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Shi C, Quinn EC, Diment WT, Chen EYX. Recyclable and (Bio)degradable Polyesters in a Circular Plastics Economy. Chem Rev 2024; 124:4393-4478. [PMID: 38518259 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Polyesters carrying polar main-chain ester linkages exhibit distinct material properties for diverse applications and thus play an important role in today's plastics economy. It is anticipated that they will play an even greater role in tomorrow's circular plastics economy that focuses on sustainability, thanks to the abundant availability of their biosourced building blocks and the presence of the main-chain ester bonds that can be chemically or biologically cleaved on demand by multiple methods and thus bring about more desired end-of-life plastic waste management options. Because of this potential and promise, there have been intense research activities directed at addressing recycling, upcycling or biodegradation of existing legacy polyesters, designing their biorenewable alternatives, and redesigning future polyesters with intrinsic chemical recyclability and tailored performance that can rival today's commodity plastics that are either petroleum based and/or hard to recycle. This review captures these exciting recent developments and outlines future challenges and opportunities. Case studies on the legacy polyesters, poly(lactic acid), poly(3-hydroxyalkanoate)s, poly(ethylene terephthalate), poly(butylene succinate), and poly(butylene-adipate terephthalate), are presented, and emerging chemically recyclable polyesters are comprehensively reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changxia Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Ethan C Quinn
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Wilfred T Diment
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Eugene Y-X Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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2
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Main P, Petersmann S, Wild N, Feuchter M, Duretek I, Edeleva M, Ragaert P, Cardon L, Lucyshyn T. Impact of Multiple Reprocessing on Properties of Polyhydroxybutyrate and Polypropylene. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4126. [PMID: 37896370 PMCID: PMC10611211 DOI: 10.3390/polym15204126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Biobased plastics have the potential to be sustainable, but to explore their circularity further, current end-of-life options need to be broadened. Mechanical recycling is one of the most accepted methods to bring back plastics into the loop. Polyhydroxybutyrates (PHBs) are biobased and biodegradable in nature with promising properties and varied applications in the market. This study focuses on their potential for mechanical recycling by multiple extrusion cycles (E1-E5) and multi-faceted characterization of the virgin (V) and reprocessed materials from E1 to E5. The behavior is compared to polypropylene (PP) as a reference with a similar property profile, which has also been reprocessed five times. The thermal properties of both series showed a stable melting point and thermal decomposition temperature from thermal analyses (differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)). However, a steady increase in the degree of crystallinity was observed which could counterbalance the decrease in molecular weight due to repeated extrusion measured by gel permeation chromatography and resulted in similar values of tensile strength across the cycles. The strain at break was impacted after the first extrusion, but no significant change was observed thereafter; the same was observed for impact strength. Even in scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images, virgin and E5 samples appeared similar, showing the stability of morphological characteristics. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) results revealed that no new groups are being formed even on repeated processing. The deviation between the PHB and PP series was more predominant in the melt mass flow rate (MFR) and rheology studies. There was a drastic drop in the MFR values in PHB from virgin to E5, whereas not much difference was observed for PP throughout the cycles. This observation was corroborated by frequency sweeps conducted with the parallel plate method. The viscosity dropped from virgin to E1 and E2, but from E3 to E5 it presented similar values. This was in contrast to PP, where all the samples from virgin to E5 had the same values of viscosity. This paper highlights the possibilities of mechanical recycling of PHB and explains why future work with the addition of virgin material and other additives is an area to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Main
- Polymer Processing, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Otto-Gloeckel-Straße 2, 8700 Leoben, Austria;
- Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Centre for Polymer and Material Technologies, Ghent University, Technologiepark Zwijnaarde 130 (Zone C3), 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium; (M.E.); (L.C.)
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium;
| | - Sandra Petersmann
- Materials Science and Testing of Polymers, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Otto Gloeckel-Straße 2, 8700 Leoben, Austria; (S.P.); (N.W.); (M.F.)
| | - Nadine Wild
- Materials Science and Testing of Polymers, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Otto Gloeckel-Straße 2, 8700 Leoben, Austria; (S.P.); (N.W.); (M.F.)
| | - Michael Feuchter
- Materials Science and Testing of Polymers, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Otto Gloeckel-Straße 2, 8700 Leoben, Austria; (S.P.); (N.W.); (M.F.)
| | - Ivica Duretek
- Polymer Processing, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Otto-Gloeckel-Straße 2, 8700 Leoben, Austria;
| | - Mariya Edeleva
- Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Centre for Polymer and Material Technologies, Ghent University, Technologiepark Zwijnaarde 130 (Zone C3), 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium; (M.E.); (L.C.)
| | - Peter Ragaert
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium;
| | - Ludwig Cardon
- Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Centre for Polymer and Material Technologies, Ghent University, Technologiepark Zwijnaarde 130 (Zone C3), 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium; (M.E.); (L.C.)
| | - Thomas Lucyshyn
- Polymer Processing, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Otto-Gloeckel-Straße 2, 8700 Leoben, Austria;
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3
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Velghe I, Buffel B, Vandeginste V, Thielemans W, Desplentere F. Review on the Degradation of Poly(lactic acid) during Melt Processing. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15092047. [PMID: 37177194 PMCID: PMC10181416 DOI: 10.3390/polym15092047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This review paper presents an overview of the state of the art on process-induced degradation of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and the relative importance of different processing variables. The sensitivity of PLA to degradation, especially during melt processing, is considered a significant challenge as it may result in deterioration of its properties. The focus of this review is on degradation during melt processing techniques such as injection molding and extrusion, and therefore it does not deal with biodegradation. Firstly, the general processing and fundamental variables that determine the degradation are discussed. Secondly, the material properties (for example rheological, thermal, and mechanical) are presented that can be used to monitor and quantify the degradation. Thirdly, the effects of different processing variables on the extent of degradation are reviewed. Fourthly, additives are discussed for melt stabilization of PLA. Although current literature reports the degradation reactions and clearly indicates the effect of degradation on PLA's properties, there are still knowledge gaps in how to select and predict the processing conditions that minimize process-induced degradation to save raw materials and time during production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ineke Velghe
- Processing of Polymers and Innovative Material Systems ProPoliS, Department of Materials Engineering, KU Leuven Campus Bruges, Spoorwegstraat 12, 8200 Bruges, Belgium
| | - Bart Buffel
- Processing of Polymers and Innovative Material Systems ProPoliS, Department of Materials Engineering, KU Leuven Campus Bruges, Spoorwegstraat 12, 8200 Bruges, Belgium
| | - Veerle Vandeginste
- Surface and Interface Engineering Materials, Department of Materials Engineering, KU Leuven Campus Bruges, Spoorwegstraat 12, 8200 Bruges, Belgium
| | - Wim Thielemans
- Sustainable Materials Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven Campus Kulak Kortrijk, Etienne Sabbelaan 53, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Frederik Desplentere
- Processing of Polymers and Innovative Material Systems ProPoliS, Department of Materials Engineering, KU Leuven Campus Bruges, Spoorwegstraat 12, 8200 Bruges, Belgium
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4
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Kumar R, Sadeghi K, Jang J, Seo J. Mechanical, chemical, and bio-recycling of biodegradable plastics: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 882:163446. [PMID: 37075991 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The extensive use of petroleum-based non-biodegradable plastics for various applications has led to global concerns regarding the severe environmental issues associated with them. However, biodegradable plastics are emerging as green alternatives to petroleum-based non-biodegradable plastics. Biodegradable plastics, which include bio-based and petroleum-based biodegradable polymers, exhibit advantageous properties such as renewability, biocompatibility, and non-toxicity. Furthermore, certain biodegradable plastics are compatible with existing recycling streams intended for conventional plastics and are biodegradable in controlled and/or predicted environments. Recycling biodegradable plastics before their end-of-life (EOL) degradation further enhances their sustainability and reduces their carbon footprint. Since the production of biodegradable plastic is increasing and these materials will coexist with conventional plastics for many years to come, it is essential to identify the optimal recycling options for each of the most prevalent biodegradable plastics. The substitution of virgin biodegradable plastics by their recyclates leads to higher savings in the primary energy demand and reduces global warming impact. This review covers the current state of the mechanical, chemical, and bio-recycling of post-industrial and post-consumer waste of biodegradable plastics and their related composites. The effects of recycling on the chemical structure and thermomechanical properties of biodegradable plastics are also reported. Additionally, the improvement of biodegradable plastics by blending them with other polymers and nanoparticles is comprehensively discussed. Finally, the status of bioplastic usage, life cycle assessment, EOL management, bioplastic market, and the challenges associated with the recyclability of biodegradable plastics are addressed. This review gives comprehensive insights into the recycling processes that may be employed for the recycling of biodegradable plastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritesh Kumar
- Department of Packaging, Yonsei University, 1 Yonseidae-gil, Wonju-si, Gangwon-do 26493, South Korea
| | - Kambiz Sadeghi
- Department of Packaging, Yonsei University, 1 Yonseidae-gil, Wonju-si, Gangwon-do 26493, South Korea
| | - Jaeyoung Jang
- Department of Packaging, Yonsei University, 1 Yonseidae-gil, Wonju-si, Gangwon-do 26493, South Korea
| | - Jongchul Seo
- Department of Packaging, Yonsei University, 1 Yonseidae-gil, Wonju-si, Gangwon-do 26493, South Korea.
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5
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Recent advances on reactive Extrusion of Poly(lactic acid). Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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6
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COVID-19 Biomedical Plastics Wastes—Challenges and Strategies for Curbing the Environmental Disaster. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14116466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The rise of the COVID-19 outbreak has made handling plastic waste much more difficult. Our superior, hyper-hygienic way of life has changed our behavioural patterns, such as the use of PPE (Personal Protective Equipment), the increased desire for plastic-packaged food and commodities, and the use of disposable utensils, as a result of the fear of transmission. The constraints and inefficiencies of our current waste management system, in dealing with our growing reliance on plastic, could worsen its mismanagement and leakage into the environment, causing a new environmental crisis. A sustainable, systemic, and hierarchical plastic management plan, which clearly outlines the respective responsibilities as well as the socioeconomic and environmental implications of these actions, is required to tackle the problem of plastic pollution. It will necessitate action strategies tailored to individual types of plastic waste and country demand, as well as increased support from policymakers and the general public. The situation of biomedical plastic wastes during the COVID-19 epidemic is alarming. In addition, treatment of plastic waste, sterilisation, incineration, and alternative technologies for transforming bio-plastic waste into value-added products were discussed, elaborately. Our review would help to promote sustainable technologies to manage plastic waste, which can only be achieved with a change in behaviour among individuals and society, which might help to safeguard against going from one disaster to another in the coming days.
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7
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Reprocessability of PLA through Chain Extension for Fused Filament Fabrication. JOURNAL OF MANUFACTURING AND MATERIALS PROCESSING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/jmmp6010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
As additive manufacturing (AM) technologies have been gaining popularity in the plastic processing sector, it has become a major concern to establish closed-loop recycling strategies to maximize the value of the materials processed, therefore enhancing their sustainability. However, there are challenges to overcome related to the performance of recycled materials since, after mechanical recycling, the molecular degradation of thermoplastics shifts their performance and processability. In this work, it was hypothesized that the incorporation of a chain extender (CE) during the reprocessing would allow us to overcome these drawbacks. To attest this conjecture, the influence of 1,3-Bis(4,5-dihydro-2-oxazolyl)benzene (PBO), used as a CE, on mechanical, thermal, and rheological properties of polilactic acid (PLA) was studied. Furthermore, a closed-loop recycling system based on Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) was attempted, consisting of the material preparation, filament extrusion, production of 3D components, and mechanical recycling steps. PBO partially recovered the recycled PLA mechanical performance, reflected by an increase in both tensile modulus (+13%) and tensile strength (+121%), when compared with recycled PLA without PBO. Printability tests were conducted, with the material’s brittle behavior being the major constraint for successfully establishing a closed-loop recycling scheme for FFF applications.
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8
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Mtibe A, Motloung MP, Bandyopadhyay J, Ray SS. Synthetic Biopolymers and Their Composites: Advantages and Limitations-An Overview. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 42:e2100130. [PMID: 34216411 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Recently, polymer science and engineering research has shifted toward the development of environmentally benign polymers to reduce the impact of plastic leakage on the ecosystems. Stringent regulations and concerns regarding conventional polymers are the main driving forces for the development of renewable, biodegradable, sustainable, and environmentally benign materials. Although biopolymers can alleviate plastic-related pollution, several factors dictate the utilization of biopolymers. Herein, an overview of the potential and limitations of synthetic biopolymers and their composites in the context of environmentally benign materials for a sustainable future are presented. The synthetic biopolymer market, technical advancements for different applications, lifecycle analysis, and biodegradability are covered. The current trends, challenges, and opportunities for bioplastic recycling are also discussed. In summary, this review is expected to provide guidelines for future development related to synthetic biopolymer-based sustainable polymeric materials suitable for various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asanda Mtibe
- Centre for Nanostructures and Advanced Materials, DSI-CSIR Nanotechnology Innovation Centre, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Mpho Phillip Motloung
- Centre for Nanostructures and Advanced Materials, DSI-CSIR Nanotechnology Innovation Centre, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa.,Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, 2028, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Jayita Bandyopadhyay
- Centre for Nanostructures and Advanced Materials, DSI-CSIR Nanotechnology Innovation Centre, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Suprakas Sinha Ray
- Centre for Nanostructures and Advanced Materials, DSI-CSIR Nanotechnology Innovation Centre, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
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9
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Beltrán FR, Arrieta MP, Elena Antón D, Lozano-Pérez AA, Cenis JL, Gaspar G, de la Orden MU, Martínez Urreaga J. Effect of Yerba Mate and Silk Fibroin Nanoparticles on the Migration Properties in Ethanolic Food Simulants and Composting Disintegrability of Recycled PLA Nanocomposites. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13121925. [PMID: 34200571 PMCID: PMC8230047 DOI: 10.3390/polym13121925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The main objective of the present research is to study the effect of the incorporation of low amounts of silk fibroin nanoparticles (SFNs) and yerba mate nanoparticles (YMNs) on the migration phenomenon into ethanolic food simulants as well as on the disintegrability under composting conditions of mechanically recycled polylactic acid (PLA). Recycled PLA was obtained under simulated recycling conditions by melt processing virgin PLA into films and further subjecting them to an accelerated aging process, which involved photochemical, thermal, and hydrothermal aging steps followed by an intense washing step. SFNs were extracted from Bombyx mori cocoons and YMNs from yerba mate waste. Then, recycled PLA was melted, reprocessed, and reinforced with either 1%wt. of SFNs or YMNs, by melt extrusion, and further processed into films by compression molding. The obtained nanocomposites were exposed to ethanolic food simulants (ethanol 10% v/v, simulant A and ethanol 50% v/v, simulant D1) and the structural, thermal, and mechanical properties were studied before and after the exposure to the food simulants. The migration levels in both food simulants were below the overall migration limits required for food contact materials. The materials were disintegrated under simulated composting conditions at the laboratory scale level and it was observed that the nanoparticles delayed the disintegration rate of the recycled PLA matrix, but nanocomposites were fully disintegrated in less than one month.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freddys R. Beltrán
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química Industrial y Medio Ambiente, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, E.T.S.I. Industriales, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (F.R.B.); (D.E.A.); (G.G.); (J.M.U.)
- Grupo de Investigación Polímeros Caracterización y Aplicaciones (POLCA), Madrid, Spain;
| | - Marina P. Arrieta
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química Industrial y Medio Ambiente, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, E.T.S.I. Industriales, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (F.R.B.); (D.E.A.); (G.G.); (J.M.U.)
- Grupo de Investigación Polímeros Caracterización y Aplicaciones (POLCA), Madrid, Spain;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-910-677-301
| | - Diego Elena Antón
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química Industrial y Medio Ambiente, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, E.T.S.I. Industriales, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (F.R.B.); (D.E.A.); (G.G.); (J.M.U.)
| | - Antonio A. Lozano-Pérez
- Depertamento de Biotecnología, Genómica y Mejora Vegetal, Instituto Murciano de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario y Alimentario (IMIDA), 30150 Murcia, Spain; (A.A.L.-P.); (J.L.C.)
| | - José L. Cenis
- Depertamento de Biotecnología, Genómica y Mejora Vegetal, Instituto Murciano de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario y Alimentario (IMIDA), 30150 Murcia, Spain; (A.A.L.-P.); (J.L.C.)
| | - Gerald Gaspar
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química Industrial y Medio Ambiente, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, E.T.S.I. Industriales, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (F.R.B.); (D.E.A.); (G.G.); (J.M.U.)
- Grupo de Investigación Polímeros Caracterización y Aplicaciones (POLCA), Madrid, Spain;
| | - María U. de la Orden
- Grupo de Investigación Polímeros Caracterización y Aplicaciones (POLCA), Madrid, Spain;
- Deparamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Óptica y Optometría, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28037 Madrid, Spain
| | - Joaquín Martínez Urreaga
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química Industrial y Medio Ambiente, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, E.T.S.I. Industriales, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (F.R.B.); (D.E.A.); (G.G.); (J.M.U.)
- Grupo de Investigación Polímeros Caracterización y Aplicaciones (POLCA), Madrid, Spain;
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10
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Pascual-Jose B, Badia J, Múgica A, Addiego F, Müller AJ, Ribes-Greus A. Analysis of plasticization and reprocessing effects on the segmental cooperativity of polylactide by dielectric thermal spectroscopy. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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11
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Mikula K, Skrzypczak D, Izydorczyk G, Warchoł J, Moustakas K, Chojnacka K, Witek-Krowiak A. 3D printing filament as a second life of waste plastics-a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:12321-12333. [PMID: 32888147 PMCID: PMC7473699 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10657-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In recent times, the issue of plastic recycling has become one of the leading issues of environmental protection and waste management. Polymer materials have been found an application in many areas of daily life and industry. Along with their extended use, the problem of plastic wastes appeared because, after withdrawal from use, they became persistent and noxious wastes. The possibility of reusing polymeric materials gives a possibility of valorization-a second life-and enables effective waste utilization to obtain consumable products. The 3D printing market is a well-growing sector. Printable filaments can be made from a variety of thermoplastic materials, including those from recycling. This paper focuses on a review of the available literature on the production of filaments for 3D printers from recycled polymers as the alternative to present approach of central selective collection of plastics. The possibility of recycling of basic thermoplastic materials and the impact of processing on their physicochemical and mechanical properties were verified (Lanzotti et al. 2019). In addition, commercially available filaments produced from recycled materials and devices which allow self-production of filaments to 3D printing from plastic waste were reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Mikula
- Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Smoluchowskiego 25, 50-372, Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Dawid Skrzypczak
- Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Smoluchowskiego 25, 50-372, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Izydorczyk
- Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Smoluchowskiego 25, 50-372, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jolanta Warchoł
- Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Smoluchowskiego 25, 50-372, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Konstantinos Moustakas
- School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Iroon Polytechniou Str., Zographou Campus, GR-15780, Athens, Greece
| | - Katarzyna Chojnacka
- Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Smoluchowskiego 25, 50-372, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Anna Witek-Krowiak
- Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Smoluchowskiego 25, 50-372, Wrocław, Poland
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12
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Briassoulis D, Pikasi A, Hiskakis M. Recirculation potential of post-consumer /industrial bio-based plastics through mechanical recycling - Techno-economic sustainability criteria and indicators. Polym Degrad Stab 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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13
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Pinho AC, Amaro AM, Piedade AP. 3D printing goes greener: Study of the properties of post-consumer recycled polymers for the manufacturing of engineering components. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 118:426-434. [PMID: 32966947 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study concerns the evaluation of several properties/characteristics of 3D printed poly(lactic acid) (PLA) polymer and acrylonitrile-butadienestyrene (ABS) copolymer, recycled from food packages and car dashboards, respectively. The aim is to evaluate the potential of recycled polymers that are recovered from solid polymer waste (SPW) to be reused for functional components/parts for add-value applications. The study compared the performance of the recycled material with the obtained from the 3D printing of virgin polymer. The characterization was made considering the chemical, thermal and mechanical properties as well as surface roughness and wettability. Although the thermal characterization did not indicate significant variations between recycled and virgin material, the mechanical recycling process induced some chain scission in PLA. Consequently, the semi-crystalline polymer revealed losses of 33% both in tensile stress and flexural strength. On the contrary, recycled ABS did not show changes in the mechanical properties of the printed specimens. Both recycled polymers produced smoother surfaces with a decrease of the mean surface roughness between 55% and 65%. Considering the properties required by manufacturers of food containers and car dashboards, this study indicates that recycled materials can be reused for the same applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Pinho
- University of Coimbra, CEMMPRE, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana M Amaro
- University of Coimbra, CEMMPRE, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana P Piedade
- University of Coimbra, CEMMPRE, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal.
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14
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Carli LN, Daitx TS, Gonçalves GPO, Bianchi O, Crespo JS, Mauler RS. Influence of the thermomechanical degradation on the formation of the crystalline structure of
PHBV
evaluated by temperature‐resolved
SAXS
experiments. POLYM ENG SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Larissa N. Carli
- Campus Blumenau Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina Blumenau Santa Catarina Brazil
| | - Tales S. Daitx
- Instituto de Química Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
| | - Gustavo P. O. Gonçalves
- Centro de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
| | - Otávio Bianchi
- Departamento de Engenharia dos Materiais Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
| | - Janaina S. Crespo
- Área do Conhecimento de Ciências Exatas e Engenharias Universidade de Caxias do Sul Caxias do Sul Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
| | - Raquel S. Mauler
- Instituto de Química Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
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15
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Benvenuta-Tapia JJ, Vivaldo-Lima E. Reduction of molar mass loss and enhancement of thermal and rheological properties of recycled poly(lactic acid) by using chain extenders obtained from RAFT chemistry. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2020.104628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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16
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Lv Y, Chen J, Xu W, Kong M. Multiscale analysis on multiextruded poly(lactic acid)/organoclay nanocomposites: Insights into the underlying mechanisms of thermomechanical degradation. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yadong Lv
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Jiaxing Chen
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Wenqing Xu
- School of Aeronautics and Astronautics Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Miqiu Kong
- School of Aeronautics and Astronautics Sichuan University Chengdu China
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17
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Brüster B, Adjoua YO, Dieden R, Grysan P, Federico CE, Berthé V, Addiego F. Plasticization of Polylactide with Myrcene and Limonene as Bio-Based Plasticizers: Conventional vs. Reactive Extrusion. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11081363. [PMID: 31426605 PMCID: PMC6723983 DOI: 10.3390/polym11081363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Polylactide (PLA) was blended by conventional and reactive extrusion with limonene (LM) or myrcene (My) as bio-based plasticizers. As-processed blends were carefully analyzed by a multiscale and multidisciplinary approach to tentatively determine their chemical structure, microstructure, thermal properties, tensile and impact behaviors, and hydrothermal stability. The main results indicated that LM and My were efficient plasticizers for PLA, since compared to neat PLA, the glass transition temperature was reduced, the ultimate tensile strain was increased, and the impact strength was increased, independently of the type of extrusion. The addition of a free radical initiator during the extrusion of PLA/LM was beneficial for the mechanical properties. Indeed, the probable formation of local branched/crosslinked regions in the PLA matrix enhanced the matrix crystallinity, the tensile yield stress, and the tensile ultimate stress compared to the non-reactive blend PLA/LM, while the other properties were retained. For PLA/My blends, reactive extrusion was detrimental for the mechanical properties since My polymerization was accelerated resulting in a drop of the tensile ultimate strain and impact strength, and an increase of the glass transition temperature. Indeed, large inclusions of polymerized My were formed, decreasing the available content of My for the plasticization and enhancing cavitation from inclusion-matrix debonding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berit Brüster
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Department Materials Research and Technology (MRT), ZAE Robert Steichen, 5 Rue Bommel, L-4940 Hautcharage, Luxembourg
| | - Yann-Olivier Adjoua
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Department Materials Research and Technology (MRT), ZAE Robert Steichen, 5 Rue Bommel, L-4940 Hautcharage, Luxembourg
| | - Reiner Dieden
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Department Materials Research and Technology (MRT), ZAE Robert Steichen, 5 Rue Bommel, L-4940 Hautcharage, Luxembourg
| | - Patrick Grysan
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Department Materials Research and Technology (MRT), ZAE Robert Steichen, 5 Rue Bommel, L-4940 Hautcharage, Luxembourg
| | - Carlos Eloy Federico
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Department Materials Research and Technology (MRT), ZAE Robert Steichen, 5 Rue Bommel, L-4940 Hautcharage, Luxembourg
| | - Vincent Berthé
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Department Materials Research and Technology (MRT), ZAE Robert Steichen, 5 Rue Bommel, L-4940 Hautcharage, Luxembourg
| | - Frédéric Addiego
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Department Materials Research and Technology (MRT), ZAE Robert Steichen, 5 Rue Bommel, L-4940 Hautcharage, Luxembourg.
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18
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Sivri S, Dilek C, Sezgi NA. Synthesis and Characterization of Aluminum Containing Silica Aerogel Catalysts for Degradation of PLA. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL REACTOR ENGINEERING 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/ijcre-2018-0163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Aluminum loaded silica aerogel based catalysts were synthesized by impregnation of aluminum into silica aerogel produced using sol-gel method in different aluminum loadings (2.5–15 wt%) to investigate their performances in degradation of polylactic acid (PLA).
Synthesized catalysts showed Type IV isotherm with H1 hysteresis which indicates the mesoporosity of the materials. They have demonstrated favorable properties in terms of high surface area (743–510 m2/g), pore volume (1.79–0.69 cm3/g), and pore diameter (6.38–3.60 nm) depending on aluminum loading amounts.
Thermogravimetric analysis demonstrated that metal loaded silica aerogel catalysts have an influence on degradation profile of PLA. A noticeable reduction in the activation energy for the PLA degradation was attained with an increase in aluminum loading. These findings show that silica aerogel catalysts are promising for the recycling processes of PLA with their pore characteristics and their acidity affect the degradation performance significantly.
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19
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Beigbeder J, Soccalingame L, Perrin D, Bénézet JC, Bergeret A. How to manage biocomposites wastes end of life? A life cycle assessment approach (LCA) focused on polypropylene (PP)/wood flour and polylactic acid (PLA)/flax fibres biocomposites. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 83:184-193. [PMID: 30514465 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2018.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Biocomposites has gained increasing attention in recent years. The environmental impacts of end-of-life (EoL) treatments of those emerging materials should be evaluated before they are produced and installed commercially, to ensure a minimal impact of these products all along their life cycle. Life cycle assessment (LCA) was carried out to evaluate environmental impacts of the EoL treatments of wood flour (WF) reinforced polypropylene (PP/WF) and flax fibers reinforced polylactic acid (PLA/Fl). The aim was to evaluate which EoL was the most environmental friendly to manage those emerging wastes in France and to help stakeholders of the waste sectors in their decisions. The attributional LCA was realized using the methodological framework of the international standard ISO 14040:2006. The study only focuses on the EoL of the biocomposites with four scenarios: incineration, landfill, composting and recycling. Mid-point indicators were evaluated thanks to the Recipe method. Results were also normalized to the annual mean environmental impact of a European inhabitant. For both biocomposites, recycling EoL scenario presents the lowest environmental impacts except for the freshwater eutrophication impact of the PP/WF EoL. Models should be completed in the future when new data will be available. Results obtained for both biocomposites are in agreement with the European waste hierarchy. If recycling of plastic is difficult to implement, incineration would be the preferable option for the PP/WF composite, while composting would be the other choice for PLA/Fl material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Beigbeder
- C2MA, Ecole des Mines d'Alès, Hélioparc 2, Avenue P. Angot, 64053 Pau Cedex 9, France.
| | - Lata Soccalingame
- C2MA, Ecole des Mines d'Alès, 6, Avenue de Clavières, 30319 Alès Cedex France
| | - Didier Perrin
- C2MA, Ecole des Mines d'Alès, 6, Avenue de Clavières, 30319 Alès Cedex France
| | | | - Anne Bergeret
- C2MA, Ecole des Mines d'Alès, 6, Avenue de Clavières, 30319 Alès Cedex France
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20
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Dhar P, M RK, Bhasney SM, Bhagabati P, Kumar A, Katiyar V. Sustainable Approach for Mechanical Recycling of Poly(lactic acid)/Cellulose Nanocrystal Films: Investigations on Structure–Property Relationship and Underlying Mechanism. Ind Eng Chem Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.8b02658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Prodyut Dhar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O.
Box 16300, 0076, Aalto, Finland
| | - Rajesh Kumar M
- Department of Nanoscience and Technology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 638752, Tami Nadu, India
| | - Siddharth Mohan Bhasney
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Purabi Bhagabati
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Vimal Katiyar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
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21
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Beltrán FR, Lorenzo V, Acosta J, de la Orden MU, Martínez Urreaga J. Effect of simulated mechanical recycling processes on the structure and properties of poly(lactic acid). JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2018; 216:25-31. [PMID: 28506670 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work is to study the effects of different simulated mechanical recycling processes on the structure and properties of PLA. A commercial grade of PLA was melt compounded and compression molded, then subjected to two different recycling processes. The first recycling process consisted of an accelerated ageing and a second melt processing step, while the other recycling process included an accelerated ageing, a demanding washing process and a second melt processing step. The intrinsic viscosity measurements indicate that both recycling processes produce a degradation in PLA, which is more pronounced in the sample subjected to the washing process. DSC results suggest an increase in the mobility of the polymer chains in the recycled materials; however the degree of crystallinity of PLA seems unchanged. The optical, mechanical and gas barrier properties of PLA do not seem to be largely affected by the degradation suffered during the different recycling processes. These results suggest that, despite the degradation of PLA, the impact of the different simulated mechanical recycling processes on the final properties is limited. Thus, the potential use of recycled PLA in packaging applications is not jeopardized.
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Affiliation(s)
- F R Beltrán
- Dpto. Ingeniería Química Industrial y Medio Ambiente, Grupo "Polímeros, Caracterización y Aplicaciones", Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, E.T.S.I. Industriales, Madrid, 28006, Spain
| | - V Lorenzo
- Dpto. Ingeniería Química Industrial y Medio Ambiente, Grupo "Polímeros, Caracterización y Aplicaciones", Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, E.T.S.I. Industriales, Madrid, 28006, Spain
| | - J Acosta
- Dpto. Mecánica, Química y Diseño Industrial, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, E.T.S.I. Diseño Industrial, Madrid, 28012, Spain
| | - M U de la Orden
- Dpto. Ingeniería Química Industrial y Medio Ambiente, Grupo "Polímeros, Caracterización y Aplicaciones", Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, E.T.S.I. Industriales, Madrid, 28006, Spain
| | - J Martínez Urreaga
- Dpto. Ingeniería Química Industrial y Medio Ambiente, Grupo "Polímeros, Caracterización y Aplicaciones", Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, E.T.S.I. Industriales, Madrid, 28006, Spain.
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22
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Brüster B, Montesinos A, Reumaux P, Pérez-Camargo RA, Mugica A, Zubitur M, Müller AJ, Dubois P, Addiego F. Crystallization kinetics of polylactide: Reactive plasticization and reprocessing effects. Polym Degrad Stab 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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23
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Mariano M, Pilate F, de Oliveira F, Khelifa F, Dubois P, Raquez JM, Dufresne A. Preparation of Cellulose Nanocrystal-Reinforced Poly(lactic acid) Nanocomposites through Noncovalent Modification with PLLA-Based Surfactants. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:2678-2688. [PMID: 31457609 PMCID: PMC6641156 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b00387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystal (CNC)-reinforced poly(lactic acid) (PLA) nanocomposites were prepared by twin-screw extrusion followed by injection-molding using a masterbatch approach. Noncovalent modification of CNCs was performed with two different poly(l-lactide) (PLLA)-based surfactants to improve the filler/matrix compatibility. They both have a PLLA block that is expected to improve the compatibility with the PLA matrix and differ by the polar head. It consists of either a poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) block (PEG-b-PLLA) or an imidazolium group (Im-PLLA), that is able to interact with the surface of the CNCs. The morphological, structural, thermal, rheological, and mechanical properties of the nanocomposites were investigated. The different modes of interaction of the polar head of the surfactant lead to different properties. However, the global decrease in the molecular weight of PLA, induced by the short PLLA blocks from the surfactants and the possible degradation during melt processing, results in a plasticization effect and impacts the crystallization of the matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Mariano
- Université
Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LGP2, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Florence Pilate
- LPCM,
CIRMAP, University of Mons (UMONS), Place du Parc 20, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | | | - Farid Khelifa
- LPCM,
CIRMAP, University of Mons (UMONS), Place du Parc 20, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Philippe Dubois
- LPCM,
CIRMAP, University of Mons (UMONS), Place du Parc 20, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
- Department
Materials Research and Technology, Luxembourg
Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Z.A.E. Robert Steichen, 5 Rue Bommel, L-4940 Hautcharage, Luxembourg
| | - Jean-Marie Raquez
- LPCM,
CIRMAP, University of Mons (UMONS), Place du Parc 20, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Alain Dufresne
- Université
Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LGP2, F-38000 Grenoble, France
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24
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Badia J, Gil-Castell O, Ribes-Greus A. Long-term properties and end-of-life of polymers from renewable resources. Polym Degrad Stab 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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25
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Badia J, Ribes-Greus A. Mechanical recycling of polylactide, upgrading trends and combination of valorization techniques. Eur Polym J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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