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Jovanovic JD, Blagojevic SN, Adnadjevic BK. The Effects of rGO Content and Drying Method on the Textural, Mechanical, and Thermal Properties of rGO/Polymer Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15051287. [PMID: 36904528 PMCID: PMC10007388 DOI: 10.3390/polym15051287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Composite hydrogels samples consisting of poly(methyl methacrylate/butyl acrylate/2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate) (poly-OH) and up to 60% reduced graphene oxide (rGO) containing rGO were synthesized. The method of coupled thermally induced self-assembly of graphene oxide (GO) platelets within a polymer matrix and in situ chemical reduction of GO was applied. The synthesized hydrogels were dried using the ambient pressure drying (APD) and freeze-drying (FD) methods. The effects of the weight fraction of rGO in the composites and the drying method on the textural, morphological, thermal, and rheological properties were examined for the dried samples. The obtained results indicate that APD leads to the formation of non-porous xerogels (X) of high bulk density (D), while FD results in the formation of highly porous aerogels (A) with low D. An increase in the weight fraction of rGO in the composite xerogels leads to an increase in D, specific surface area (SA), pore volume (Vp), average pore diameter (dp), and porosity (P). With an increase in the weight fraction of rGO in A-composites, the D values increase while the values of SP, Vp, dp, and P decrease. Thermo-degradation (TD) of both X and A composites takes place through three distinct steps: dehydration, decomposition of residual oxygen functional group, and polymer chain degradation. The thermal stabilities (TS) of the X-composites and X-rGO are higher than those of the A-composites and A-rGO. The values of the storage modulus (E') and the loss modulus (E") of the A-composites increase with the increase in their weight fraction of rGO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena D. Jovanovic
- Institute of General and Physical Chemistry, Studentski Trg 12-16/V, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia
- Correspondence: or
| | - Stevan N. Blagojevic
- Institute of General and Physical Chemistry, Studentski Trg 12-16/V, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Borivoj K. Adnadjevic
- Faculty of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 12-16, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia
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Ba Hashwan SS, Khir MHM, Nawi IM, Ahmad MR, Hanif M, Zahoor F, Al-Douri Y, Algamili AS, Bature UI, Alabsi SS, Sabbea MOB, Junaid M. A review of piezoelectric MEMS sensors and actuators for gas detection application. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2023; 18:25. [PMID: 36847870 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-023-03779-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Piezoelectric microelectromechanical system (piezo-MEMS)-based mass sensors including the piezoelectric microcantilevers, surface acoustic waves (SAW), quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), piezoelectric micromachined ultrasonic transducer (PMUT), and film bulk acoustic wave resonators (FBAR) are highlighted as suitable candidates for highly sensitive gas detection application. This paper presents the piezo-MEMS gas sensors' characteristics such as their miniaturized structure, the capability of integration with readout circuit, and fabrication feasibility using multiuser technologies. The development of the piezoelectric MEMS gas sensors is investigated for the application of low-level concentration gas molecules detection. In this work, the various types of gas sensors based on piezoelectricity are investigated extensively including their operating principle, besides their material parameters as well as the critical design parameters, the device structures, and their sensing materials including the polymers, carbon, metal-organic framework, and graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed S Ba Hashwan
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Malaysia.
| | - Mohd Haris Md Khir
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Malaysia
| | - Illani Mohd Nawi
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Malaysia
| | - Mohamad Radzi Ahmad
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Malaysia
| | - Mehwish Hanif
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Malaysia
| | - Furqan Zahoor
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Malaysia
| | - Y Al-Douri
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Centre (NANOCAT), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Piri Reis University, Eflatun Sk. No: 8, 34940, Tuzla, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Applied Science and Astronomy, College of Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Abdullah Saleh Algamili
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Malaysia
| | - Usman Isyaku Bature
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Malaysia
| | - Sami Sultan Alabsi
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Malaysia
| | - Mohammed O Ba Sabbea
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Muhammad Junaid
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Malaysia
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta, 87300, Pakistan
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Qi G, Qu F, Zhang L, Chen S, Bai M, Hu M, Lv X, Zhang J, Wang Z, Chen W. Nanoporous Graphene Oxide-Based Quartz Crystal Microbalance Gas Sensor with Dual-Signal Responses for Trimethylamine Detection. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:9939. [PMID: 36560307 PMCID: PMC9785972 DOI: 10.3390/s22249939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a straightforward method to develop a nanoporous graphene oxide (NGO)-functionalized quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) gas sensor for the detection of trimethylamine (TMA), aiming to form a reliable monitoring mechanism strategy for low-concentration TMA that can still cause serious odor nuisance. The synthesized NGO material was characterized by transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to verify its structure and morphology. Compared with the bare and GO-based QCM sensors, the NGO-based QCM sensor exhibited ultra-high sensitivity (65.23 Hz/μL), excellent linearity (R2 = 0.98), high response/recovery capability (3 s/20 s) and excellent repeatability (RSD = 0.02, n = 3) toward TMA with frequency shift and resistance. Furthermore, the selectivity of the proposed NGO-based sensor to TMA was verified by analysis of the dual-signal responses. It is also proved that increasing the conductivity did not improve the resistance signal. This work confirms that the proposed NGO-based sensor with dual signals provides a new avenue for TMA sensing, and the sensor is expected to become a potential candidate for gas detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyu Qi
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China
| | - Fangfang Qu
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 310002, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- School of Food and Health, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Shihao Chen
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China
| | - Mengyuan Bai
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China
| | - Mengjiao Hu
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China
| | - Xinyan Lv
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China
| | - Jinglei Zhang
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China
| | - Zhenhe Wang
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China
| | - Wei Chen
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China
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Akgönüllü S, Özgür E, Denizli A. Quartz Crystal Microbalance-Based Aptasensors for Medical Diagnosis. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:1441. [PMID: 36144064 PMCID: PMC9503788 DOI: 10.3390/mi13091441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Aptamers are important materials for the specific determination of different disease-related biomarkers. Several methods have been enhanced to transform selected target molecule-specific aptamer bindings into measurable signals. A number of specific aptamer-based biosensors have been designed for potential applications in clinical diagnostics. Various methods in combination with a wide variety of nano-scale materials have been employed to develop aptamer-based biosensors to further increase sensitivity and detection limit for related target molecules. In this critical review, we highlight the advantages of aptamers as biorecognition elements in biosensors for target biomolecules. In recent years, it has been demonstrated that electrode material plays an important role in obtaining quick, label-free, simple, stable, and sensitive detection in biological analysis using piezoelectric devices. For this reason, we review the recent progress in growth of aptamer-based QCM biosensors for medical diagnoses, including virus, bacteria, cell, protein, and disease biomarker detection.
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Guo H, Li Y, Liu T, Wu Z. Damage Location Monitoring of Graphene/Conducting Polymer Composites Film Based on Self-Sensing. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:2823. [PMID: 36014690 PMCID: PMC9412304 DOI: 10.3390/nano12162823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Conductive graphene polymer composites are considered promising functional materials in gas detection, strain detection, metal corrosion prevention, and electromagnetic wave absorption, owing to their good flexibility, lightweight, and adjustable conductivity. The internal defects or external damages of composite films will seriously affect the electrical and functional properties of the materials. Based on the conductive network inside the conductive polymer film and the self-inductance to ultrasonic wave, the defect self-monitoring system of the conductive polymer film is designed and optimized in this work. The self-damage detection system is composed of an electrode array, excitation source, resistance signal acquisition and processing circuit, and damage display. Aiming at different scenarios, the improved interdigital structure transducer for sensors and damage detection device for coating film with a large area are presented and optimized respectively. Meanwhile, the damage location algorithm based on time difference measurement and kernel density estimation algorithm is also optimized. The multiple damage detection is realized by a device with a 4 × 8 electrode array, and the relative error of damage area with 1 mm × 1 mm is less than 5%, and the lower detection limits of damage size are 0.3 mm × 0.3 mm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Guo
- School of Information Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
- Robot Technology Used for Special Environment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Yuhang Li
- School of Information Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Tingting Liu
- School of Information Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Zuquan Wu
- School of Electrical Engineering and Electronic Information, Xihua University, Chengdu 611743, China
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Nemati R, Elhamifar D, Zarnegaryan A, Shaker M. Core‐shell structured magnetite silica‐supported hexatungstate: A novel and powerful nanocatalyst for the synthesis of biologically active pyrazole derivatives. Appl Organomet Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.6409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ramin Nemati
- Department of Chemistry Yasouj University Yasouj Iran
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Liu Y, Fan Y, Hou C, Du W, Zhang D, Liu Y, Xu J, Bai YL. Highly Selective Chloromethanes Detection Based on Quartz Crystal Microbalance Gas Sensors with Ba-MOFs. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:16370-16377. [PMID: 34677953 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c02185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Three new metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), {(CH3NH3)3[Ba2(TTHA)(NO3)(H2O)2]}·2H2O (1), {(CH3NH3)4[Ba3(HTTHA)2(H2O)7]}·3H2O (2), and [Ba7(TTHA)2(NO3)2(H2O)10]·2H2O (3) (H6TTHA = 1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamineh-exaacetic acid) have been synthesized and characterized. The sensing properties of 1-3 were explored with regard to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) by the quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) technique. The results indicated that 1 and 2 have a much higher selectivity and response to chloromethanes (CH2Cl2, CHCl3, and CCl4) compared with H2O, CH3OH, CH3CH2OH, CH3CN, (CH3)2CO, C6H6, C6H5CH3, C6H5CH2CH3, and C6H5Cl at room temperature. Furthermore, 1 and 2 sensing film also exhibits excellent reversibility and stability, and the response and recovery times are almost within 10 s. 3 displays a lower response and poor selectivity to the above VOCs. The significant difference may be caused by their different structural characteristics. The Ba2+ ions are all decacoordinated in 1 and 2, while Ba2+ ions have more open metal sites in 3. So, the high selectivity and response of 1 and 2 may be due to the exchange of coordination water molecules with chloromethanes and possible electrostatic effects between (CH3NH3)+ cations and chloromethanes containing more electronegative Cl atoms. DFT calculation results show that the bond energy of Ba-Cl and Ba-O is not much different, so chloromethanes at high concentrations may exchange coordination water to form weak Ba···Cl interactions and show higher response values. 3 has no obvious VOCs selectivity and higher response due to more open sites of Ba2+ ions and smaller pore size. This work develops a fast and effective method to detect chloromethanes, providing a new opportunity for designing QCM gas sensors coated with different MOF materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Liu
- NEST Lab, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P.R. China
| | - Yu Fan
- NEST Lab, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P.R. China
| | - Chaoyi Hou
- NEST Lab, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P.R. China
| | - Wei Du
- NEST Lab, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P.R. China
| | - Dan Zhang
- NEST Lab, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P.R. China
| | - Yu Liu
- International Center for Quantum and Molecular Structures, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P.R. China
| | - Jiaqiang Xu
- NEST Lab, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P.R. China
| | - Yue-Ling Bai
- NEST Lab, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P.R. China
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Sensitivity Enhancement in Plasma Polymer Films for Surface Acoustic Wave Based Sensor Applications. COATINGS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings11101193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Plasma polymer films (PPF), widely used as sensing layers in surface acoustic wave (SAW) based gas and liquid phase sensors, have a major drawback: high concentrations of the sensed analytes easily drive these films into saturation, where accurate measurements are no longer possible. This work suggests a solution to this problem by modifying the PPF with the sensed chemical compound to improve the overall sorption properties and sensor dynamic range. Thin polymer films were synthesized from hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDSO) and triethylsilane (TES) monomers in a plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) process using a RF plasma reactor. We used these Si-containing compounds because they are known for their excellent sensing properties. In this work, the layers were deposited onto the active surface of high-Q 438 MHz Rayleigh SAW two-port resonators, used as mass sensitive sensor elements. We call these devices quartz surface microbalances (QSM). In a second step, ammonia plasma modification was applied to the HMDSO and TES films, in order to achieve a higher sensitivity to NH3. The sensors were probed at different NH3 gas concentrations in a computer controlled gas probing setup. A comparison with unmodified films revealed a 74% to 85% improvement in both the sensitivity and sorption ability of the HMDSO sensing layers, and of about 8% for the TES films.
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Ehsani M, Rahimi P, Joseph Y. Structure-Function Relationships of Nanocarbon/Polymer Composites for Chemiresistive Sensing: A Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:3291. [PMID: 34068640 PMCID: PMC8126093 DOI: 10.3390/s21093291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Composites of organic compounds and inorganic nanomaterials provide novel sensing platforms for high-performance sensor applications. The combination of the attractive functionalities of nanomaterials with polymers as an organic matrix offers promising materials with tunable electrical, mechanical, and chemisensitive properties. This review mainly focuses on nanocarbon/polymer composites as chemiresistors. We first describe the structure and properties of carbon nanofillers as reinforcement agents used in the manufacture of polymer composites and the sensing mechanism of developed nanocomposites as chemiresistors. Then, the design and synthesizing methods of polymer composites based on carbon nanofillers are discussed. The electrical conductivity, mechanical properties, and the applications of different nanocarbon/polymer composites for the detection of different analytes are reviewed. Lastly, challenges and the future vision for applications of such nanocomposites are described.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Parvaneh Rahimi
- Institute of Electronic and Sensor Materials, Faculty of Materials Science and Materials Technology, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, 09599 Freiberg, Germany; (M.E.); (Y.J.)
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