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Gamelas SRD, Tomé JPC, Tomé AC, Lourenço LMO. Advances in photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants in wastewaters: harnessing the power of phthalocyanines and phthalocyanine-containing materials. RSC Adv 2023; 13:33957-33993. [PMID: 38019980 PMCID: PMC10658578 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra06598g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Access to clean water is increasingly challenging worldwide due to human activities and climate change. Wastewater treatment and utilization offer a promising solution by reducing the reliance on pure underground water. However, it is crucial to develop efficient and sustainable methods for wastewater purification. Among the emerging wastewater treatment strategies, photocatalysis has gained significant attention for decomposing organic pollutants in water, especially when combined with sunlight and a recoverable photocatalyst. Heterogeneous photocatalysts have distinct advantages, as they can be recovered and reused without significant loss of activity over multiple cycles. Phthalocyanine dyes, with their exceptional photophysical properties, are particularly valuable for homogeneous and heterogeneous photocatalysis. By immobilizing these photosensitizers in various supports, hybrid materials extend their light absorption into the visible spectrum, complementing most supports' limited UV light absorption. The novelty and research importance of this review stems from its discussion of the multifaceted approach to treating contaminated wastewater with phthalocyanines and materials containing phthalocyanines. It highlights key aspects of each study, including photocatalytic efficiency, recyclability characteristics, investigation of the generation of oxygen species responsible for degradation, identification of the major degradation byproducts for each pollutant, and others. Moreover, the review includes tables that illustrate and compare the various phthalocyanines and supporting materials employed in each study for pollutant degradation. Additionally, almost all photocatalysts mentioned in this review could degrade at least 5% of the pollutant, and more than 50 photocatalysts showed photocatalytic rates above 50%. When immobilized in some support, the synergistic effect of the phthalocyanine was visible in the photocatalytic rate of the studied pollutant. However, when performing these types of works, it is necessary to understand the degradation products of each pollutant and their relative toxicities. Along with this, recyclability and stability studies are also necessary. Despite the good results presented in this review, some of the works lack those studies. Moreover, none of the works mentions any study in wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara R D Gamelas
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro 3810-193 Aveiro Portugal
| | - João P C Tomé
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa 1049-001 Lisboa Portugal
| | - Augusto C Tomé
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro 3810-193 Aveiro Portugal
| | - Leandro M O Lourenço
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro 3810-193 Aveiro Portugal
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Mafukidze DM, Nyokong T. Photocatalytic and solar radiation harvesting potential of a free-base porphyrin-zinc (II) phthalocyanine heterodyad functionalized polystyrene polymer membrane for the degradation of 4-chlorophenol. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2021.113142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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3
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Nyokong T. A career in photophysicochemical and electrochemical properties of phthalocyanine — a Linstead Career Award paper. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2020. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424620300037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This manuscript highlights the author’s contributions to phthalocyanine chemistry, especially the applications based on their electrochemistry and photophysicochemistry. In particular, the use of phthalocyanines as electrocatalysts and photocatalysts is presented. For photocatalysis, photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy and pollution control using green technologies are highlighted. For electrocatalysis the phthalocyanines are employed for the detection of pollutants and environmentally important molecules. Phthalocyanines are combined with nanomaterials for improved photocatalysis and electrocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tebello Nyokong
- Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Department Chemistry, Rhodes University, P. O. Box 94, Makhanda, South Africa
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4
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Fabrication of electrospun fibers from a porphyrin linked to polyacrylonitrile polymer for photocatalytic transformation of phenols. J Mol Struct 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.128191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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5
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Navaei Z, Zanjanchi MA. Synthesis of an efficient photocatalyst by incorporation of phthalocyanine into KIT-6. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-020-2845-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Photodegradation of 4-chlorophenol using Zn and In phthalocyanines substituted with pyrrole without hetero atoms linkers and supported on polyacrylonitrile electrospun fibres. Polyhedron 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2019.114329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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7
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Fabrication of Hybrid Membranes Containing Nylon-11 and Organic Semiconductor Particles with Potential Applications in Molecular Electronics. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 12:polym12010009. [PMID: 31861628 PMCID: PMC7023623 DOI: 10.3390/polym12010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemical degradation is a major disadvantage in the development of organic semiconductors. This work proposes the manufacture and characterization of organic semiconductor membranes in order to prevent semiconductor properties decreasing. Semiconductor membranes consisting of Nylon-11 and particles of π-conjugated molecular semiconductors were manufactured by high-vacuum evaporation followed by thermal relaxation. Initially, and with the aim of obtaining semiconductor particles, bulk heterojunction (BHJ) was carried out using green chemistry techniques between the zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc) and the zinc hexadecafluoro-phthalocyanine (F16ZnPc) as n-type molecular semiconductors with the p-type molecular semiconductor dibenzotetrathiafulvalene (DBTTF). Consequently, the π-conjugated semiconductors particles were embedded in a Nylon-11 matrix and characterized, both structurally and considering their optical and electrical properties. Thin films of these materials were manufactured in order to comparatively study the membranes and precursor semiconductor particles. The membranes presented bandgap (Eg) values that were lower than those obtained in the films, which is an indicator of an improvement in their semiconductor capacity. Finally, the membranes were subjected to accelerated lighting conditions, to determine the stability of the polymer and the operating capacity of the membrane. After fatigue conditions, the electrical behavior of the proposed semiconductor membranes remained practically unaltered; therefore, they could have potential applications in molecular electronics. The chemical stability of membranes, which did not degrade in their polymer compound, nor in the semiconductor, was monitored by IR spectroscopy.
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Wang JC, Li Y, Li H, Cui ZH, Hou Y, Shi W, Jiang K, Qu L, Zhang YP. A novel synthesis of oleophylic Fe 2O 3/polystyrene fibers by γ-Ray irradiation for the enhanced photocatalysis of 4-chlorophenol and 4-nitrophenol degradation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 379:120806. [PMID: 31254785 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.120806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalytic degradation by efficient and easy recyclable semiconductor-catalysts is an ideal way to solve the environmental problem. A series of Fe2O3/Polystyrene (Fe2O3/PS) composite fibers with hydrophobic property were obtained by the electrospinning and γ-Ray irradiation methods. The γ-Ray irradiation treatment not only formed steady micro-nano construction of nanoparticles and fiber, but also reduced the hydroxyl group on Fe2O3 surface. The high photocatalytic efficiencies of Fe2O3/PS fiber were discovered with the high content of 4-chlorophenol (4-CP) and 4-nitrophenol (4-NP), due to the synergetic effect of adsorption and degradation. The suitable adsorption capacity of Fe2O3/PS could promote the utilization of the generated hydroxyl radical(OH) to directly oxidize the adsorbed pollutant molecules. Additionally, the photocatalytic activities for 4-CP and 4-NP still reached 80% and 75% in the 6th cycling and the composite fiber exhibited the good recyclability, which has the application development prospect for wastewater treatment. The mechanism of 4-CP and 4-NP decomposition was verified. Hence, the gained results could provide some insights into phenol degradation over the multifunctional and efficient catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Chao Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453000, China; School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453000, China
| | - Ying Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453000, China
| | - Heng Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453000, China
| | - Zeng-Hui Cui
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453000, China
| | - Yuxia Hou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453000, China
| | - Weina Shi
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang, 453000, China.
| | - Kai Jiang
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453000, China.
| | - Lingbo Qu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Yu-Ping Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453000, China
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New Development of Membrane Base Optoelectronic Devices. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 10:polym10010016. [PMID: 30966051 PMCID: PMC6415192 DOI: 10.3390/polym10010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
It is known that one factor that affects the operation of optoelectronic devices is the effective protection of the semiconductor materials against environmental conditions. The permeation of atmospheric oxygen and water molecules into the device structure induces degradation of the electrodes and the semiconductor. As a result, in this communication we report the fabrication of semiconductor membranes consisting of Magnesium Phthalocyanine-allene (MgPc-allene) particles dispersed in Nylon 11 films. These membranes combine polymer properties with organic semiconductors properties and also provide a barrier effect for the atmospheric gas molecules. They were prepared by high vacuum evaporation and followed by thermal relaxation technique. For the characterization of the obtained membranes, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) were used to determine the chemical and microstructural properties. UV-ViS, null ellipsometry, and visible photoluminescence (PL) at room temperature were used to characterize the optoelectronic properties. These results were compared with those obtained for the organic semiconductors: MgPc-allene thin films. Additionally, semiconductor membranes devices have been prepared, and a study of the device electronic transport properties was conducted by measuring electrical current density-voltage (J-V) characteristics by four point probes with different wavelengths. The resistance properties against different environmental molecules are enhanced, maintaining their semiconductor functionality that makes them candidates for optoelectronic applications.
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Osifeko OL, Nyokong T. Effects of symmetry and the number of positive charges on the photocatalytic activity of indium phthalocyanines when embedded in electrospun fibers. Inorganica Chim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2016.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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11
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Olak-Kucharczyk M, Foszpańczyk M, Gmurek M, Ledakowicz S. Decomposition of xenobiotics during visible light irradiation in the presence of immobilised photosensitisers: kinetics study. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2017; 75:69-74. [PMID: 28067647 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2016.488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this work was to study the photosensitised oxidation of the xenobiotics benzylparaben (BeP) and 2,4dichlorophenol (2,4DCP) in aqueous solutions using photosensitisers immobilised into chitosan carrier particles and visible light radiation. Zn(II) phthalocyanine tetrasulfonate tetrasodium salt and Al(III) phthalocyanine chloride tetrasulfonic acid were used as photosensitisers. The major role of the singlet oxygen during photodegradation was proven by using scavengers of reactive oxygen species. The influence of initial xenobiotic concentration and temperature on degradation rate was examined. The investigations were focused on kinetics (Langmuir-Hinshelwood model) as well as activation energy determination. Moreover, the adsorption isotherms of BeP and 2,4DCP into chitosan carrier were determined using the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller model.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Olak-Kucharczyk
- Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, ul. Wolczanska 213, Lodz 90-924, Poland E-mail:
| | - M Foszpańczyk
- Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, ul. Wolczanska 213, Lodz 90-924, Poland E-mail:
| | - M Gmurek
- Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, ul. Wolczanska 213, Lodz 90-924, Poland E-mail:
| | - S Ledakowicz
- Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, ul. Wolczanska 213, Lodz 90-924, Poland E-mail:
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12
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Mafukidze DM, Mashazi P, Nyokong T. Synthesis and singlet oxygen production by a phthalocyanine when embedded in asymmetric polymer membranes. POLYMER 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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13
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Li B, Tian FY, Qin C, Kong DY, Wang J. Synthesis and structural determination of polynuclear nine-coordinate {K[SmIII(Egta)] • H2O} n and mononuclear eight-coordinate (NH4)[LuIII(Egta)] • H2O. RUSS J COORD CHEM+ 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070328415100036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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14
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Gerasymchuk Y, Tomachynski L, Guzik M, Koll A, Jański J, Guyot Y, Stręk W, Boulon G, Legendziewicz J. Photophysical and theoretical studies of structure and spectroscopic behaviour of axially substituted Yb(III) mono-phthalocyanines in different media. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2015.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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15
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Khoza P, Nyokong T. Visible light transformation of Rhodamine 6G using tetracarbazole zinc phthalocyanine when embedded in electrospun fibers and in the presence of ZnO and Ag particles. J COORD CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2015.1013944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Phindile Khoza
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
| | - Tebello Nyokong
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
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16
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Application of photoactive electrospun nanofiber materials with immobilized meso-tetraphenylporphyrin for parabens photodegradation. Catal Today 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2014.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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17
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Park N, Kang D, Ahn MC, Kang S, Lee SM, Ahn TK, Jaung JY, Shin HW, Son SU. Hollow and sulfonated microporous organic polymers: versatile platforms for non-covalent fixation of molecular photocatalysts. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra06633f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfonated hollow microporous organic polymers showed excellent heterogenization ability towards various cationic photocatalysts through ionic interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nojin Park
- Department of Chemistry
- Department of Energy Science
- Sungkyunkwan University
- Suwon 440-746
- Korea
| | - Daye Kang
- Department of Chemistry
- Department of Energy Science
- Sungkyunkwan University
- Suwon 440-746
- Korea
| | - Min Cheol Ahn
- Department of Chemistry
- Department of Energy Science
- Sungkyunkwan University
- Suwon 440-746
- Korea
| | - Sungah Kang
- Department of Chemistry
- Department of Energy Science
- Sungkyunkwan University
- Suwon 440-746
- Korea
| | - Sang Moon Lee
- Department of Chemistry
- Department of Energy Science
- Sungkyunkwan University
- Suwon 440-746
- Korea
| | - Tae Kyu Ahn
- Department of Chemistry
- Department of Energy Science
- Sungkyunkwan University
- Suwon 440-746
- Korea
| | - Jae Yun Jaung
- Department of Organic and Nanoengineering
- Hanyang University
- Seoul 133-791
- Korea
| | - Hee-Won Shin
- Department of Chemistry
- Department of Energy Science
- Sungkyunkwan University
- Suwon 440-746
- Korea
| | - Seung Uk Son
- Department of Chemistry
- Department of Energy Science
- Sungkyunkwan University
- Suwon 440-746
- Korea
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Khoza P, Nyokong T. Photocatalytic behavior of phthalocyanine-silver nanoparticle conjugates supported on polystyrene fibers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcata.2014.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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19
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Modisha P, Nyokong T. Fabrication of phthalocyanine-magnetic nanoparticles hybrid nanofibers for degradation of Orange-G. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcata.2013.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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20
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Xing R, Wu L, Fei Z, Wu P. Mesopolymer modified with palladium phthalocyaninesulfonate as a versatile photocatalyst for phenol and bisphenol A degradation under visible light irradiation. J Environ Sci (China) 2013; 25:1687-1695. [PMID: 24520709 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(12)60216-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A novel versatile photocatalyst, FDU-PdPcS, was prepared by immobilizing palladium phthalocyaninesulfonate (PdPcS) onto the FDU-15 mesopolymer via multi-step chemical modification processes involving chloromethylation of the FDU-15 mesopolymer first with chloromethyl methyl ether, a subsequent amination reaction with ethylenediamine, and finally modification with palladium phthalocyaninesulfonate via ionic interaction. The obtained FDU-PdPcS photocatalyst was characterized by the X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-Vis spectrosopy and inductively coupled plasma (ICP) techniques. This photocatalyst not only affords a high dispersion of monomeric PdPcS molecules, which may further be stabilized by the pi-electron of benzene rings of FDU-15, but also provides a number of diamino groups inside the mesopores, which could be advantageous for the photodegradation of phenolic pollutants. In photodegradation studies of phenolic pollutants, the FDU-PdPcS catalyst exhibited excellent visible light photocatalytic activity and reusability. The photodegradation products of phenol and bisphenol A were investigated by the gas chromatoghraphy-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique. The results showed that the photodegradation products were composed of carboxylic acids and CO2. Isopropanol, sodium azide and benzoquinone were used as hydroxyl radical (OH*), singlet oxygen (1O2) and superoxide radical (O2*-) scavengers, respectively. The results suggested that 1O2 and O2*- were the prominent active species during the photodegradation process. A possible mechanism for the photodegradation of phenol was also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Xing
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Bioresources and Environmental Protection, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng 224002, China.
| | - Lin Wu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Bioresources and Environmental Protection, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng 224002, China
| | - Zhenghao Fei
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Bioresources and Environmental Protection, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng 224002, China
| | - Peng Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, Department of Chemistry, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
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Golmojdeh H, Zanjanchi MA, Arvand M. BiVO4-silica composites containing cobalt phthalocyanine groups: synthesis, characterization and application in photodegradation of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol. Photochem Photobiol 2013; 89:1029-37. [PMID: 23647334 DOI: 10.1111/php.12091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 04/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BiVO4-silica composites were prepared and grafted with sulfonated cobalt phthalocyanine. The structural and chemical properties including crystalline phase, specific surface area, UV-Visible diffuse reflectance behavior, morphology and photocatalytic activity were investigated. Depending on the silica content and subsequently amounts of loaded phthalocyanine, various catalytic activities were observed. The sample containing nominal 15% silica and grafted with phthalocyanine showed less aggregated form of this organic dye, smaller and nanometric particles, and higher photocatalytic activity in degradation of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hosein Golmojdeh
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
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Xing R, Wu L, Fei Z, Wu P. Palladium phthalocyaninesulfonate functionalized mesoporous polymer: A highly efficient photocatalyst for degradation of 4-chlorophenol under visible light irradiation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcata.2013.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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23
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Tombe S, Antunes E, Nyokong T. Electrospun fibers functionalized with phthalocyanine-gold nanoparticle conjugates for photocatalytic applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcata.2013.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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24
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Tombe S, Antunes E, Nyokong T. The photophysical and photochemical behaviour of coumarin-derivatized zinc phthalocyanine when conjugated with gold nanoparticles and electrospun into polymer fibers. NEW J CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2nj40984d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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25
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Zugle R, Nyokong T. Comparative phototransformation of environmental pollutants using metallophthalocyanines supported on electrospun polymer fibers. J Appl Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/app.38381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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