD research. Understanding the immune-mediated pathways that influence brain development and function, metabolism, and intestinal homeostasis, may lead to the identification of robust diagnostic or predictive biomarkers for ASD individuals. Thus, novel therapeutic approaches could be developed, ultimately aiming to improve their quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Erbescu
- Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania.,Faculty of Biology, Doctoral School, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Magdalena Budisteanu
- Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania.,Prof. Dr. Alex. Obregia Clinical Hospital of Psychiatry, Bucharest, Romania.,Faculty of Medicine, Titu Maiorescu University, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Aurora Arghir
- Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Monica Neagu
- Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania.,Faculty of Biology, Doctoral School, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania.,Colentina Clinical Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
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17
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Liu X, Lin J, Zhang H, Khan NU, Zhang J, Tang X, Cao X, Shen L. Oxidative Stress in Autism Spectrum Disorder-Current Progress of Mechanisms and Biomarkers. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:813304. [PMID: 35299821 PMCID: PMC8921264 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.813304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a type of neurodevelopmental disorder that has been diagnosed in an increasing number of children around the world. Existing data suggest that early diagnosis and intervention can improve ASD outcomes. However, the causes of ASD remain complex and unclear, and there are currently no clinical biomarkers for autism spectrum disorder. More mechanisms and biomarkers of autism have been found with the development of advanced technology such as mass spectrometry. Many recent studies have found a link between ASD and elevated oxidative stress, which may play a role in its development. ASD is caused by oxidative stress in several ways, including protein post-translational changes (e.g., carbonylation), abnormal metabolism (e.g., lipid peroxidation), and toxic buildup [e.g., reactive oxygen species (ROS)]. To detect elevated oxidative stress in ASD, various biomarkers have been developed and employed. This article summarizes recent studies about the mechanisms and biomarkers of oxidative stress. Potential biomarkers identified in this study could be used for early diagnosis and evaluation of ASD intervention, as well as to inform and target ASD pharmacological or nutritional treatment interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xukun Liu
- College of Life Science and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Ecology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jing Lin
- College of Life Science and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huajie Zhang
- College of Life Science and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Naseer Ullah Khan
- College of Life Science and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- College of Life Science and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Tang
- College of Life Science and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xueshan Cao
- College of Life Science and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Liming Shen
- College of Life Science and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China.,Brain Disease and Big Data Research Institute, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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18
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Heidari A, Rostam-Abadi Y, Rezaei N. The immune system and autism spectrum disorder: association and therapeutic challenges. Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars) 2021; 81:249-263. [PMID: 34672295 DOI: 10.21307/ane-2021-023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder, affecting communication and behavior. Historically, ASD had been described as a purely psychiatric disorder with genetic factors playing the most critical role. Recently, a growing body of literature has been emphasizing the importance of environmental and immunological factors in its pathogenesis, with the autoimmune process attracting the most attention. This study provides a review of the autoimmune involvement in the pathogenesis of ASD. The\r\nmicrobiome, the representative of the innate immune system in the central nervous system (CNS), plays a critical role in triggering inflammation. Besides, a bidirectional communicational pathway between the CNS and the intestine called the gut‑brain‑axis is linked to the development of ASD. Moreover, the higher plasma level of pro‑inflammatory cytokines in ASD patients and the higher prevalence of autoimmune disorders in the first‑degree family members of affected persons are other clues of the immune system involvement in\r\nthe pathogenesis of ASD. Furthermore, some anti‑inflammatory drugs, including resveratrol and palmitoylethanolamide have shown promising effects by relieving the manifestations of ASD. Although considerable advances have been made in elucidating the role of autoimmunity in the ASD pathogenesis, further studies with stronger methodologies are needed to apply the knowledge to the definitive treatment of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Heidari
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Yasna Rostam-Abadi
- Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran;
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19
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Al-Ayadhi L, Zayed N, Bhat RS, Moubayed NMS, Al-Muammar MN, El-Ansary A. The use of biomarkers associated with leaky gut as a diagnostic tool for early intervention in autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review. Gut Pathog 2021; 13:54. [PMID: 34517895 PMCID: PMC8439029 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-021-00448-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Innovative research highlighted the probable connection between autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and gut microbiota as many autistic individuals have gastrointestinal problems as co-morbidities. This review emphasizes the role of altered gut microbiota observed frequently in autistic patients, and the mechanisms through which such alterations may trigger leaky gut. Main body Different bacterial metabolite levels in the blood and urine of autistic children, such as short-chain fatty acids, lipopolysaccharides, beta-cresol, and bacterial toxins, were reviewed. Moreover, the importance of selected proteins, among which are calprotectin, zonulin, and lysozyme, were discussed as biomarkers for the early detection of leaky gut as an etiological mechanism of ASD through the less integrative gut–blood–brain barriers. Disrupted gut–blood–brain barriers can explain the leakage of bacterial metabolites in these patients. Conclusion Although the cause-to-effect relationship between ASD and altered gut microbiota is not yet well understood, this review shows that with the consumption of specific diets, definite probiotics may represent a noninvasive tool to reestablish healthy gut microbiota and stimulate gut health. The diagnostic and therapeutic value of intestinal proteins and bacterial-derived compounds as new possible biomarkers, as well as potential therapeutic targets, are discussed. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13099-021-00448-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laila Al-Ayadhi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Autism Research and Treatment Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naima Zayed
- Therapuetic Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ramesa Shafi Bhat
- Biochemistry Department, College of Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nadine M S Moubayed
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, Female Campus, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - May N Al-Muammar
- Department of Community Health, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Afaf El-Ansary
- Central Laboratory, Female Centre for Scientific and Medical Studies, King Saud University, P.O box 22452, Zip code 11495, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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20
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Yamauchi T, Makinodan M, Toritsuka M, Okumura K, Kayashima Y, Ishida R, Kishimoto N, Takahashi M, Komori T, Yamaguchi Y, Takada R, Yamamuro K, Kimoto S, Yasuda Y, Hashimoto R, Kishimoto T. Tumor necrosis factor-α expression aberration of M1/M2 macrophages in adult high-functioning autism spectrum disorder. Autism Res 2021; 14:2330-2341. [PMID: 34374213 DOI: 10.1002/aur.2585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The etiology of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is complex, and its pathobiology is characterized by enhanced inflammatory activities; however, the precise pathobiology and underlying causes of ASD remain unclear. This study was performed to identify inflammatory indicators useful for diagnosing ASD. The mRNA expression of cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), was measured in cultured M1 and M2 macrophages from patients with ASD (n = 29) and typically developed (TD) individuals (n = 30). Additionally, TNF-α expression in the monocytes of patients with ASD (n = 7), showing aberrations in TNF-α expression in M1/M2 macrophages and TD individuals (n = 6), was measured. TNF-α expression in M1 macrophages and the TNF-α expression ratio in M1/M2 macrophages were markedly higher in patients with ASD than in TD individuals; however, this increase was not observed in M2 macrophages (M1: sensitivity = 34.5%, specificity = 96.7%, area under the curve = 0.74, positive likelihood ratio = 10.34; ratio of M1/M2: sensitivity = 55.2%, specificity = 96.7%, area under the curve = 0.79, positive likelihood ratio = 16.55). Additionally, TNF-α expression in monocytes did not significantly differ between patients with ASD and TD individuals. In conclusion, further studies on TNF-α expression in cultured macrophages may improve the understanding of ASD pathobiology. LAY SUMMARY: TNF-α expression in differentiated M1 macrophages and TNF-α expression ratio in differentiated M1/M2 macrophages were markedly higher in patients with ASD than in TD individuals, while no difference in TNF-α expression was found in pre-differentiation cells such as monocytes. These measurements allow elucidation of the novel pathobiology of ASD and can contribute to biomarker implementation for the diagnosis of adult high-functioning ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahira Yamauchi
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Nara, Japan
| | - Manabu Makinodan
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Nara, Japan
| | - Michihiro Toritsuka
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Nara, Japan
| | - Kazuki Okumura
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Nara, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Kayashima
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Nara, Japan
| | - Rio Ishida
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Nara, Japan
| | - Naoko Kishimoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Nara, Japan
| | - Masato Takahashi
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Nara, Japan
| | - Takashi Komori
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Nara, Japan
| | - Yasunari Yamaguchi
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Nara, Japan
| | - Ryohei Takada
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Nara, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Yamamuro
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Nara, Japan
| | - Sohei Kimoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Nara, Japan
| | - Yuka Yasuda
- Life Grow Brilliant Mental Clinic, Medical Corporation Foster, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Pathology of Mental Diseases, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryota Hashimoto
- Department of Pathology of Mental Diseases, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Kishimoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Nara, Japan
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21
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Systems Biology Reveals S-Nitrosylation-Dependent Regulation of Mitochondrial Functions in Mice with Shank3 Mutation Associated with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11060677. [PMID: 34064215 PMCID: PMC8224296 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11060677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder manifested in repetitive behavior, abnormalities in social interactions, and communication. The pathogenesis of this disorder is not clear, and no effective treatment is currently available. Protein S-nitrosylation (SNO), the nitric oxide (NO)-mediated posttranslational modification, targets key proteins implicated in synaptic and neuronal functions. Previously, we have shown that NO and SNO are involved in the ASD mouse model based on the Shank3 mutation. The energy supply to the brain mostly relies on oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria. Recent studies show that mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress are involved in ASD pathology. In this work, we performed SNO proteomics analysis of cortical tissues of the Shank3 mouse model of ASD with the focus on mitochondrial proteins and processes. The study was based on the SNOTRAP technology followed by systems biology analysis. This work revealed that 63 mitochondrial proteins were S-nitrosylated and that several mitochondria-related processes, including those associated with oxidative phosphorylation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis, were enriched. This study implies that aberrant SNO signaling induced by the Shank3 mutation can target a wide range of mitochondria-related proteins and processes that may contribute to the ASD pathology. It is the first study to investigate the role of NO-dependent mitochondrial functions in ASD.
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22
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Nadeem A, Ahmad SF, Al-Harbi NO, Attia SM, Bakheet SA, Alsanea S, Ali N, Albekairi TH, Alsaleh NB. Aggravation of autism-like behavior in BTBR T+tf/J mice by environmental pollutant, di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate: Role of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 and oxidative enzymes in innate immune cells and cerebellum. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 91:107323. [PMID: 33385713 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder which manifests itself in early childhood and is distinguished by recurring behavioral patterns, and dysfunction in social/communication skills. Ubiquitous environmental pollutant, di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) is one of the most frequently used plasticizers in various industrial products, e.g. vinyl flooring, plastic toys, and medical appliances. DEHP gets easily released into the environment and leads to human exposure through various routes. DEHP has been described to be linked with oxidative stress in various organs in animal/human studies. Increased concentration of DEHP has also been detected in ASD children which indicates an association between phthalates exposure and ASD. However, effect of DEHP on autism-like behavior has not been investigated previously. Therefore, this study probed the effect of DEHP on autism-like behavior (marble burying, self-grooming and sociability) and innate immune cells (dendritic cells/neutrophils)/cerebellar oxidant-antioxidant balance (NFkB, iNOS, NADPH oxidase, nitrotyrosine, lipid peroxides, Nrf2, SOD, GPx) in BTBR and C57 mice. Our data show that DEHP treatment causes worsening of autism-like behavior in BTBR mice which is associated with enhancement of oxidative stress in innate immune cells and cerebellum with concomitant lack of antioxidant protection. DEHP also causes oxidative stress in C57 mice in both innate immune cells and cerebellar compartment, however there is Nrf2-mediated induction of enzymatic antioxidants which protects them from upregulated oxidative stress. This proposes the notion that ubiquitous environmental pollutants such as DEHP may be involved in the pathogenesis/progression of ASD through dysregulation of antioxidant-antioxidant balance in innate immune cells and cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Nadeem
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Sheikh F Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naif O Al-Harbi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sabry M Attia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh A Bakheet
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sary Alsanea
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nemat Ali
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Thamer H Albekairi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nasser B Alsaleh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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23
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Imataka G, Yui K, Shiko Y, Kawasaki Y, Sasaki H, Shiroki R, Yoshihara S. Urinary and Plasma Antioxidants in Behavioral Symptoms of Individuals With Autism Spectrum Disorder. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:684445. [PMID: 34539458 PMCID: PMC8446379 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.684445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The balance between antioxidant capacity and oxidative stress-induced free radicals may be crucial in the pathophysiological development factor of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). We measured the following urinary and plasma biomarker levels of oxidative stress and antioxidants. As urinary biomarkers, (1) hexanoyl-lysine (HEL), which is a new biomarker of oxidative stress, (2) the total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and (3) 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), as a product of oxidative modifications to DNA; and the plasma levels of (4) the antioxidant protein superoxide dismutase (SOD), which is the crucial defense again oxygen reactive species, and (5) transferrin and (6) ceruloplasmin, which are biomarkers of iron and copper neurotransmission and oxidant-antioxidant systems. We examined the relationship between these urinary and plasma biomarkers and behavioral symptoms in 19 individuals with ASD (mean age, 10.8 ± 5.2 years) and 10 age-matched healthy controls (mean age, 14.2 ± 7.0 years). Behavioral symptoms were estimated using the Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC). Urinary TAC levels were significantly lower, whereas urinary HEL levels were significantly increased in the ASD group as compared with the control group. The five ABC subscale and total scores were significantly raised in the autism group than in the control group. The results of a linear regression analysis revealed that plasma SOD levels may be a more accurate predictor of differences in ABC scores between individuals with ASD and control individuals. The present study firstly revealed the important findings that the cooperation between the urinary antioxidant TAC and plasma SOD levels may contribute to the ABC subscale scores of stereotypy. Urinary TAC activity and antioxidant protein SOD may be associated with incomplete mineral body store and antioxidant-related transcription factor and browning reactions. Consequently, a critical imbalance between TAC urinary levels and plasma SOD levels may be an important contributor to autistic behavioral symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Imataka
- Department of Pediatrics, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu, Japan
| | - Kunio Yui
- Department of Urology, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Yuki Shiko
- Clinical Research Center, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yohei Kawasaki
- Clinical Research Center, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hitomi Sasaki
- Department of Urology, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Shiroki
- Department of Urology, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
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24
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The Gut Microbiota and Oxidative Stress in Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:8396708. [PMID: 33062148 PMCID: PMC7547345 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8396708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are a kind of neurodevelopmental disorder with rapidly increasing morbidity. In recent years, many studies have proposed a possible link between ASD and multiple environmental as well as genetic risk factors; nevertheless, recent studies have still failed to identify the specific pathogenesis. An analysis of the literature showed that oxidative stress and redox imbalance caused by high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are thought to be integral parts of ASD pathophysiology. On the one hand, this review aims to elucidate the communications between oxidative stress, as a risk factor, and ASD. As such, there is also evidence to suggest that early assessment and treatment of antioxidant status are likely to result in improved long-term prognosis by disturbing oxidative stress in the brain to avoid additional irreversible brain damage. Accordingly, we will also discuss the possibility of novel therapies regarding oxidative stress as a target according to recent literature. On the other hand, this review suggests a definite relationship between ASD and an unbalanced gastrointestinal tract (GIT) microbiota (i.e., GIT dysbiosis). A variety of studies have concluded that the intestinal microbiota influences many aspects of human health, including metabolism, the immune and nervous systems, and the mucosal barrier. Additionally, the oxidative stress and GIT dysfunction in autistic children have both been reported to be related to mitochondrial dysfunction. What is the connection between them? Moreover, specific changes in the GIT microbiota are clearly observed in most autistic children, and the related mechanisms and the connection among ASD, the GIT microbiota, and oxidative stress are also discussed, providing a theory and molecular strategies for clinical practice as well as further studies.
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25
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Meyyazhagan A, Balasubramanian B, Easwaran M, Alagamuthu KK, Shanmugam S, Kuchi Bhotla H, Pappusamy M, Arumugam VA, Thangaraj A, Kaul T, Keshavarao S, Cacabelos R. Biomarker study of the biological parameter and neurotransmitter levels in autistics. Mol Cell Biochem 2020; 474:277-284. [PMID: 32740790 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-020-03851-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Autism is a prevalent developmental disorder that combines repetitive behaviours, social deficits and language abnormalities. The present study aims to assess the autistic subjects using DSM IV-TR criteria followed with the analysis of neurotransmitters, biochemical parameters, oxidative stress and its ions in two groups of autistic subjects (group I < 12 years; group II ≥ 12 years). Antioxidants show a variation of 10% increase in controls compared to autistic age < 12 years. The concentration of pyruvate kinase and hexokinase is elevated in controls approximately 60% and 45%, respectively, with the significance of 95 and 99%. Autistic subjects showed marked variation in levels of neurotransmitters, oxidative stress and its related ions. Cumulative assessment of parameters related to biochemical markers and neurotransmitters paves the way for autism-based research, although these observations draw interest in an integrated approach for autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Meyyazhagan
- EuroEspes Biomedical Research Centre, International Center of Neurosciences and Genomic Medicine, Bergondo, 15165, Corunna, Spain. .,Human Genetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641046, India. .,Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560029, India.
| | - Balamuralikrishnan Balasubramanian
- Human Genetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641046, India.,Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, South Korea
| | - Murugesh Easwaran
- Nutritional Improvement of Crops, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Karthick Kumar Alagamuthu
- Human Genetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641046, India.,Jiagsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Sureshkumar Shanmugam
- Human Genetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641046, India.,Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, South Korea
| | - Haripriya Kuchi Bhotla
- Human Genetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641046, India
| | - Manikantan Pappusamy
- Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560029, India
| | - Vijaya Anand Arumugam
- Medical Genetics and Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641046, India
| | - Arulprakash Thangaraj
- Nutritional Improvement of Crops, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Tanushri Kaul
- Nutritional Improvement of Crops, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Sasikala Keshavarao
- Human Genetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641046, India
| | - Ramon Cacabelos
- EuroEspes Biomedical Research Centre, International Center of Neurosciences and Genomic Medicine, Bergondo, 15165, Corunna, Spain
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26
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Al-Harbi NO, Nadeem A, Ahmad SF, AL-Ayadhi LY, Al-Harbi MM, As Sobeai HM, Ibrahim KE, Bakheet SA. Elevated expression of toll-like receptor 4 is associated with NADPH oxidase-induced oxidative stress in B cells of children with autism. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 84:106555. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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27
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Ponsonby AL, Symeonides C, Saffery R, Mueller JF, O'Hely M, Sly PD, Wardrop N, Pezic A, Mansell T, Collier F, Burgner D, Thompson K, Vijayasarathy S, Sugeng EJ, Dwyer T, Ranganathan S, Anderson PJ, Anderson V, Vuillermin P. Prenatal phthalate exposure, oxidative stress-related genetic vulnerability and early life neurodevelopment: A birth cohort study. Neurotoxicology 2020; 80:20-28. [PMID: 32479765 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2020.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Prenatal phthalate chemicals may have adverse effects on brain development by various mechanisms including oxidant damage. However, birth cohort findings have been conflicting. This study aimed to (i) investigate the interplay between maternal prenatal phthalate levels, infant genetic vulnerability to oxidative stress, and child neurodevelopment and (ii) examine combined putative oxidant exposures. In a population-based birth cohort of 1064 women with prenatal recruitment in Victoria, Australia, maternal urine was collected at 36 weeks of pregnancy and phthalate metabolite concentrations measured. An unweighted genetic score for oxidative stress was made using a candidate gene approach. Cognition was assessed using the BAYLEY-III at two years (n = 678). Parents completed questionnaires for doctor diagnosed autism spectrum disorder (ASD) (1.4 %), ASD traits (4.9 %) and child inattention/hyperactivity (n = 791). Analyses included multiple linear and logistic regression. Higher prenatal phthalate levels and a higher oxidative stress genetic score were each associated with subsequent ASD. Several oxidative stress-related SNPs modified the association between prenatal phthalates and ASD and other outcomes. Consistent patterns were evident across gene score-phthalate combinations for cognition, ASD, ASD traits and inattention/hyperactivity. Other putative oxidant factors such as prenatal smoking further increased risk. Prenatal phthalate levels and infant oxidative stress-related genetic vulnerability are associated with adverse neurodevelopment. Combined exposures are important. Current recommendations and regulation on maternal phthalate exposure during pregnancy require re-evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Louise Ponsonby
- The Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, Australia; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Christos Symeonides
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Richard Saffery
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jochen F Mueller
- The Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science, University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Martin O'Hely
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; School of Medicine, Deakin University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter D Sly
- Children's Health Research Centre, University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia; WHO Collaborating Centre for Children's Health and Environment, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nicole Wardrop
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Angela Pezic
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Toby Mansell
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Fiona Collier
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; School of Medicine, Deakin University, Victoria, Australia; Barwon Health, Victoria, Australia
| | - David Burgner
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kristie Thompson
- The Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science, University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Soumini Vijayasarathy
- The Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science, University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Eva J Sugeng
- Department of Environment and Health, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Terence Dwyer
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; The George Institute for Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sarath Ranganathan
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter J Anderson
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Vicki Anderson
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter Vuillermin
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; School of Medicine, Deakin University, Victoria, Australia; Barwon Health, Victoria, Australia
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28
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Bjørklund G, Meguid NA, El-Bana MA, Tinkov AA, Saad K, Dadar M, Hemimi M, Skalny AV, Hosnedlová B, Kizek R, Osredkar J, Urbina MA, Fabjan T, El-Houfey AA, Kałużna-Czaplińska J, Gątarek P, Chirumbolo S. Oxidative Stress in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:2314-2332. [PMID: 32026227 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-01742-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
According to the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), as of July 11, 2016, the reported average incidence of children diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) was 1 in 68 (1.46%) among 8-year-old children born in 2004 and living within the 11 monitoring sites' surveillance areas in the United States of America (USA) in 2012. ASD is a multifaceted neurodevelopmental disorder that is also considered a hidden disability, as, for the most part; there are no apparent morphological differences between children with ASD and typically developing children. ASD is diagnosed based upon a triad of features including impairment in socialization, impairment in language, and repetitive and stereotypic behaviors. The increasing incidence of ASD in the pediatric population and the lack of successful curative therapies make ASD one of the most challenging disorders for medicine. ASD neurobiology is thought to be associated with oxidative stress, as shown by increased levels of reactive oxygen species and increased lipid peroxidation, as well as an increase in other indicators of oxidative stress. Children with ASD diagnosis are considered more vulnerable to oxidative stress because of their imbalance in intracellular and extracellular glutathione levels and decreased glutathione reserve capacity. Several studies have suggested that the redox imbalance and oxidative stress are integral parts of ASD pathophysiology. As such, early assessment and treatment of antioxidant status may result in a better prognosis as it could decrease the oxidative stress in the brain before it can induce more irreversible brain damage. In this review, many aspects of the role of oxidative stress in ASD are discussed, taking into account that the process of oxidative stress may be a target for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geir Bjørklund
- Council for Nutritional and Environmental Medicine (CONEM), Toften 24, 8610, Mo i Rana, Norway.
| | - Nagwa A Meguid
- Research on Children with Special Needs Department, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
- CONEM Egypt Child Brain Research Group, National Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mona A El-Bana
- CONEM Egypt Child Brain Research Group, National Research Center, Giza, Egypt
- Medical Biochemistry Department, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Alexey A Tinkov
- Yaroslavl State University, Yaroslavl, Russia
- Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia
- IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Khaled Saad
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
- CONEM Upper Egypt Pediatric Research Group, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Maryam Dadar
- Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Maha Hemimi
- Research on Children with Special Needs Department, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
- CONEM Egypt Child Brain Research Group, National Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Anatoly V Skalny
- Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia
- IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
- Federal Research Centre of Biological Systems and Agro-technologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Orenburg, Russia
- Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Božena Hosnedlová
- CONEM Metallomics Nanomedicine Research Group (CMNRG), Brno, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Human Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Rene Kizek
- CONEM Metallomics Nanomedicine Research Group (CMNRG), Brno, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Human Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Joško Osredkar
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry (KIKKB), Ljubljana University Medical Centre, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mauricio A Urbina
- Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Teja Fabjan
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry (KIKKB), Ljubljana University Medical Centre, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Amira A El-Houfey
- CONEM Upper Egypt Pediatric Research Group, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
- Department of Community Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
- Department of Community Health Nursing, Sabia University College, Jazan University, Jizan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Joanna Kałużna-Czaplińska
- Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
- CONEM Poland Chemistry and Nutrition Research Group, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
| | - Paulina Gątarek
- Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
- CONEM Poland Chemistry and Nutrition Research Group, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
| | - Salvatore Chirumbolo
- Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
- CONEM Scientific Secretary, Verona, Italy
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29
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Al-Zahrani WA, Al-Ayadhi L, Anwar M, Bhat RS, Alnakhli O, Zayed N, El-Ansary A. Vasopressin in Relation to Selected Oxidative Stress Markers as Etiological Mechanism of Autism. NEUROCHEM J+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s181971242001002x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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30
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Differential regulation of Nrf2 is linked to elevated inflammation and nitrative stress in monocytes of children with autism. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2020; 113:104554. [PMID: 31884317 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.104554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a very complex neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by deficits in social and communication skills. Innate immune cells like monocytes are believed to play a cardinal role in neuroimmune inflammation and nitrative stress. On the other hand, Nrf2, a basic leucine zipper transcription factor plays a significant role in protecting the immune cells against inflammation and oxidants. However, its role in monocytes of ASD children and typically developing control (TDC) children has not been elucidated in relation with inflammation and nitrative stress. Therefore, this study was undertaken to evaluate Nrf2 expression/activity along with parameters of inflammation (NFkB, IL-6, IL-1β) and nitrative stress (iNOS, nitrotyrosine) in monocytes of ASD/TDC children. Further, sulforaphane (SFN) was utilized as an Nrf2 activator to assess its effect on above said inflammatory and nitrative stress parameters. Our study shows that monocytes of ASD subjects have decreased Nrf2 expression/activity along with increased inflammation and nitrative stress. Further, monocytes from ASD have deficiency in induction of Nrf2 activity upon stimulation with LPS. However, activation of Nrf2 in vitro by SFN reverses LPS-induced effects on inflammation in monocytes by reduction in NFkB signaling. Further, treatment with SFN also reverses LPS-induced effects on nitrative stress (iNOS, nitrotyrosine) in monocytes of ASD subjects. This study propounds the idea that SFN protects against nitrative stress and inflammation by downregulating oxidative stress and inflammation through blockade of NFkB signaling in autistic children. This may be the reason behind reported ameliorative effects of SFN in ASD subjects.
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Rylaarsdam L, Guemez-Gamboa A. Genetic Causes and Modifiers of Autism Spectrum Disorder. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:385. [PMID: 31481879 PMCID: PMC6710438 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is one of the most prevalent neurodevelopmental disorders, affecting an estimated 1 in 59 children. ASD is highly genetically heterogeneous and may be caused by both inheritable and de novo gene variations. In the past decade, hundreds of genes have been identified that contribute to the serious deficits in communication, social cognition, and behavior that patients often experience. However, these only account for 10-20% of ASD cases, and patients with similar pathogenic variants may be diagnosed on very different levels of the spectrum. In this review, we will describe the genetic landscape of ASD and discuss how genetic modifiers such as copy number variation, single nucleotide polymorphisms, and epigenetic alterations likely play a key role in modulating the phenotypic spectrum of ASD patients. We also consider how genetic modifiers can alter convergent signaling pathways and lead to impaired neural circuitry formation. Lastly, we review sex-linked modifiers and clinical implications. Further understanding of these mechanisms is crucial for both comprehending ASD and for developing novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alicia Guemez-Gamboa
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
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Nadeem A, Ahmad SF, Al-Harbi NO, Attia SM, Bakheet SA, Ibrahim KE, Alqahtani F, Alqinyah M. Nrf2 activator, sulforaphane ameliorates autism-like symptoms through suppression of Th17 related signaling and rectification of oxidant-antioxidant imbalance in periphery and brain of BTBR T+tf/J mice. Behav Brain Res 2019; 364:213-224. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Ahmad SF, Ansari MA, Nadeem A, Bakheet SA, Al-Ayadhi LY, Attia SM. Elevated IL-16 expression is associated with development of immune dysfunction in children with autism. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2019; 236:831-838. [PMID: 30456538 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-018-5120-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impairments in communication skills and social behaviors. Several studies have suggested that neuroimmune dysfunction plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of ASD; however, its exact etiology is unknown. Interleukin-16 (IL-16), a chemoattractant, is associated with various inflammatory processes. However, its role in children with ASD is unclear. This study aimed to investigate whether IL-16 expression is associated with immune dysfunction in children with ASD. We examined IL-16 expression in CD4+, CD8+, CD14+, CCR3+, and CXCR7+ cells in typically developing (TD) controls and children with ASD using flow cytometry in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). We also investigated the expression of IL-1β+IL-16+, IL-6+IL-16+, and TNF-α+IL-16+ in TD controls and children with ASD. We further explored IL-16 mRNA and protein expression using RT-PCR and western blotting. CD4+IL-16+, CD8+IL-16+, CD14+IL-16+, CCR3+IL-16+, and CXCR7+IL-16+ cells increased significantly in children with ASD compared with TD controls. We also showed that expression of IL-1β+IL-16+, IL-6+IL-16+, and TNF-α+IL-16+ was elevated in children with ASD compared with TD controls. Moreover, IL-16 mRNA and protein expression was significantly induced in children with ASD compared with TD controls. These results suggest that IL-16 expression could play an essential role in immune alteration in children with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheikh F Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
- College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, 2457, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mushtaq A Ansari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Nadeem
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh A Bakheet
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Laila Y Al-Ayadhi
- Autism Research and Treatment Center, AL-Amodi Autism Research Chair, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Sabry M Attia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
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Ahmad SF, Ansari MA, Nadeem A, Bakheet SA, Alotaibi MR, Alasmari AF, Alshammari MA, Al-Mazroua HA, Attia SM. DAPTA, a C-C chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) antagonist attenuates immune aberrations by downregulating Th9/Th17 immune responses in BTBR T + Itpr3tf/J mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 846:100-108. [PMID: 30658114 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by deficits in social interaction, communication, and repetitive behaviors. BTBR T+ Itpr3tf/J (BTBR) mice, a preclinical autistic model featuring ASD symptoms as defined by social relations, was used in this study. We evaluated the potentially protective effect of D-Ala-peptide T-amide (DAPTA), a selective C-C chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) antagonist, in BTBR mice. CCR5 is considered a potential therapeutic target in different neurodegenerative disorders. BTBR and C57 mice were intraperitoneally (i.p) treated with the DAPTA (0.01 mg/kg, i.p, once daily) for 7 days. We examined the effect of DAPTA by evaluating marble burying and administering repetitive behavior tests. We employed flow cytometry to assess the effect of DAPTA on CCR5+, CD4+CCR5+, CCR5+IL-6+, CCR5+IL-9+, CCR5+IL-17A+, CCR5+RORγT+, CCR5+IL-10+, and CCR5+Foxp3+ in spleen cells. We further explored the effects of DAPTA on IL-6, IL-9, IL-17A, RORγT, IL-10, and Foxp3 protein and mRNA expression levels in the brain tissues. DAPTA administration significantly decreased marble burying and repetitive behavior in BTBR mice. Additionally, DAPTA treatment inhibited CCR5+, CD4+CCR5+, CCR5+IL-6+, CCR5+IL-9+, CCR5+IL-17A+, CCR5+RORγT+, and upregulated CCR5+IL-10+, and CCR5+Foxp3+ production. We further observed that DAPTA downregulated IL-6, IL-9, IL-17A, and RORγT, and increased IL-10 and Foxp3 protein and mRNA expression. Therefore, our results suggest that DAPTA administration represents a potential treatment strategy for patients with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheikh F Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mushtaq A Ansari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Nadeem
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh A Bakheet
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Moureq R Alotaibi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah F Alasmari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Musaad A Alshammari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haneen A Al-Mazroua
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sabry M Attia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
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