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Shi C, Quinn EC, Diment WT, Chen EYX. Recyclable and (Bio)degradable Polyesters in a Circular Plastics Economy. Chem Rev 2024; 124:4393-4478. [PMID: 38518259 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Polyesters carrying polar main-chain ester linkages exhibit distinct material properties for diverse applications and thus play an important role in today's plastics economy. It is anticipated that they will play an even greater role in tomorrow's circular plastics economy that focuses on sustainability, thanks to the abundant availability of their biosourced building blocks and the presence of the main-chain ester bonds that can be chemically or biologically cleaved on demand by multiple methods and thus bring about more desired end-of-life plastic waste management options. Because of this potential and promise, there have been intense research activities directed at addressing recycling, upcycling or biodegradation of existing legacy polyesters, designing their biorenewable alternatives, and redesigning future polyesters with intrinsic chemical recyclability and tailored performance that can rival today's commodity plastics that are either petroleum based and/or hard to recycle. This review captures these exciting recent developments and outlines future challenges and opportunities. Case studies on the legacy polyesters, poly(lactic acid), poly(3-hydroxyalkanoate)s, poly(ethylene terephthalate), poly(butylene succinate), and poly(butylene-adipate terephthalate), are presented, and emerging chemically recyclable polyesters are comprehensively reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changxia Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Ethan C Quinn
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Wilfred T Diment
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Eugene Y-X Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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2
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Viora L, Combeau M, Pucci MF, Perrin D, Liotier PJ, Bouvard JL, Combeaud C. A Comparative Study on Crystallisation for Virgin and Recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET): Multiscale Effects on Physico-Mechanical Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4613. [PMID: 38232036 PMCID: PMC10708313 DOI: 10.3390/polym15234613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate) (PET) is one of the most used polymers for packaging applications. Modifications induced by service conditions and the means to make this matter circular have to be understood to really close the loop (from bottle to bottle for example). Physico-chemical properties, crystalline organisation, and mechanical behaviour of virgin PET (vPET) are compared with those of recycled PET (rPET). Using different combined experimental methods (Calorimetry, Small Angle X-ray Scattering [SAXS], Atomic Force Microscopy [AFM], Dynamic Mechanical Analysis [DMA], and uniaxial tensile test), it has been proven that even if there is no change in the crystallinity of PET, the crystallisation process shows some differences (size and number of spherulites). The potential impact of these differences on local mechanical characterisation is explored and tends to demonstrate the development of a homogeneous microstructure, leading to well-controlled and relevant local mechanical property characterisation. The main contribution of the present study is a better understanding of crystallisation of PET and recycled PET during forming processes such as thermoforming or Injection Stretch Blow Moulding (ISBM), during which elongation at the point of breaking can depend on the microstructure conditioned by the crystallisation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurianne Viora
- Mines Paris, Centre for Material Forming (CEMEF), PSL University, UMR CNRS 7635, 1 rue Claude Daunesse, CS 10207, 06904 Sophia Antipolis, France; (L.V.); (J.-L.B.); (C.C.)
| | - Marie Combeau
- PCH, IMT Mines Ales, 30100 Ales, France; (M.C.); (P.-J.L.)
| | | | - Didier Perrin
- PCH, IMT Mines Ales, 30100 Ales, France; (M.C.); (P.-J.L.)
| | | | - Jean-Luc Bouvard
- Mines Paris, Centre for Material Forming (CEMEF), PSL University, UMR CNRS 7635, 1 rue Claude Daunesse, CS 10207, 06904 Sophia Antipolis, France; (L.V.); (J.-L.B.); (C.C.)
| | - Christelle Combeaud
- Mines Paris, Centre for Material Forming (CEMEF), PSL University, UMR CNRS 7635, 1 rue Claude Daunesse, CS 10207, 06904 Sophia Antipolis, France; (L.V.); (J.-L.B.); (C.C.)
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3
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Cusano I, Campagnolo L, Aurilia M, Costanzo S, Grizzuti N. Rheology of Recycled PET. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:ma16093358. [PMID: 37176239 PMCID: PMC10179504 DOI: 10.3390/ma16093358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is a thermoplastic material that is widely used in many application fields, such as packaging, construction and household products. Due to the relevant contribution of PET to global yearly solid waste, the recycling of such material has become an important issue. Disposed PET does not maintain the mechanical properties of virgin material, as exposure to water and other substances can cause multiple chain scissions, with subsequent degradation of the viscoelastic properties. For this reason, chain extension is needed to improve the final properties of the recycled product. Chain extension is generally performed through reactive extrusion. As the latter involves structural modification and flow of PET molecules, rheology is a relevant asset for understanding the process and tailoring the mechanical properties of the final products. This paper briefly reviews relevant rheological studies associated with the recycling of polyethylene terephthalate through the reactive extrusion process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Cusano
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | | | | | - Salvatore Costanzo
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Nino Grizzuti
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy
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Hatt J, Englund K, Li H. Characterizing the changes to the material properties of a bottle‐grade poly(ethylene terephthalate) subject to repeated melt extrusion. J Appl Polym Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Hatt
- Civil Engineering Department Washington State University Pullman Washington USA
| | - Karl Englund
- Composite Materials and Engineering Center, Civil Engineering Department Washington State University Pullman Washington USA
| | - Hui Li
- Composite Materials and Engineering Center Washington State University Pullman Washington USA
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5
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Suhaimi NAS, Muhamad F, Abd Razak NA, Zeimaran E. Recycling of polyethylene terephthalate wastes: A review of technologies, routes, and applications. POLYM ENG SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.26017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nur Aina Syafiqah Suhaimi
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering Universiti Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Farina Muhamad
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering Universiti Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Nasrul Anuar Abd Razak
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering Universiti Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Ehsan Zeimaran
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering Universiti Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
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Dios Caputto MD, Navarro R, Valentín JL, Marcos‐Fernández Á. Chemical upcycling of poly(ethylene terephthalate) waste: Moving to a circular model. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20220137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- María Dolores Dios Caputto
- Department of Physics of Polymers, Elastomers and Energy Applications Institute of Polymer Science and Technology (ICTP‐CSIC) Madrid Spain
| | - Rodrigo Navarro
- Department of Physics of Polymers, Elastomers and Energy Applications Institute of Polymer Science and Technology (ICTP‐CSIC) Madrid Spain
| | - Juan López Valentín
- Department of Physics of Polymers, Elastomers and Energy Applications Institute of Polymer Science and Technology (ICTP‐CSIC) Madrid Spain
| | - Ángel Marcos‐Fernández
- Department of Physics of Polymers, Elastomers and Energy Applications Institute of Polymer Science and Technology (ICTP‐CSIC) Madrid Spain
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Characterization of Recycled/Virgin Polyethylene Terephthalate Composite Reinforced with Glass Fiber for Automotive Applications. JOURNAL OF COMPOSITES SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/jcs6020059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The use of recycled polyethylene terephthalate (PET) as a matrix for composite materials based on glass fiber reinforced virgin PET could be a cost-effective and environmentally friendly way to upgrade the bottle-grade recycled PET into engineering-grade PET for injection molding. In this work, a commercial virgin PET reinforced with 50%wt of glass fibers was compounded by mechanical mixing with a recycled PET, in order to minimize breakage of the glass fibers. The obtained compound, composed by 60%wt of recycled pet and 40%wt glass fiber reinforced virgin PET, was injection molded at three different mold temperatures (4, 40 and 80 °C) to analyze the effect of crystallization of the material during the production process. The results in terms of thermal and mechanical properties were compared with those obtained from recycled PET molded in the same conditions. The flexural tests and the analysis of thermal resistance showed that by adding 40%wt of glass fiber reinforced virgin PET to the recycled PET causes a noticeable improvement of crystallization kinetics and of mechanical properties with respect to that of the pure recycled PET, making it suitable for technical applications.
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Bascucci C, Duretek I, Lehner S, Holzer C, Gaan S, Hufenus R, Gooneie A. Investigating thermomechanical recycling of poly(ethylene terephthalate) containing phosphorus flame retardants. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2021.109783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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10
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Polyolefins and Polyethylene Terephthalate Package Wastes: Recycling and Use in Composites. ENERGIES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/en14217306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Plastics are versatile materials used in a variety of sectors that have seen a rapid increase in their global production. Millions of tonnes of plastic wastes are generated each year, which puts pressure on plastic waste management methods to prevent their accumulation within the environment. Recycling is an attractive disposal method and aids the initiative of a circular plastic economy, but recycling still has challenges to overcome. This review starts with an overview of the current European recycling strategies for solid plastic waste and the challenges faced. Emphasis lies on the recycling of polyolefins (POs) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) which are found in plastic packaging, as packaging contributes a signification proportion to solid plastic wastes. Both sections, the recycling of POs and PET, discuss the sources of wastes, chemical and mechanical recycling, effects of recycling on the material properties, strategies to improve the performance of recycled POs and PET, and finally the applications of recycled POs and PET. The review concludes with a discussion of the future potential and opportunities of recycled POs and PET.
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Dobrotă D, Lazăr SV. Redesign of the Geometry of Parts Produced from PBT Composite to Improve Their Operational Behavior. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13152536. [PMID: 34372146 PMCID: PMC8348945 DOI: 10.3390/polym13152536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Parts produced from PBT-GF30 (70% polybutylene terephthalate +30% fiberglass) are very often used in car construction, due to the properties of this material. The current trend is to make parts with a shape designed to be as complex as possible, to take over many functions in operation. During the research, a part that is a component of the structure of car safety systems, and that must be completely reliable in operation, was analyzed. This piece has a complex shape that involves the intersection of several walls. Thus, the research aimed at establishing the optimal radius of connection between the walls (R), the ratio between the thickness of the intersecting walls (K) and the angle of inclination of the walls (α). The composite central design method was used to design the experiments. Both new parts and parts subject to an artificial aging process were tested. All parts were subjected to shear stress, to determine the load (L) and displacement (D) at which they break. In order to observe other changes in the properties of the parts, in addition to the mechanical ones, an analysis of the color of the new and aged parts was performed, as well as a topography of the surface layer in the breaking area. The design of the parts involved changes to the parameters of the injection process. In these conditions, a PBT-GF30 viscosity analysis was performed for new and artificially aged parts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Dobrotă
- Faculty of Engineering, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, 550024 Sibiu, Romania
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +40-0722-446-082
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12
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Poly (4-styrenesulfonic acid): A recoverable and reusable catalyst for acid hydrolysis of polyethylene terephthalate. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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13
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Colin X, Essatbi F, Delozanne J, Moreau G. Towards a general kinetic model for the thermal oxidation of epoxy-diamine networks. Effect of the molecular mobility around the glass transition temperature. Polym Degrad Stab 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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14
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Loyer C, Régnier G, Duval V, Ould Y, Richaud E. PBT plasticity loss induced by oxidative and hydrolysis ageing. Polym Degrad Stab 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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15
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Rheological modification of recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate): Blending and reactive extrusion. Polym Degrad Stab 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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16
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Effect of molten salts on the structure, morphology and electrical conductivity of PET-derived carbon nanostructures. Polym Degrad Stab 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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17
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Jia H, Ben H, Luo Y, Wang R. Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis of Poly (Ethylene Terephthalate) (PET) with Zeolite and Nickel Chloride. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12030705. [PMID: 32210059 PMCID: PMC7183261 DOI: 10.3390/polym12030705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The pyrolysis of poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET) in the presence of ZSM-5 zeolite and NiCl2 as a catalyst was studied at different temperatures under N2 atmosphere. Quantitative 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) were applied to characterize the waxy and solid residue. The carboxyl and aliphatic hydroxyl groups in the waxy residue have been greatly depleted after the use of zeolite during pyrolysis on the basis of the results of 13C NMR and FT-IR analysis. The proportion of aromatic hydroxyl groups increased by 21.82% when the mass ratio of zeolite to PET was set to 2.0/1.0. The results indicate that ZSM-5 is able to facilitate the decomposition of carboxyl, aliphatic groups, and ether bonds in the primary products produced from the pyrolysis of PET. In addition, the deoxygenation effects on the waxy products have been significantly enhanced with the addition of zeolite based on the results of NMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Jia
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China; (H.J.); (Y.L.); (R.W.)
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Haoxi Ben
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China; (H.J.); (Y.L.); (R.W.)
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-188-5107-5775
| | - Ying Luo
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China; (H.J.); (Y.L.); (R.W.)
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China; (H.J.); (Y.L.); (R.W.)
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
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Masmoudi F, Alix S, Buet S, Mehri A, Bessadok A, Jaziri M, Ammar E. Design and Characterization of a New Food Packaging Material by Recycling Blends Virgin and Recovered polyethylene terephthalate. POLYM ENG SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Masmoudi
- Laboratory of Environmental Sciences and Sustainable Development, University of Sfax, National Engineering School of Sfax BP 1173, 3038 Sfax Tunisia
- Packaging Technical Centre (PACKTEC) Tunisia
- Preparatory Institute for Engineering Studies of Gafsa Gafsa Tunisia
| | - Sébastien Alix
- Université de Reims Champagne‐Ardenne, LISM EA 4695 IFTS/7 Boulevard Jean de Lautre ‐ BP 50028 ‐ 08005 Charleville‐Mezières Cedex France
| | - Stéphane Buet
- Université de Reims Champagne‐Ardenne, LISM EA 4695 IFTS/7 Boulevard Jean de Lautre ‐ BP 50028 ‐ 08005 Charleville‐Mezières Cedex France
| | - Afef Mehri
- Packaging Technical Centre (PACKTEC) Tunisia
| | - Atef Bessadok
- Preparatory Institute for Engineering Studies of Gafsa Gafsa Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Jaziri
- Electrochemistry and Environment LaboratoryUniversity of Sfax, National Engineering School of Sfax Sfax Tunisia
| | - Emna Ammar
- Laboratory of Environmental Sciences and Sustainable Development, University of Sfax, National Engineering School of Sfax BP 1173, 3038 Sfax Tunisia
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Wang Y, Chen S, Guang S, Wang Y, Zhang X, Chen W. Continuous post‐polycondensation of high‐viscosity poly(ethylene terephthalate) in the molten state. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- YongJun Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Textile Fiber Materials and Processing Technology (Zhejiang)Zhejiang Sci‐Tech University Hangzhou 310018 China
| | - ShiChang Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory for Textile Fiber Materials and Processing Technology (Zhejiang)Zhejiang Sci‐Tech University Hangzhou 310018 China
| | - ShanShan Guang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Textile Fiber Materials and Processing Technology (Zhejiang)Zhejiang Sci‐Tech University Hangzhou 310018 China
| | - Ying Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Textile Fiber Materials and Processing Technology (Zhejiang)Zhejiang Sci‐Tech University Hangzhou 310018 China
| | - XianMing Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Textile Fiber Materials and Processing Technology (Zhejiang)Zhejiang Sci‐Tech University Hangzhou 310018 China
| | - WenXing Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory for Textile Fiber Materials and Processing Technology (Zhejiang)Zhejiang Sci‐Tech University Hangzhou 310018 China
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20
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Enhanced PET processing with organophosphorus additive: Flame retardant products with added-value for recycling. Polym Degrad Stab 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Masmoudi F, Fenouillot F, Mehri A, Jaziri M, Ammar E. Characterization and quality assessment of recycled post-consumption poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:23307-23314. [PMID: 29869215 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2390-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the recycled post-consumption polyethylene terephthalate (PET) flakes were investigated as possible raw materials for the production of food packaging. After heating at 220 °C for 1 h, a steaming stage was conducted as a control test to assess the quality of the product. Different samples were characterized by 1H-NMR, FT-IR, DSC/TGA analysis, viscosity index (VI), and trace metals analysis. The results showed that the recycled post-consumed PET flakes' properties were generally conform to the standard norms of PET except the color of some flakes turned to yellow. Subsequently, a complementary study was undertaken to assess whether the material could be possibly reused for food packaging. For this purpose, rheological, thermal, and mechanical characterizations were performed. The results of the comparative study between the virgin and the recycled PET flakes concluded that the PET recycling affected the rheological properties but did not have any significant effect on their thermal and mechanical characteristics. Hence, it was deduced that the post-consumed PET flakes could be reused as a packaging material except food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Masmoudi
- Research Unit Urban and Coastal Environments, National Engineering School of Sfax, University of Sfax, BP 1173, 3038, Sfax, Tunisia
- Polymer Materials Engineering (IMP@INSA Lyon), Lyon, France
- Laboratory of Electrochemistry and Environment, National Engineering School of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | | | - Afef Mehri
- Packaging Technical Centre (PACKTEC), Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Jaziri
- Laboratory of Electrochemistry and Environment, National Engineering School of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Emna Ammar
- Research Unit Urban and Coastal Environments, National Engineering School of Sfax, University of Sfax, BP 1173, 3038, Sfax, Tunisia.
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24
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Zhang SX, Wu XL, Hao TH, Hu GH, Jiang T, Zhang QC, Zhao H. Structure design, fabrication and property investigation of water-based polyesters with notable surface hydrophilicity. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj03884h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Environmentally friendly waterborne polyesters (WPEs) were obtained by copolymerization of diethylene glycol (DEG), isophthalic acid (IPA) and 5-sulfoisophthalic acid monosodium salt (5-SSIPA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Xian Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Green Preparation and Application for Functional Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering
- Hubei University
- Wuhan 430062
- China
| | - Xiao-Li Wu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Green Preparation and Application for Functional Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering
- Hubei University
- Wuhan 430062
- China
| | - Tong-Hui Hao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Green Preparation and Application for Functional Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering
- Hubei University
- Wuhan 430062
- China
| | - Guo-Hua Hu
- Laboratory of Reactions and Process Engineering (CNRS UMR 7274)
- CNRS-University of Lorraine, ENSIC
- France
| | - Tao Jiang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Green Preparation and Application for Functional Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering
- Hubei University
- Wuhan 430062
- China
| | - Qun-Chao Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Green Preparation and Application for Functional Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering
- Hubei University
- Wuhan 430062
- China
| | - Hui Zhao
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering
- Guangxi University
- Nanning 530004
- China
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25
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Arrieta JS, Richaud E, Fayolle B, Nizeyimana F. Thermal oxidation of vinyl ester and unsaturated polyester resins. Polym Degrad Stab 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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26
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Da Cruz M, Van Schoors L, Benzarti K, Colin X. Thermo-oxidative degradation of additive free polyethylene. Part I. Analysis of chemical modifications at molecular and macromolecular scales. J Appl Polym Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/app.43287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Da Cruz
- Université Paris-Est, IFSTTAR, MAST, CPDM; 14-20 Boulevard Newton Cité Descartes, Champs Sur Marne, 77447 Marne-la-Vallée Cedex 2 Paris France
- Arts Et Métiers ParisTech, PIMM (UMR CNRS 8006); 151 Boulevard De L'hôpital Paris 75013 France
| | - Laetitia Van Schoors
- Université Paris-Est, IFSTTAR, MAST, CPDM; 14-20 Boulevard Newton Cité Descartes, Champs Sur Marne, 77447 Marne-la-Vallée Cedex 2 Paris France
| | - Karim Benzarti
- Université Paris-Est, IFSTTAR, MAST, CPDM; 14-20 Boulevard Newton Cité Descartes, Champs Sur Marne, 77447 Marne-la-Vallée Cedex 2 Paris France
| | - Xavier Colin
- Arts Et Métiers ParisTech, PIMM (UMR CNRS 8006); 151 Boulevard De L'hôpital Paris 75013 France
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Itim B, Philip M. Effect of multiple extrusions and influence of PP contamination on the thermal characteristics of bottle grade recycled PET. Polym Degrad Stab 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Dombre C, Marais S, Chappey C, Lixon-Buquet C, Chalier P. The behaviour of wine aroma compounds related to structure and barrier properties of virgin, recycled and active PET membranes. J Memb Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2014.03.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Zhao ML, Li FX, Yu JY, Wang XL. Preparation and characterization of poly(ethylene terephthalate) copolyesters modified with sodium-5-sulfo-bis-(hydroxyethyl)-isophthalate and poly(ethylene glycol). J Appl Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/app.39823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Liang Zhao
- College of Textile; Donghua University; Shanghai 201620 China
| | - Fa-Xue Li
- College of Textile; Donghua University; Shanghai 201620 China
| | - Jian-Yong Yu
- Modern Textile Institute; Donghua University; Shanghai 200051 China
| | - Xue-Li Wang
- Modern Textile Institute; Donghua University; Shanghai 200051 China
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Alongi J, Camino G, Malucelli G. Heating rate effect on char yield from cotton, poly(ethylene terephthalate) and blend fabrics. Carbohydr Polym 2013; 92:1327-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2012] [Revised: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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El-Mazry C, Ben Hassine M, Correc O, Colin X. Thermal oxidation kinetics of additive free polyamide 6-6. Polym Degrad Stab 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2012.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Badia J, Santonja-Blasco L, Martínez-Felipe A, Ribes-Greus A. Hygrothermal ageing of reprocessed polylactide. Polym Degrad Stab 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Material valorisation of amorphous polylactide. Influence of thermo-mechanical degradation on the morphology, segmental dynamics, thermal and mechanical performance. Polym Degrad Stab 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2011.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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