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Lazim NH, Johari MAF, Mazlan SA, Nordin NA, Yusuf SM, Sedlacik M. Molecular dynamics and experimental analysis of energy behavior during stress relaxation in magnetorheological elastomers. Sci Rep 2024; 14:19724. [PMID: 39183301 PMCID: PMC11345436 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-70459-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The diverse applications of magnetorheological elastomer (MRE) drive efforts to understand consistent performance and resistance to failure. Stress relaxation can lead to molecular chain deterioration, degradation in stiffness and rheological properties, and ultimately affect the life cycle of MRE. However, quantifying the energy and molecular dynamics during stress relaxation is challenging due to the difficulty of obtaining atomic-level insights experimentally. This study employs molecular dynamics (MD) simulation to elucidate the stress relaxation in MRE during constant strain. Magnetorheological elastomer models incorporating silicone rubber filled with varying magnetic iron particles (50-80 wt%) were constructed. Experimental results from an oscillatory shear rheometer showed the linear viscoelastic region of MRE to be within 0.001-0.01% strain. The simulation results indicated that stress relaxation has occurred, with stored energies decreased by 8.63-52.7% in all MRE models. Monitoring changes in energy components, the highest final stored energy (12,045 kJ) of the MRE model with 80 wt% Fe particles was primarily attributed to stronger intramolecular and intermolecular interactions, revealed by higher potential energy (3262 kJ) and van der Waals energy (- 2717.29 kJ). Stress relaxation also altered the molecular dynamics of this MRE model as evidenced by a decrease in kinetic energy (9362 kJ) and mean square displacement value (20,318 Å2). The MD simulation provides a promising quantitative tool for elucidating stress relaxation, preventing material failure and offering insights for the design of MRE in the nanotechnology industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurul Hakimah Lazim
- Engineering Materials and Structures (eMast) iKohza, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, 54100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Aidy Faizal Johari
- Engineering Materials and Structures (eMast) iKohza, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, 54100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Saiful Amri Mazlan
- Engineering Materials and Structures (eMast) iKohza, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, 54100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Business and Technology (UBT), P.O. Box No. 21448, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Nur Azmah Nordin
- Engineering Materials and Structures (eMast) iKohza, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, 54100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Shahir Mohd Yusuf
- Engineering Materials and Structures (eMast) iKohza, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, 54100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Michal Sedlacik
- Department of Production Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, 760 01, Zlín, Czech Republic.
- Centre of Polymer Systems, University Institute, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, 760 01, Zlín, Czech Republic.
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Rasouli S, Hashemianzadeh SM, Moghbeli MR. Role of physicochemical characteristics of poly(N,N-diethylacrylamide) on the polymer thermal responsivity and interfacial properties in aqueous solution: All-atom simulation study. J Mol Graph Model 2022; 112:108140. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2022.108140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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He Y, Qiu D, Yu Z. Multiscale investigation on molecular structure and mechanical properties of thermal‐treated rigid polyurethane foam under high temperature. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yannan He
- Department of Materials Science Fudan University Shanghai China
| | - Dacheng Qiu
- Department of Materials Science Fudan University Shanghai China
| | - Zhiqiang Yu
- Department of Materials Science Fudan University Shanghai China
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Lin D, Jiang M, Qi S, Wu D. Macromolecular structural evolution of polyimide chains during large-ratio uniaxial fiber orientation process revealed by molecular dynamics simulation. Chem Phys Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2020.137847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Chen L, Xiong Z, Din ZU, Nawaz A, Xiong H, Cai J. Interfacial modification of starch at high concentration by sodium dodecylsulfate as revealed by experiments and molecular simulation. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.113190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Saha S, Bhowmick AK, Kumar A, Patra K, Cottinet PJ, Thetpraphi K. Polyvinylidene Fluoride/Hydrogenated Nitrile Rubber-Based Flexible Electroactive Polymer Blend and Its Nanocomposites with Improved Actuated Strain: Characterization and Analysis of Electrostrictive Behavior. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b05526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Subhabrata Saha
- Rubber Technology Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721 302, India
| | - Anil K. Bhowmick
- Rubber Technology Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721 302, India
| | - Ajeet Kumar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Patna 801 103, India
| | - Karali Patra
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Patna 801 103, India
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Multi-scale investigation on the phase miscibility of polylactic acid/o-carboxymethyl chitosan blends. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Luo M, Putnam ZA, Incavo J, Huang MY, McLaughlin JB, Krishnan S. Molecular Simulations and Experimental Characterization of Fluorinated Nitrile Butadiene Elastomers with Low H2S Permeability. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b02445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joseph Incavo
- Baker Hughes, a GE Company, Houston, Texas 77032, United States
| | - Ming Y. Huang
- Baker Hughes, a GE Company, Houston, Texas 77032, United States
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Li X, Lei H, Guo J, Wang J, Qi S, Tian G, Wu D. Composition design and properties investigation of BPDA/PDA/TFDB co‐polyimide films with low dielectric permittivity. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource EngineeringBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
| | - Huanyu Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource EngineeringBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
| | - Jiacong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource EngineeringBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
| | - Jianhua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource EngineeringBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
| | - Shengli Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource EngineeringBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
| | - Guofeng Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource EngineeringBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
| | - Dezhen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource EngineeringBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
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Burgoa A, Hernandez R, Vilas JL. Toward superior applications of thermoplastic elastomer blends: double Tgincrease and improved ductility. POLYM INT 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aizeti Burgoa
- Polymer Department, Leartiker S. Coop Markina‐Xemein Spain
| | | | - Jose L Vilas
- Macromolecular Chemistry Research Group (labquimac), Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and TechnologyUniversity of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) Leioa Spain
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and NanostructuresUPV/EHU Science Park Leioa Spain
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Saha S, Bhowmick AK. An Insight into molecular structure and properties of flexible amorphous polymers: A molecular dynamics simulation approach. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Subhabrata Saha
- Rubber Technology Centre; Indian Institute of Technology; Kharagpur 721 302 India
| | - Anil K. Bhowmick
- Rubber Technology Centre; Indian Institute of Technology; Kharagpur 721 302 India
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Sethi SK, Soni L, Manik G. Component compatibility study of poly(dimethyl siloxane) with poly(vinyl acetate) of varying hydrolysis content: An atomistic and mesoscale simulation approach. J Mol Liq 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2018.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Zhu J, Zhao X, Liu L, Yang R, Song M, Wu S. Thermodynamic analyses of the hydrogen bond dissociation reaction and their effects on damping and compatibility capacities of polar small molecule/nitrile-butadiene rubber systems: Molecular simulation and experimental study. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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