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Wang C, Huo S, Ye G, Shi Q, Fang Z, Wang H, Liu Z. Phenylboronic acid-decorated ZrP nanosheets for enhancing fire resistance, smoke suppression, and water/acid/alkali tolerance of intumescent coatings. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.130292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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2
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Valentini F, Roux JC, Lopez-Cuesta JM, Fambri L, Dorigato A, Pegoretti A. Fire behaviour of EPDM/NBR panels with paraffin for thermal energy storage applications. Part 1: fire behaviour. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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3
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Synergistic Effect between Piperazine Pyrophosphate and Melamine Polyphosphate in Flame Retardant Coatings for Structural Steel. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14183722. [PMID: 36145864 PMCID: PMC9500694 DOI: 10.3390/polym14183722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Piperazine pyrophosphate (PAPP) combined with melamine polyphosphate (MPP) was adopted to prepare a waterborne fire retardant intumescent coating (IC) for structural steel. Silicone acrylic emulsion was used as binder. In the 2-h torch test, PAPP/MPP-IC coating presented excellent fire resistance performance. The equilibrium temperature at the backside of the steel board decreased to 170 °C with protection of MPP/PAPP-IC, compared with 326 °C of APP/PER/MEL-IC. After 72-h water immersion, MPP/PAPP-IC could still provide sufficient thermal isolation, but APP/PER/MEL-IC failed the test. The water absorption of the MPP/PAPP coating was also reduced. The thermogravimetric analysis measured that the PAPP/MPP-IC had unique initial decomposition temperature of 296 °C and higher residue of 33.8 wt%, which demonstrated better thermal stability and fire retardancy in condensed phase. In addition, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images illustrated that the structure of the carbon layer formed by MPP/PAPP-IC was dense, complete and consistent, indicating the improvement of mechanical strength and thermal isolation of the char. The synergistic effect between piperazine and phosphoric acid groups in MPP/PAPP contributed to the superior flame retardancy. Consequently, MPP/PAPP-IC was much more efficient than the traditional APP/PER/MEL-IC. This work provides a novel way for designing flame retardant coatings for structural steel with excellent comprehensive performance.
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Rice Husk Ash-Based Geopolymer Binder: Compressive Strength, Optimize Composition, FTIR Spectroscopy, Microstructural, and Potential as Fire-Retardant Material. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13244373. [PMID: 34960924 PMCID: PMC8709169 DOI: 10.3390/polym13244373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Compressive strength is an important property in construction material, particularly for thermal insulation purposes. Although the insulation materials possess high fire-retardant characteristics, their mechanical properties are relatively poor. Moreover, research on the correlation between fire-retardant and compressive strength of rice husk ash (RHA)-based geopolymer binder (GB) is rather limited. In addition, previous studies on RHA-based GB used the less efficient one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) approach. In understanding the optimum value and significant effect of factors on the compressive strength, it was deemed necessary to employ statistical analysis and a regression coefficient model (mathematical model). The objective of the study is to determine the effect of different material behavior, namely brittle and ductile, on the compressive strength properties and the optimum material formulation that can satisfy both compressive strength and fire-retardant properties. The factors chosen for this study were the rice husk ash/activated alkaline solution (RHA/AA) ratio and the sodium hydroxide (NaOH) concentration. Compressive strength and fire-retardant tests were conducted as part of the experiments, which were designed and analyzed using the response surface methodology (RSM). The microstructure of geopolymer samples was investigated using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Results showed that RHA/AA ratio was highly significant (p < 0.000) followed by NaOH concentration (p < 0.024). When the RHA/AA ratio was at 0.7 to 0.8 and the NaOH concentration was between 12 and 14 M, high compressive strength above 28 MPa was recorded. Optimum compressive strength of approximately 47 MPa was achieved when the RHA/AA ratio and NaOH concentration were 0.85 and 14 M, respectively. Brittle samples with low Si/Al ratio of 88.95 were high in compressive strength, which is 33.55 MPa, and showed a high degree of geopolymerization. Inversely, ductile samples showed low compressive strength and degree of geopolymerization. Water content within the geopolymer binder had a major effect on its fire-retardant properties. Semi-ductile GB showed the best fire-retardant properties, followed by semi-brittle and brittle GB. Using RHA as an aluminosilicate source has proven to be a promising alternative.
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5
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Novel carbon nitride@polydopamine/molybdenum disulfide nanoflame retardant improves fire performance of composite coatings. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.127575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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6
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Mastori H, Sonnier R, Ferry L, Coutin M. Fire behavior of lead-containing PMMA based Kyowaglas. Polym Degrad Stab 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2021.109618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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7
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Ullah S, Ahmad F, Al‐Sehemi AG, Raza MR, Assiri MA, Irfan A, Oñate E, Yeoh GH. Effects of expandable graphite on char morphology and pyrolysis of epoxy based intumescent
fire‐retardant
coating. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sami Ullah
- Department of Chemistry College of Science, King Khalid University Abha Saudi Arabia
| | - Faiz Ahmad
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS Seri Iskandar Malaysia
| | - Abdullah G. Al‐Sehemi
- Department of Chemistry College of Science, King Khalid University Abha Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Rafi Raza
- Department of Mechanical Engineering COMSATS University Islamabad Sahiwal Pakistan
| | - Mohammed Ali Assiri
- Department of Chemistry College of Science, King Khalid University Abha Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Irfan
- Department of Chemistry College of Science, King Khalid University Abha Saudi Arabia
| | - Eugenio Oñate
- International Centre for Numerical Methods in Engineering (CIMNE), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC) Barcelona Spain
| | - Guan Heng Yeoh
- Mechanical Engineering University of New South Wales Kensington New South Wales Australia
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8
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Research on Fabrication of Flame Retardant Nanocomposite Coating to Protect Steel Structures on Epikote 240 Epoxy Resin Base with the Synergy of MWCNTs and Fly Ash. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.1155/2021/9961321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The use of industrial wastes such as thermal power plant fly ash can reduce the environmental risk. The fly ash properties are useful and can contribute to organic coatings. This paper examines a new strategy for coatings that protect steel structures from the effects of fire while enhancing mechanical properties. The aim of this study was to show that the fly ash additive can be a partial replacement for other conventional additives while also having a flame retardant effect. To study the effectiveness of the use of fly ash additives, we have sought to combine them with nanoadditives. Specifically, we study the synergy of fly ash with multi-wall carbon nanotube additives to reinforce the coating on the system: epoxy Epikote 240/ammonium polyphosphate (APP)/pentaerythritol (PER), and melamine. Content of fly ash was studied: 10 wt.% with 0.5, 1, and 1.5 wt.% of multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). The results prove that the synergies between fly ash and multi-wall carbon nanotubes increase the fire resistance to increase the protection of steel structures of the building. When using 10 wt.% fly ash and 1 wt.% MWCNTS, the coating can be considered as a flame retardant material with UL 94V-0 fire resistance and the limiting oxygen index of 27.2%..
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9
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Activation of Nano Kaolin Clay for Bio-Glycerol Conversion to a Valuable Fuel Additive. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13052631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
High production of biodiesel results in a surplus of glycerol as a byproduct that leads to a drastic decline in the glycerol price as well as overall biodiesel production. Alternative methods must be introduced for the economical process for biodiesel production via utilization of crude glycerol into valuable chemicals or fuel additives. This study introduces an ecofriendly process of solketal synthesis from glycerol and acetone in the presence of a novel metakaolin clay catalyst, which is a useful additive in biodiesel or gasoline, in order to enhance the octane number and to control the emissions. Moreover, kaolin clay catalysts are low cost, abundantly available, eco-friendly and one of the more promising applications for solketal synthesis. In this study, raw kaolin clay was activated with an easy acid activation technique, modification in physicochemical and textural properties were determined by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) spectroscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope. Among all acid-treated catalysts, metakaolin K3 have shown best catalytic properties, high surface area and pore size after acid activation with 3.0 mol/dm3 at 98 °C for 3 h. Acetalization of glycerol with acetone carried out in the presence of an environmentally friendly and inexpensive novel metakaolin K3 catalyst. The maximum yield of solketal obtained was 84% at a temperature of 50 °C, acetone/glycerol molar ratio 6/1 and for 90 min with novel metakaolin clay catalyst. Effect of various parameters (time, temperature, acetone/glycerol molar ratio, catalyst loading) on the solketal yield and glycerol conversion was discussed in detail. This approach offers an effective way to transform glycerol into solketal—a desirable green chemical with future industrial applications.
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10
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Huang S, Wang L, Li Y, Liang C, Zhang J. Novel
Ti
3
C
2
T
x
MXene/epoxy intumescent fire‐retardant coatings for ancient wooden architectures. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shan Huang
- School of Mechanics, Civil Engineering and Architecture Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - Lei Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science and Technology School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - Yuchen Li
- Queen Mary University of London Engineering School Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - Chaobo Liang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science and Technology School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - Junliang Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science and Technology School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an Shaanxi China
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Członka S, Kairytė A, Miedzińska K, Strąkowska A. Polyurethane Hybrid Composites Reinforced with Lavender Residue Functionalized with Kaolinite and Hydroxyapatite. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:415. [PMID: 33467655 PMCID: PMC7829896 DOI: 10.3390/ma14020415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Polyurethane (PUR) composites were modified with 2 wt.% of lavender fillers functionalized with kaolinite (K) and hydroxyapatite (HA). The impact of lavender fillers on selected properties of PUR composites, such as rheological properties (dynamic viscosity, foaming behavior), mechanical properties (compressive strength, flexural strength, impact strength), insulation properties (thermal conductivity), thermal characteristic (temperature of thermal decomposition stages), flame retardancy (e.g., ignition time, limiting oxygen index, heat peak release) and performance properties (water uptake, contact angle) was investigated. Among all modified types of PUR composites, the greatest improvement was observed for PUR composites filled with lavender fillers functionalized with kaolinite and hydroxyapatite. For example, on the addition of functionalized lavender fillers, the compressive strength was enhanced by ~16-18%, flexural strength by ~9-12%, and impact strength by ~7%. Due to the functionalization of lavender filler with thermally stable flame retardant compounds, such modified PUR composites were characterized by higher temperatures of thermal decomposition. Most importantly, PUR composites filled with flame retardant compounds exhibited improved flame resistance characteristics-in both cases, the value of peak heat release was reduced by ~50%, while the value of total smoke release was reduced by ~30%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Członka
- Institute of Polymer & Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (K.M.); (A.S.)
| | - Agnė Kairytė
- Laboratory of Thermal Insulating Materials and Acoustics, Institute of Building Materials, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Linkmenu st. 28, LT-08217 Vilnius, Lithuania;
| | - Karolina Miedzińska
- Institute of Polymer & Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (K.M.); (A.S.)
| | - Anna Strąkowska
- Institute of Polymer & Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (K.M.); (A.S.)
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12
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Ullah S, Ahmad F, Al‐Sehemi AG, Assiri MA, Raza MR, Irfan A. Effect of expandable graphite and ammonium polyphosphate on the thermal degradation and weathering of intumescent
fire‐retardant
coating. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sami Ullah
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science King Khalid University Abha Saudi Arabia
| | - Faiz Ahmad
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS Bandar Seri Iskandar Malaysia
| | - Abdullah G. Al‐Sehemi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science King Khalid University Abha Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Ali Assiri
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science King Khalid University Abha Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Rafi Raza
- Department of Mechanical Engineering COMSATS University Islamabad—Sahiwal Campus Sahiwal Pakistan
| | - Ahmad Irfan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science King Khalid University Abha Saudi Arabia
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13
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Effects of Halloysite Nanotube Reinforcement in Expandable Graphite Based Intumescent Fire Retardant Coatings Developed Using Hybrid Epoxy Binder System. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-018-2148-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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14
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Experimental Study on the Fire Performance of Tubular Steel Columns with Membrane Protections for Prefabricated and Modular Steel Construction. MATERIALS 2018; 11:ma11030437. [PMID: 29547574 PMCID: PMC5873016 DOI: 10.3390/ma11030437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Experimental research was conducted to study the fire resistance of steel tubular columns used in prefabricated and modular construction. In order to achieve high-efficient prefabrication and fast on-site installation, membrane protections using board products and thermal insulation blankets are adopted as the favorable protection method. Three protected tubular columns were tested in a full-scale column furnace with axial load applied. The study variables were different membranes, including fiber reinforced calcium silicate (FRCS) boards, rock wool and aluminum silica (Fiberfrax) insulations. The results suggest that one layer of 12 mm FRCS board with rock wool insulation has insufficient fire protection. However, steel columns protected with two layers of 12 mm FRCS boards with insulation appeared to have good fire resistances and could achieve a fire resistance rating as high as 2.5~3.0 h.
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15
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The Role of Bentonite Clay on Improvement in Char Adhesion of Intumescent Fire-Retardant Coating with Steel Substrate. ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13369-017-2423-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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16
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Zhang J, Li W, Cui HL, Shi C, Han X, Ma Y, Chen J, Chang T, Wei D, Zhang Y, Zhou Y. Nondestructive Evaluation of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites Using Reflective Terahertz Imaging. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2016; 16:E875. [PMID: 27314352 PMCID: PMC4934301 DOI: 10.3390/s16060875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Terahertz (THz) time-domain spectroscopy (TDS) imaging is considered a nondestructive evaluation method for composite materials used for examining various defects of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites and fire-retardant coatings in the reflective imaging modality. We demonstrate that hidden defects simulated by Teflon artificial inserts are imaged clearly in the perpendicular polarization mode. The THz TDS technique is also used to measure the thickness of thin fire-retardant coatings on CFRP composites with a typical accuracy of about 10 micrometers. In addition, coating debonding is successfully imaged based on the time-delay difference of the time-domain waveforms between closely adhered and debonded sample locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhang
- College of Instrumentation and Electrical Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130061, China.
| | - Wei Li
- Research Center for Terahertz Technology, Key Laboratory of Multi-scale Manufacturing Technology, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China.
| | - Hong-Liang Cui
- College of Instrumentation and Electrical Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130061, China.
- Research Center for Terahertz Technology, Key Laboratory of Multi-scale Manufacturing Technology, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China.
| | - Changcheng Shi
- Research Center for Terahertz Technology, Key Laboratory of Multi-scale Manufacturing Technology, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China.
| | - Xiaohui Han
- College of Instrumentation and Electrical Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130061, China.
| | - Yuting Ma
- College of Instrumentation and Electrical Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130061, China.
| | - Jiandong Chen
- College of Instrumentation and Electrical Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130061, China.
| | - Tianying Chang
- College of Instrumentation and Electrical Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130061, China.
- Research Center for Terahertz Technology, Key Laboratory of Multi-scale Manufacturing Technology, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China.
| | - Dongshan Wei
- Research Center for Terahertz Technology, Key Laboratory of Multi-scale Manufacturing Technology, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China.
| | - Yumin Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China.
| | - Yufeng Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China.
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