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Nolte T, Spieß F, Jacobs AK, Kemper N, Visscher C. Assessing concordance between Campylobacter prevalence in broilers and human cases before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in Lower Saxony, Germany, considering fresh chicken meat consumption patterns. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1392677. [PMID: 38784655 PMCID: PMC11112064 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1392677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
As the most common foodborne disease, number of campylobacteriosis decreased in Germany with the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. As the consumption of fresh chicken meat is a major risk factor for human infection, this study investigated the relationship between Campylobacter contamination levels on chicken carcasses and human cases in Lower Saxony, Germany and observed fresh chicken meat consumption patterns between 2018 and 2021 including the time of the COVID-19 pandemic. Campylobacter levels in broilers and human cases were classified based on the median and descriptively analysed per week using contingency tables. Before the COVID-19 pandemic (2018 and 2019), high Campylobacter contamination levels on neck samples and many human cases were more present, whereas with the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic (2020 and 2021), low contamination levels on chicken carcasses and few human cases were more present. Lowest concordance between both parameters was shown in 2018 (Cohen's cappa coefficient: 0.37) and 2020 (0.38). The highest concordance was examined in 2021 (0.69). The private consumption of fresh chicken meat in Lower Saxony increased significantly with the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 by 63.9 tonnes compared to 2019 to an average of 453.5 tonnes per week. Public health measures and a reduced number of medical treatments have undoubtedly had an impact on less reported human cases during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, number of human cases remained at a low level in Germany in 2023 while chicken meat consumption increased. Thus, further risk assessments regarding the risk of campyloabcteriosis due to chicken meat consumption should include the country of origin, as the level of contamination of chicken carcasses varies between European countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Nolte
- Science and Innovation for Sustainable Poultry Production (WING), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Vechta, Germany
| | - Fabian Spieß
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anne-Katrin Jacobs
- Science and Innovation for Sustainable Poultry Production (WING), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Vechta, Germany
| | - Nicole Kemper
- Science and Innovation for Sustainable Poultry Production (WING), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Vechta, Germany
- Institute for Animal Hygiene, Animal Welfare and Farm Animal Behaviour, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christian Visscher
- Science and Innovation for Sustainable Poultry Production (WING), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Vechta, Germany
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
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2
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Carmon D, Rohana H, Azrad M, Peretz A. The Impact of a Positive Biofire® FilmArray® Gastrointestinal Panel Result on Clinical Management and Outcomes. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13061094. [PMID: 36980402 PMCID: PMC10046972 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13061094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The gold standard diagnostic method for gastrointestinal infections is stool culture, which has limited sensitivity and long turnaround time. Infection diagnosis recently shifted to syndrome-based panel assays. This study employed the FilmArray® Gastrointestinal Panel, which detects 22 pathogens simultaneously, to investigate gastrointestinal infection and pathogen distribution in 91 stool samples of patients hospitalized at the Tzafon Medical Center, Israel, during 2020, and to compare the clinical and demographic data of negative vs. positive samples. Among the 61 positive samples (67%), the most common pathogen was Campylobacter (34.4%). Positive test results were associated with a slightly younger patient age (p = 0.012), significantly higher post-diagnosis use of antibiotics (63.9% vs. 36.7%; p = 0.014), and shorter length of stay and time to discharge (p = 0.035, p = 0.003, respectively) than negative test results. To conclude, the FilmArray® Gastrointestinal Panel enabled the early identification of causative infectious agents and enhanced clinical management and outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Carmon
- Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed 1311502, Israel
| | - Hanan Rohana
- Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed 1311502, Israel
- The Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Tzafon Medical Center, Poriya, Tiberias 1528001, Israel
| | - Maya Azrad
- Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed 1311502, Israel
- The Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Tzafon Medical Center, Poriya, Tiberias 1528001, Israel
| | - Avi Peretz
- Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed 1311502, Israel
- The Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Tzafon Medical Center, Poriya, Tiberias 1528001, Israel
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +972-4-665-2322
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Buiatte ABG, de Melo RT, Peres PABM, Bastos CM, Grazziotin AL, Armendaris Rodriguez PM, Barreto F, Rossi DA. Virulence, antimicrobial resistance, and dissemination of Campylobacter coli isolated from chicken carcasses in Brazil. Food Control 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2023.109613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Swanson D, Koren C, Hopp P, Jonsson ME, Rø GI, White RA, Grøneng GM. A One Health real-time surveillance system for nowcasting Campylobacter gastrointestinal illness outbreaks, Norway, week 30 2010 to week 11 2022. Euro Surveill 2022; 27:2101121. [PMID: 36305333 PMCID: PMC9615412 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2022.27.43.2101121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundCampylobacter is a leading cause of food and waterborne illness. Monitoring and modelling Campylobacter at chicken broiler farms, combined with weather pattern surveillance, can aid nowcasting of human gastrointestinal (GI) illness outbreaks. Near real-time sharing of data and model results with health authorities can help increase potential outbreak responsiveness.AimsTo leverage data on weather and Campylobacter on broiler farms to build a risk model for possible human Campylobacter outbreaks and to communicate risk assessments with health authorities.MethodsWe developed a spatio-temporal random effects model for weekly GI illness consultations in Norwegian municipalities with Campylobacter monitoring and weather data from week 30 2010 to 11 2022 to give 1-week nowcasts of GI illness outbreaks. The approach combined a municipality random effects baseline model for seasonally-adjusted GI illness with a second model for peak deviations from that baseline. Model results are communicated to national and local stakeholders through an interactive website: Sykdomspulsen One Health.ResultsLagged temperature and precipitation covariates, as well as 2-week-lagged positive Campylobacter sampling in broilers, were associated with higher levels of GI consultations. Significant inter-municipality variability in outbreak nowcasts were observed.ConclusionsCampylobacter surveillance in broilers can be useful in GI illness outbreak nowcasting. Surveillance of Campylobacter along potential pathways from the environment to illness such as via water system monitoring may improve nowcasting. A One Health system that communicates near real-time surveillance data and nowcast changes in risk to health professionals facilitates the prevention of Campylobacter outbreaks and reduces impact on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Swanson
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway,Department of Biostatistics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Lindqvist R, Cha W, Dryselius R, Lahti E. The temporal pattern and relationship of Campylobacter prevalence in broiler slaughter batches and human campylobacteriosis cases in Sweden 2009–2019. Int J Food Microbiol 2022; 378:109823. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.109823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Selected Antimicrobial Peptides Inhibit In Vitro Growth of Campylobacter spp. Appl Microbiol 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/applmicrobiol2040053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacter is a major cause of acute human diarrheal illness. Broiler chickens constitute a primary reservoir for C. jejuni leading to human infection. Consequently, there is a need for developing novel intervention methods. Antimicrobial peptides (AMP) are small proteins which have evolved in most lifeforms to provide defense against microbial infections. To date, over 3000 AMP have been discovered; however, few of them have been analyzed specifically for ability to kill campylobacters. We selected and evaluated a set of 11 unique chemically synthesized AMP for ability to inhibit growth of C. jejuni. Six of the AMP we tested produced zones of inhibition on lawns of C. jejuni. These AMP included: NRC-13, RL-37, Temporin L, Cecropin–Magainin, Dermaseptin, and C12K-2β12. In addition, MIC were determined for Cecropin–Magainin, RL-37 and C12K-2β12 against 15 isolates of Campylobacter representing the three most common pathogenic strains. MIC for campylobacters were approximately 3.1 µg/mL for AMP RL-37 and C12K-2β12. MIC were slightly higher for the Cecropin–Magainin AMP in the range of 12.5 to 100 µg/mL. These AMP are attractive subjects for future study and potential in vivo delivery to poultry to reduce Campylobacter spp. populations.
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Santos-Ferreira N, Ferreira V, Teixeira P. Occurrence and Multidrug Resistance of Campylobacter in Chicken Meat from Different Production Systems. Foods 2022; 11:foods11131827. [PMID: 35804643 PMCID: PMC9265442 DOI: 10.3390/foods11131827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter is the leading bacterial cause of diarrheal disease worldwide and poultry remains the primary vehicle of its transmission to humans. Due to the rapid increase in antibiotic resistance among Campylobacter strains, the World Health Organization (WHO) added Campylobacter fluoroquinolone resistance to the WHO list of antibiotic-resistant “priority pathogens”. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence and antibiotic resistance of Campylobacter spp. in meat samples from chickens reared in different production systems: (a) conventional, (b) free-range and (c) backyard farming. Campylobacter spp. was detected in all samples from conventionally reared and free-range broilers and in 72.7% of backyard chicken samples. Levels of contamination were on average 2.7 × 103 colony forming units (CFU)/g, 4.4 × 102 CFU/g and 4.2 × 104 CFU/g in conventionally reared, free-range and backyard chickens, respectively. Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli were the only species isolated. Distribution of these species does not seem to be affected by the production system. The overall prevalence of Campylobacter isolates exhibiting resistance to at least one antimicrobial was 98.4%. All the C. coli isolates showed resistance to ciprofloxacin and to nalidixic acid, and 79.5 and 97.4% to ampicillin and tetracycline, respectively. In total, 96.2% of C. jejuni isolates displayed a resistant phenotype to ciprofloxacin and to nalidixic acid, and 92.3% to ampicillin and tetracycline. Of the 130 Campylobacter isolates tested, 97.7% were classified as multidrug resistant (MDR).
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Mota-Gutierrez J, Lis L, Lasagabaster A, Nafarrate I, Ferrocino I, Cocolin L, Rantsiou K. Campylobacter spp. prevalence and mitigation strategies in the broiler production chain. Food Microbiol 2022; 104:103998. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2022.103998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Rawson T, Colles FM, Terry JCD, Bonsall MB. Mechanisms of biodiversity between Campylobacter sequence types in a flock of broiler-breeder chickens. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8651. [PMID: 35342550 PMCID: PMC8928907 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Commercial poultry flocks frequently harbor the dangerous bacterial pathogen Campylobacter. As exclusion efforts frequently fail, there is interest in potential ecologically informed solutions. A long-term study of Campylobacter sequence types was used to investigate the competitive framework of the Campylobacter metacommunity and understand how multiple sequence types simultaneously co-occur in a flock of chickens. A combination of matrix and patch-occupancy models was used to estimate parameters describing the competition, transmission, and mortality of each sequence type. It was found that Campylobacter sequence types form a strong hierarchical framework within a flock of chickens and occupied a broad spectrum of transmission-mortality trade-offs. Upon further investigation of how biodiversity is thus maintained within the flock, it was found that the demographic capabilities of Campylobacter, such as mortality and transmission, could not explain the broad biodiversity of sequence types seen, suggesting that external factors such as host-bird health and seasonality are important elements in maintaining biodiversity of Campylobacter sequence types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Rawson
- Department of Zoology, Mathematical Ecology Research GroupUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Frances M. Colles
- Department of ZoologyPeter Medawar Building for Pathogen ResearchUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Gastrointestinal InfectionsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | | | - Michael B. Bonsall
- Department of Zoology, Mathematical Ecology Research GroupUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
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Uddin MN, Neogi SB, Islam SS, Ferdous J, Khan MSR, Yamasaki S, Kabir SML. Occurrence and multidrug resistance of Campylobacter spp. at duck farms and associated environmental and anthropogenic risk factors in Bangladesh. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:1139. [PMID: 34743683 PMCID: PMC8574054 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06834-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 03/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The alarming rise in multi-drug resistant (MDR) zoonotic pathogens, including Campylobacter spp., has been threatening the health sector globally. In Bangladesh, despite rapid growth in poultry sector little is known about the potential risks of zoonotic pathogens in homestead duck flocks. The aim of this study was to understand the occurrence, species diversity, and multi-drug resistance in Campylobacter spp., and identify the associated risk factors in duck farms in Bangladesh.
Methods The study involved 20 duck farms at 6 sub-districts of Mymensingh, Bangladesh. Monthly occurrence of Campylobacter spp. in potential sources at the farms during February-September, 2018, was detected by culture and PCR-based methods. Campylobacter isolates were examined for resistance to different antimicrobials. Risk factors, concerning climatic and environmental disposition, farm management, and anthropogenic practices, of Campylobacter infection were estimated by participatory epidemiological tools. Results Occurrence of Campylobacter spp. was detected in overall 36.90% (155/420) samples, more frequently in drinking water (60%, 30/50), followed by cloacal swab (37.50%, 75/200), egg surface swab (35%, 35/100) and soil of the duck resting places (30%, 15/50) but was not detected in feed samples (n = 20). PCR assays distinguished the majority (61.30%, 95/155) of the isolates as C. coli, while the rest (38.70%, 60/155) were C. jejuni. Notably, 41.7% (25/60) and 31.6% (30/95) strains of C. jejuni and C. coli, respectively, were observed to be MDR. The dynamics of Campylobacter spp., distinctly showing higher abundance during summer and late-monsoon, correlated significantly with temperature, humidity, and rainfall, while sunshine hours had a negative influence. Anthropogenic management-related factors, including, inadequate hygiene practices, use of untreated river water, wet duck shed, flock age (1–6 months), and unscrupulous use of antimicrobials were identified to enhance the risk of MDR Campylobacter infection. Conclusion The present study clearly demonstrates that duck farms contribute to the enhanced occurrence and spread of potentially pathogenic and MDR C. coli and C. jejuni strains and the bacterial dynamics are governed by a combined interaction of environmental and anthropogenic factors. A long-term holistic research at the environment-animal-human interface would be integral to divulge health risk reduction approaches tackling the spread of Campylobacter spp. from duck farms. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12879-021-06834-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Nasir Uddin
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Sucharit Basu Neogi
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan
| | - Sk Shaheenur Islam
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Jannatul Ferdous
- Department of Pharmacology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Md Shahidur Rahman Khan
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Shinji Yamasaki
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan
| | - S M Lutful Kabir
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh.
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Rodrigues JA, Cha W, Mosci RE, Mukherjee S, Newton DW, Lephart P, Salimnia H, Khalife W, Rudrik JT, Manning SD. Epidemiologic Associations Vary Between Tetracycline and Fluoroquinolone Resistant Campylobacter jejuni Infections. Front Public Health 2021; 9:672473. [PMID: 34262891 PMCID: PMC8273344 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.672473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is the leading cause of bacterial gastroenteritis and antibiotic resistant C. jejuni are a serious threat to public health. Herein, we sought to evaluate trends in C. jejuni infections, quantify resistance frequencies, and identify epidemiological factors associated with infection. Campylobacter jejuni isolates (n = 214) were collected from patients via an active surveillance system at four metropolitan hospitals in Michigan between 2011 and 2014. The minimum inhibitory concentration for nine antibiotics was determined using microbroth dilution, while demographic and clinical data were used for the univariate and multivariate analyses. Over the 4-year period, a significant increase in the recovery of C. jejuni was observed (p ≤ 0.0001). Differences in infection rates were observed by hospital and several factors were linked to more severe disease. Patients residing in urban areas, for instance, were significantly more likely to be hospitalized than rural residents as were patients over 40 years of age and those self-identifying as non-White, highlighting potential disparities in disease outcomes. Among the 214 C. jejuni isolates, 135 (63.1%) were resistant to at least one antibiotic. Resistance was observed for all nine antibiotics tested yielding 11 distinct resistance phenotypes. Tetracycline resistance predominated (n = 120; 56.1%) followed by resistance to ciprofloxacin (n = 49; 22.9%), which increased from 15.6% in 2011 to 25.0% in 2014. Resistance to two antibiotic classes was observed in 38 (17.8%) isolates, while multidrug resistance, or resistance to three or more classes, was observed in four (1.9%). Notably, patients with ciprofloxacin resistant infections were more likely to report traveling in the past month (Odds Ratio (OR): 3.0; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.37, 6.68) and international travel (OR: 9.8; 95% CI: 3.69, 26.09). Relative to patients with only tetracycline resistant infections, those with ciprofloxacin resistance were more likely to travel internationally, be hospitalized and have an infection during the fall or summer. Together, these findings show increasing rates of infection and resistance and highlight specific factors that impact both outcomes. Enhancing understanding of factors linked to C. jejuni resistance and more severe infections is critical for disease prevention, particularly since many clinical laboratories have switched to the use of culture-independent tests for the detection of Campylobacter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose A. Rodrigues
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Wonhee Cha
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Rebekah E. Mosci
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Sanjana Mukherjee
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Duane W. Newton
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Paul Lephart
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Hossein Salimnia
- School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
- Sparrow Hospital, Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Walid Khalife
- Detroit Medical Center University Laboratories, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - James T. Rudrik
- Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, Bureau of Laboratories, Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Shannon D. Manning
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
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Ben Romdhane R, Merle R. The Data Behind Risk Analysis of Campylobacter Jejuni and Campylobacter Coli Infections. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2021; 431:25-58. [PMID: 33620647 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-65481-8_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli are major causes of food-borne enteritis in humans. Poultry meat is known to be responsible for a large proportion of cases of human campylobacteriosis. However, other food-borne, environmental and animal sources are frequently associated with the disease in humans as well. Human campylobacteriosis causes gastroenteritis that in most cases is self-limiting. Nevertheless, the burden of the disease is relatively large compared with other food-borne diseases, which is mostly due to rare but long-lasting symptoms related to immunological sequelae. In order to pave the way to improved surveillance and control of human campylobacteriosis, we review here the data that is typically used for risk analysis to quantify the risk and disease burden, identify specific surveillance strategies and assist in choosing the most effective control strategies. Such data are mostly collected from the literature, and their nature is discussed here, for each of the three processes that are essential for a complete risk analysis procedure: risk assessment, risk management and risk communication. Of these, the first, risk assessment, is most dependent on data, and this process is subdivided into the steps of hazard identification, hazard characterization, exposure assessment and risk characterization. For each of these steps of risk assessment, information from published material that is typically collected will be summarized here. In addition, surveillance data are highly valuable for risk assessments. Different surveillance systems are employed in different countries, which can make international comparison of data challenging. Risk analysis typically results in targeted control strategies, and these again differ between countries. The applied control strategies are as yet not sufficient to eradicate human campylobacteriosis. The surveillance tools of Campylobacter in humans and exposure sources in place in different countries are briefly reviewed to better understand the Campylobacter dynamics and guide control strategies. Finally, the available control measures on different risk factors and exposure sources are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Racem Ben Romdhane
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Veterinary Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Roswitha Merle
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Veterinary Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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Rawson T, Paton RS, Colles FM, Maiden MCJ, Dawkins MS, Bonsall MB. A Mathematical Modeling Approach to Uncover Factors Influencing the Spread of Campylobacter in a Flock of Broiler-Breeder Chickens. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:576646. [PMID: 33193192 PMCID: PMC7655537 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.576646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite continued efforts to improve biosecurity protocols, Campylobacter continues to be detected in the majority of commercial chicken flocks across Europe. Using an extensive data set of Campylobacter prevalence within a chicken breeder flock for over a year, multiple Bayesian models are presented to explore the dynamics of the spread of Campylobacter in response to seasonal variation, species-specificity, bird health, and total colonization prevalence. These models indicated that birds within the flock varied greatly in their response to bacterial challenge, and that this phenomenon had a large impact on the overall prevalence of different species of Campylobacter. Campylobacter jejuni appeared more frequently in the summer, while Campylobacter coli persisted for a longer duration, amplified by the most susceptible birds in the flock. Our study suggests that strains of Campylobacter that appear most frequently likely possess no demographic advantage, but are instead amplified due to the health of the birds that ingest it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Rawson
- Mathematical Ecology Research Group, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Stephen Paton
- Mathematical Ecology Research Group, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Frances M. Colles
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research, Health Protection Research Unit in Gastrointestinal Infections, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Martin C. J. Maiden
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research, Health Protection Research Unit in Gastrointestinal Infections, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Marian Stamp Dawkins
- Department of Zoology, John Krebs Field Station, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Michael B. Bonsall
- Mathematical Ecology Research Group, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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A Multicenter Proposal for a Fast Tool To Screen Biosecure Chicken Flocks for the Foodborne Pathogen Campylobacter. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:AEM.01051-20. [PMID: 32769183 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01051-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The present multicenter study aimed at assessing the performance of air sampling as a novel method for monitoring Campylobacter in biosecure poultry farms. We compared, using a harmonized procedure, the bacteriological isolation protocol (ISO 10272-1:2017) and a real-time PCR method used on air filter samples. Air samples and boot swabs were collected from 62 biosecure flocks from five European countries during the summer of 2019. For air filters, the frequency of PCR-positive findings was significantly higher (n = 36; 58%) than that obtained with the cultivation methods (P < 0.01; standardized residuals). The cultivation protocols (one with Bolton enrichment and one with Preston enrichment) were comparable to each other but returned fewer positive samples (0 to 8%). The association between type of sample and frequency of PCR-positive findings was statistically confirmed (P < 0.01; Fisher´s exact test), although no culture-positive air filters were detected using direct plating. For the boot swabs, the highest number of positive samples were detected after enrichment in Preston broth (n = 23; 37%), followed by direct plating after homogenization in Preston (n = 21; 34%) or Bolton broth (n = 20; 32%). It is noteworthy that the flocks in Norway, a country known to have low Campylobacter prevalence in biosecure chicken flocks, tested negative for Campylobacter by the new sensitive approach. In conclusion, air sampling combined with real-time PCR is proposed as a multipurpose, low-cost, and convenient screening method that can be up to four times faster and four times more sensitive than the current boot-swab testing scheme used for screening biosecure chicken production.IMPORTANCE Campylobacter bacteria are the cause of the vast majority of registered cases of foodborne illness in the industrialized world. In fact, the bacteria caused 246,571 registered cases of foodborne illness in 2018, which equates to 70% of all registered cases in Europe that year. An important tool to prevent campylobacters from making people sick is good data on where in the food chain the bacterium is present. The present study reports a new test method that quadruples the likelihood of identifying campylobacter-positive chicken flocks. It is important to identify campylobacter-positive flocks before they arrive at the slaughterhouse, because negative flocks can be slaughtered first in order to avoid cross-contamination along the production line.
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15
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Asmai R, Karraouan B, Es-Soucratti K, En-Nassiri H, Bouchrif B, Karib H, Triqui R. Prevalence and antibiotic resistance of Campylobacter coli isolated from broiler farms in the Marrakesh Safi region, Morocco. Vet World 2020; 13:1892-1897. [PMID: 33132602 PMCID: PMC7566245 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.1892-1897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Campylobacteriosis is a common foodborne disease epidemiologically linked to the consumption of poultry products. However, other sources, such as raw or contaminated milk, contaminated water or ice, contact with infected livestock, and pets, are reported. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and resistance to microbial resistance of Campylobacter coli in broiler farms in the region of Marrakesh Safi, Morocco. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was conducted between May and December 2017 and involved 35 broiler farms. One hundred and five cloacal swabs were collected from the eight provinces in the region of Marrakesh Safi, Morocco. Bacteriology method NM ISO/TS 10272-3: 2013 was used to isolate and identify Campylobacter spp. Molecular identification (polymerase chain reaction) was used for confirmation. A disk diffusion method on Mueller-Hinton agar was used for susceptibility testing. Five antibiotic agents, including first-line drugs, were evaluated. RESULTS Among 105 samples, 71.4% (75/105) were positive for Campylobacter spp. test and 56% (42/75) of isolates belonged to the species coli. Susceptibility profiles showed that 95.2% of C. coli strains were resistant to ampicillin, 92.8% to erythromycin and tetracycline, 85.7% to ciprofloxacin, and 7.1% to gentamicin. CONCLUSION This study underlines the need to strengthen implementation of specific control procedures to decrease contamination of poultry meat with Campylobacter spp. and to reduce the use of antibiotics in the poultry sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raja Asmai
- Unité HIDAOA, Departement de Pathologie et Santé Publique Vétérinaire, Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, B.P. 6202, Rabat-Instituts, Rabat, Morocco
| | | | - Khadija Es-Soucratti
- Department of Biology, Ain Chock Faculty of Sciences, Hassan II University, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Houda En-Nassiri
- Department of Biology, Ain Chock Faculty of Sciences, Hassan II University, Casablanca, Morocco
| | | | - Hakim Karib
- Unité HIDAOA, Departement de Pathologie et Santé Publique Vétérinaire, Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, B.P. 6202, Rabat-Instituts, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Réda Triqui
- Unité HIDAOA, Departement de Pathologie et Santé Publique Vétérinaire, Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, B.P. 6202, Rabat-Instituts, Rabat, Morocco
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16
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Tomino Y, Andoh M, Horiuchi Y, Shin J, Ai R, Nakamura T, Toda M, Yonemitsu K, Takano A, Shimoda H, Maeda K, Kodera Y, Oshima I, Takayama K, Inadome T, Shioya K, Fukazawa M, Ishihara K, Chuma T. Surveillance of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli and Campylobacter spp. in wild Japanese deer (Cervus nippon) and boar (Sus scrofa). J Vet Med Sci 2020; 82:1287-1294. [PMID: 32655094 PMCID: PMC7538328 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.19-0265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing game meat consumption in Japan requires the dissemination of safety information regarding the presence of human pathogens in game animals. Health information regarding the suitability of these animals as a meat source is not widely available. In this study, we aimed to evaluate
the safety of game meat and detect potential human pathogens in wild deer (Cervus nippon) and boar (Sus scrofa) in Japan. Fecal samples from 305 wild deer and 248 boars of Yamaguchi, Kagoshima, and Tochigi prefectures collected monthly for 2 years were
examined for the prevalence of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and Campylobacter spp. STEC was isolated from 51 deer consistently throughout the year and from three boars; O-antigen genotype O146, the expression of stx2b, and
eaeA absence (n=33) were the major characteristics of our STEC isolates. Other serotypes included the medically important O157, stx2b or stx2c, and eaeA-positive (n=4) and O26, stx1a, and
eaeA-positive strains (n=1). Campylobacter spp. were isolated from 17 deer and 31 boars. Campylobacter hyointestinalis was the most common species isolated from 17 deer and 25 boars, whereas Campylobacter lanienae and
Campylobacter coli were isolated from three and two boars, respectively. Seasonal trends for the isolation of these bacteria were not significant. This study demonstrates that wild game animals carry human pathogens; therefore, detailed knowledge of the safe handling of
game meat is needed to prevent foodborne infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Tomino
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Masako Andoh
- Laboratory of Pathological and Preventive Veterinary Science, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Yuta Horiuchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Jiye Shin
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Ryunosuke Ai
- Laboratory of Pathological and Preventive Veterinary Science, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Takaki Nakamura
- Laboratory of Pathological and Preventive Veterinary Science, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Mizuki Toda
- Laboratory of Pathological and Preventive Veterinary Science, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Kenzo Yonemitsu
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yamaguchi, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Ai Takano
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yamaguchi, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shimoda
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yamaguchi, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Ken Maeda
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yamaguchi, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Yuuji Kodera
- Center for Weed and Wildlife Management, Utsunomiya University, 350 Mine-machi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 321-8505, Japan
| | - Ichiro Oshima
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Koji Takayama
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Takayasu Inadome
- General Incorporated Foundation Kagoshima Environmental Research and Service, 1-1-5 Nanatsujima, Kagoshima, Kagoshima 891-0132, Japan
| | - Katsunori Shioya
- General Incorporated Foundation Kagoshima Environmental Research and Service, 1-1-5 Nanatsujima, Kagoshima, Kagoshima 891-0132, Japan
| | - Motoki Fukazawa
- Tamagawa University Farm Kushi, Kagoshima, 880 Bonotsucho Kushi, Misamisatuma, Kagoshima 898-0211, Japan
| | - Kanako Ishihara
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwaicho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Takehisa Chuma
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan.,Laboratory of Pathological and Preventive Veterinary Science, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
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17
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Wieczorek K, Bocian Ł, Osek J. Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter isolated from carcasses of chickens slaughtered in Poland – a retrospective study. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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18
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O'Connor L, McKeown P, Barrasa A, Garvey P. Epidemiology of Campylobacter infections in Ireland 2004–2016: What has changed? Zoonoses Public Health 2020; 67:362-369. [DOI: 10.1111/zph.12695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lois O'Connor
- European Programme for Intervention Epidemiology Training (EPIET) European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) Stockholm Sweden
- Health Protection Surveillance Centre Dublin Ireland
| | - Paul McKeown
- Health Protection Surveillance Centre Dublin Ireland
| | - Alicia Barrasa
- European Programme for Intervention Epidemiology Training (EPIET) European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) Stockholm Sweden
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid Spain
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19
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Runesvärd E, Wikström C, Fernström LL, Hansson I. Presence of pathogenic bacteria in faeces from dogs fed raw meat-based diets or dry kibble. Vet Rec 2020; 187:e71. [PMID: 32054718 PMCID: PMC7799416 DOI: 10.1136/vr.105644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Feeding dogs with raw meat-based diets (RMBD) has increased in popularity in recent years. Proponents claim that RMBD is more natural for dogs, because it is what their ancestors (wolves) eat. Opponents claim that RMBD is a health hazard to both humans and animals, with a risk of spreading zoonotic bacteria and resistant bacterial strains. METHODS This cross-sectional study investigated differences in bacteria shedding in faeces between dogs fed RMBD and dogs fed dry kibble. Faeces samples from 50 dogs from the same municipality were analysed for the presence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli, Campylobacter and Salmonella. RESULTS For the 25 dogs fed RMBD, ESBL E coli was isolated from 13 faeces samples, Campylobacter from 12 and Salmonella from 1. For the 25 dogs fed dry kibble, ESBL-producing E coli was isolated from one faeces sample and Campylobacter from four, while Salmonella was not detected. CONCLUSION There was thus a significant difference in excretion of zoonotic and resistant bacteria in faeces between dogs fed RMBD and dogs fed dry kibble. These results confirm that RMBD can pose a microbiological risk not only for dogs, but also for people handling RMBD and faeces from dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellinor Runesvärd
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Camilla Wikström
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lise-Lotte Fernström
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Hansson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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20
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Hansson I, Olsson Engvall E, Ferrari S, Harbom B, Lahti E. Detection of Campylobacter species in different types of samples from dairy farms. Vet Rec 2019; 186:605. [PMID: 31727852 DOI: 10.1136/vr.105610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Livestock, domestic pets and wildlife can be intestinal carriers of thermotolerant Campylobacter species. These reservoirs can in turn contaminate the environment and food products, thus creating pathways to campylobacteriosis in human beings. The purposes of this study were to investigate sampling strategies applied for surveillance of Campylobacter on dairy cattle farms and to identify the presence and species of Campylobacter in different age groups. METHODS Boot sock and faecal samples were collected from five dairy herds from three age groups-cows, heifers and calves younger than 12 months-and from milk filters. RESULTS Campylobacter species were isolated in 152 of 250 samples, of which 93 isolates were identified as C jejuni, 51 as C hyointestinalis, two as C lari and one as C coli, whereas five isolates could not be identified to species level. Campylobacter species were isolated from 86 of 110 faecal samples, 60 of 97 sock samples and six of 43 milk filter samples. CONCLUSION Faecal samples were the optimal sample type for detection of Campylobacter on dairy farms. However, taking multiple types of samples could be recommended in order to optimise the recovery rate and variety of Campylobacter species detected when investigating the presence of Campylobacter on dairy farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Hansson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden .,Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Eva Olsson Engvall
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sevinc Ferrari
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Boel Harbom
- Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Elina Lahti
- Department of Epidemiology and Disease Control, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
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21
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Houe H, Nielsen SS, Nielsen LR, Ethelberg S, Mølbak K. Opportunities for Improved Disease Surveillance and Control by Use of Integrated Data on Animal and Human Health. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:301. [PMID: 31572735 PMCID: PMC6753377 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The global challenges and threats from infectious diseases including antimicrobial drug resistance and emerging infections due to the rapidly changing climate require that we continuously revisit the fitness of our infrastructure. The databases used for surveillance represent an important infrastructure. Historically, many databases have evolved from different needs and from different organizations. Despite growing data storage and computing capacities, data are, however, rarely used to their full potential. The objective of this review was to outline different data sources available in Denmark. We applied a one-health perspective and included data sources on animal demographics and movements, medicine prescription, diagnostic test results as well as relevant data on human health. Another objective was to suggest approaches for fit-for-purpose integration of data as a resource for risk assessment and generation of evidence for policies to protect animal and human health. Danish databases were reviewed according to a systematic procedure including ownership, intended purposes of the database, target and study populations, metrics and information used, measuring methods (observers, diagnostic tests), recording procedures, data flow, database structure, and control procedures to ensure data quality. Thereby, structural metadata were gathered across available Danish databases including animal health, zoonotic infections, antimicrobial use, and relevant administrative data that can support the overall aim of supporting risk assessment and development of evidence. Then illustrative cases were used to assess how combinations and integration of databases could improve existing evidence to support decisions in animal health policies (e.g., combination of information on diseases in different herds or regions with information on isolation of pathogens from humans). Due to the complexity of databases, full integration at the individual level is often not possible. Still, integration of data at a higher level (e.g., municipality or region) can provide important information on risks and hence risk management. We conclude by discussing how databases by linkage can be improved in the future, and emphasize that legal issues are important to address in order to optimize the use of the available data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Houe
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren Saxmose Nielsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Liza Rosenbaum Nielsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steen Ethelberg
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Prevention, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Global Health Section, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kåre Mølbak
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Prevention, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
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22
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Hodges LM, Carrillo CD, Upham JP, Borza A, Eisebraun M, Kenwell R, Mutschall SK, Haldane D, Schleihauf E, Taboada EN. A strain comparison of Campylobacter isolated from retail poultry and human clinical cases in Atlantic Canada. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215928. [PMID: 31067242 PMCID: PMC6505856 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter is the leading cause of food-borne bacterial disease in Canada and many developed countries. One of the most common sources of human campylobacteriosis is considered to be the consumption or handling of raw or undercooked poultry. To date, few Canadian studies have investigated both the prevalence of Campylobacter on retail poultry and its potential impact on human clinical cases. The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of Campylobacter spp. at the retail level and the correlation between subtypes recovered from chicken and those recovered from human clinical cases within the province of Nova Scotia, Canada. From this study 354 human clinical isolates were obtained from provincial hospital laboratories and a total of 480 packages of raw poultry cuts were sampled from retail outlets, yielding 312 isolates (65%), of all which were subtyped using comparative genomic fingerprinting (CGF). Of the 312 chicken isolates, the majority of isolates were C. jejuni (91.7%), followed by C. coli (7.7%) and C. lari (0.6%). Using CGF to subtype C. jejuni and C. coli isolates, 99 and 152 subtypes were recovered from chicken and clinical cases, respectively. The most prevalent human and chicken subtypes found in NS are similar to those observed nationally; indicating that the Campylobacter from this study appear to reflect of the profile of Campylobacter subtypes circulating nationally. Of the subtypes observed, only 36 subtypes were common between the two groups, however, these subtypes represented 48.3% of the clinical isolates collected. The findings from this study provides evidence that in Nova Scotia, retail poultry can act as a reservoir for Campylobacter subtypes that have been implicated in human illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M. Hodges
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Catherine D. Carrillo
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa Laboratory (Carling), Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Antonela Borza
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | | | - Robyn Kenwell
- Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Food Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Steven K. Mutschall
- National Microbiology Laboratory at Lethbridge, Public Health Agency of Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - David Haldane
- Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre, Mackenzie Building, Halifax, Nova Scotia
| | | | - Eduardo N. Taboada
- National Microbiology Laboratory at Lethbridge, Public Health Agency of Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
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23
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Djennad A, Lo Iacono G, Sarran C, Lane C, Elson R, Höser C, Lake IR, Colón-González FJ, Kovats S, Semenza JC, Bailey TC, Kessel A, Fleming LE, Nichols GL. Seasonality and the effects of weather on Campylobacter infections. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:255. [PMID: 30866826 PMCID: PMC6417031 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-3840-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Campylobacteriosis is a major public health concern. The weather factors that influence spatial and seasonal distributions are not fully understood. Methods To investigate the impacts of temperature and rainfall on Campylobacter infections in England and Wales, cases of Campylobacter were linked to local temperature and rainfall at laboratory postcodes in the 30 days before the specimen date. Methods for investigation included a comparative conditional incidence, wavelet, clustering, and time series analyses. Results The increase of Campylobacter infections in the late spring was significantly linked to temperature two weeks before, with an increase in conditional incidence of 0.175 cases per 100,000 per week for weeks 17 to 24; the relationship to temperature was not linear. Generalized structural time series model revealed that changes in temperature accounted for 33.3% of the expected cases of Campylobacteriosis, with an indication of the direction and relevant temperature range. Wavelet analysis showed a strong annual cycle with additional harmonics at four and six months. Cluster analysis showed three clusters of seasonality with geographic similarities representing metropolitan, rural, and other areas. Conclusions The association of Campylobacteriosis with temperature is likely to be indirect. High-resolution spatial temporal linkage of weather parameters and cases is important in improving weather associations with infectious diseases. The primary driver of Campylobacter incidence remains to be determined; other avenues, such as insect contamination of chicken flocks through poor biosecurity should be explored. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12879-019-3840-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelmajid Djennad
- Statistics, Modelling and Economics Department, National Infection Service, Public Health England, 61, Colindale Avenue, London, NW9 5EQ, UK.
| | | | | | | | - Richard Elson
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, UK.,NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Gastrointestinal Infections, London, UK
| | - Christoph Höser
- Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, GeoHealth Centre, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | | | - Sari Kovats
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Jan C Semenza
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Anthony Kessel
- Statistics, Modelling and Economics Department, National Infection Service, Public Health England, 61, Colindale Avenue, London, NW9 5EQ, UK.,London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - Gordon L Nichols
- Statistics, Modelling and Economics Department, National Infection Service, Public Health England, 61, Colindale Avenue, London, NW9 5EQ, UK.,University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.,University of Thessaly, Larissa, Thessaly, Greece
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24
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Sibanda N, McKenna A, Richmond A, Ricke SC, Callaway T, Stratakos AC, Gundogdu O, Corcionivoschi N. A Review of the Effect of Management Practices on Campylobacter Prevalence in Poultry Farms. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2002. [PMID: 30197638 PMCID: PMC6117471 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Poultry is frequently associated with campylobacteriosis in humans, with Campylobacter jejuni being the most usual Campylobacter associated with disease in humans. Far-reaching research on Campylobacter was undertaken over the past two decades. This has resulted in interventions being put in place on farms and in processing plants. Despite these interventions, coupled with increased media coverage to educate the consumer on Campylobacter prevalence and campylobacteriosis, human health incidents are still high. Recent research is now shifting toward further understanding of the microorganisms to challenge interventions in place and to look at further and more relevant interventions for the reduction in human incidents. Farm practices play a key role in the control of colonization within poultry houses and among flocks. Prevalence at the farm level can be up to 100% and time of colonization may vary widely between flocks. Considerable research has been performed to understand how farm management and animal health practices can affect colonization on farms. This review will focus on farm practices to date as a baseline for future interventions as the microorganism becomes better understood. Further research is required to understand the chicken microbiome and factors influencing vertical transmission. The persistence of Campylobacter in animal and environmental reservoirs within and around farms requires further investigation to tailor farm practices toward preventing such reservoirs. IMPLICATIONS This review gives an overview of farm practices and their effect on Campylobacter prevalence in poultry. Various elements of farm practices have been captured in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nompilo Sibanda
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
- Moy Park, Ltd., Craigavon, United Kingdom
| | - Aaron McKenna
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
- Moy Park, Ltd., Craigavon, United Kingdom
| | | | - Steven C. Ricke
- Center for Food Safety, Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Todd Callaway
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Alexandros Ch. Stratakos
- Bacteriology Branch, Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Ozan Gundogdu
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicolae Corcionivoschi
- Bacteriology Branch, Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, United Kingdom
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25
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Hansson I, Sandberg M, Habib I, Lowman R, Engvall EO. Knowledge gaps in control of Campylobacter for prevention of campylobacteriosis. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 65 Suppl 1:30-48. [PMID: 29663680 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Campylobacteriosis is an important, worldwide public health problem with numerous socio-economic impacts. Since 2015, approximately 230,000 cases have been reported annually in Europe. In the United States, Australia and New Zealand, campylobacteriosis is the most commonly reported disease. Poultry and poultry products are considered important sources of human infections. Poultry meat can become contaminated with Campylobacter during slaughter if live chickens are intestinal carriers. Campylobacter spp. can be transferred from animals to humans through consumption and handling of contaminated food products, with fresh chicken meat being the most commonly implicated food type. Regarding food-borne disease, the most important Campylobacter species are Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli. In humans, clinical signs of campylobacteriosis include diarrhoea, abdominal pain, fever, headache, nausea and vomiting. Most cases of campylobacteriosis are sporadic and self-limiting, but there are post-infection complications, for example, Guillain-Barrés syndrome. This review summarizes an analysis undertaken by the DISCONTOOLS group of experts on campylobacteriosis. Gaps were identified in: (i) knowledge of true number of infected humans; (ii) mechanisms of pathogenicity to induce infection in humans; (iii) training to prevent transfer of Campylobacter from raw to ready-to-eat food; (iv) development of effective vaccines; (v) understanding transmission routes to broiler flocks; (vi) knowledge of bacteriocins, bacteriophages and antimicrobial peptides as preventive therapies; (vii) ration formulation as an effective preventive measure at a farm level; (viii) development of kits for rapid detection and quantification of Campylobacter in animals and food products; and (ix) development of more effective antimicrobials for treatment of humans infected with Campylobacter. Some of these gaps are relevant worldwide, whereas others are more related to problems encountered with Campylobacter in industrialized countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Hansson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - M Sandberg
- Food Safety, Veterinary Issues & Risk Analysis Danish Agriculture & Food Council, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - I Habib
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - R Lowman
- Independent Veterinary Public Health Research Specialist, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - E O Engvall
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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Weather correlates of Campylobacter prevalence in broilers at slaughter under tropical conditions in Sri Lanka. Epidemiol Infect 2018; 146:972-979. [PMID: 29655394 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268818000894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter is the primary agent of human bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. In contrast to temperate zones, weather effects on Campylobacter prevalence in broilers under tropical conditions are under-researched. We examined the association between weather and Campylobacter prevalence in slaughtered broilers in Sri Lanka, a tropical country with weather variations led by monsoons. Each month (October 2009-July 2011), 20-30 broiler batches referring to two semi-automated slaughterhouses from five Sri Lankan provinces were tested for Campylobacter contamination and analysed in relation to temperature, humidity and rainfall. Overall prevalence was 63.8% (95% CI 59.6-67.9%, n = 542), peaking in September-November. Each 1 °C increase in monthly mean temperature up to 26 °C increased Campylobacter-positive batches by 16.4% (95% CI 0.4-35.1%). For each 10 mm increase in monthly total rainfall up to 300 mm, Campylobacter-positive batches increased significantly by 0.8% (0.1-1.5%) at 1-month lag. For each 1% increase in relative humidity up to 80% at 1- and 2-month lags, Campylobacter-positive batches increased of respectively 4.2% (1.9-6.7%) and 4.0% (1.5-6.5), and decreased by 3.6% (2.6-4.6%) and 4.0% (2.6-5.4%) for unit increases above 80%. These results suggest that even in tropical countries without marked seasons, there are weather effects possibly reflecting Campylobacter potential to colonise its preferred host and/or survive in the environment.
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Khan JA, Rathore RS, Abulreesh HH, Qais FA, Ahmad I. Prevalence and Antibiotic Resistance Profiles ofCampylobacter jejuniIsolated from Poultry Meat and Related Samples at Retail Shops in Northern India. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2018; 15:218-225. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2017.2344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Javed Ahamad Khan
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University (AMU), Aligarh, India
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, Bareilly, India
| | - Ram Swaroop Rathore
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, Bareilly, India
| | - Hussein Hasan Abulreesh
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faizan Abul Qais
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University (AMU), Aligarh, India
| | - Iqbal Ahmad
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University (AMU), Aligarh, India
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28
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Duqué B, Daviaud S, Guillou S, Haddad N, Membré JM. Quantification of Campylobacter jejuni contamination on chicken carcasses in France. Food Res Int 2017; 106:1077-1085. [PMID: 29579901 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Highly prevalent in poultry, Campylobacter is a foodborne pathogen which remains the primary cause of enteritis in humans. Several studies have determined prevalence and contamination level of this pathogen throughout the food chain. However it is generally performed in a deterministic way without considering heterogeneity of contamination level. The purpose of this study was to quantify, using probabilistic tools, the contamination level of Campylobacter spp. on chicken carcasses after air-chilling step in several slaughterhouses in France. From a dataset (530 data) containing censored data (concentration <10CFU/g), several factors were considered, including the month of sampling, the farming method (standard vs certified) and the sampling area (neck vs leg). All probabilistic analyses were performed in R using fitdistrplus, mc2d and nada packages. The uncertainty (i.e. error) generated by the presence of censored data was small (ca 1 log10) in comparison to the variability (i.e. heterogeneity) of contamination level (3 log10 or more), strengthening the probabilistic analysis and facilitating result interpretation. The sampling period and sampling area (neck/leg) had a significant effect on Campylobacter contamination level. More precisely, two "seasons" were distinguished: one from January to May, another one from June to December. During the June-to-December season, the mean Campylobacter concentration was estimated to 2.6 [2.4; 2.8] log10 (CFU/g) and 1.8 [1.5; 2.0] log10 (CFU/g) for neck and leg, respectively. The probability of having >1000CFU/g (higher limit of European microbial criterion) was estimated to 35.3% and 12.6%, for neck and leg, respectively. In contrast, during January-to-May season, the mean contamination level was estimated to 1.0 [0.6; 1.3] log10 (CFU/g) and 0.6 [0.3; 0.9] log10 (CFU/g) for neck and leg, respectively. The probability of having >1000CFU/g was estimated to 13.5% and 2.0% for neck and leg, respectively. An accurate quantification of contamination level enables industrials to better adapt their processing and hygiene practices. These results will also help in refining exposure assessment models.
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29
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DAVID JM, POLLARI F, PINTAR KDM, NESBITT A, BUTLER AJ, RAVEL A. Do contamination of and exposure to chicken meat and water drive the temporal dynamics of Campylobacter cases? Epidemiol Infect 2017; 145:3191-3203. [PMID: 29022517 PMCID: PMC9148771 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268817002199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacteriosis, the most frequent bacterial enteric disease, shows a clear yet unexplained seasonality. The study purpose was to explore the influence of seasonal fluctuation in the contamination of and in the behaviour exposures to two important sources of Campylobacter on the seasonality of campylobacteriosis. Time series analyses were applied to data collected through an integrated surveillance system in Canada in 2005-2010. Data included sporadic, domestically-acquired cases of Campylobacter jejuni infection, contamination of retail chicken meat and of surface water by C. jejuni, and exposure to each source through barbequing and swimming in natural waters. Seasonal patterns were evident for all variables with a peak in summer for human cases and for both exposures, in fall for chicken meat contamination, and in late fall for water contamination. Time series analyses showed that the observed campylobacteriosis summer peak could only be significantly linked to behaviour exposures rather than sources contamination (swimming rather than water contamination and barbequing rather than chicken meat contamination). The results indicate that the observed summer increase in human cases may be more the result of amplification through more frequent risky exposures rather than the result of an increase of the Campylobacter source contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. M. DAVID
- Centre for Food-borne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
- Anses, Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Ploufragan, France
- Groupe de recherche en épidémiologie des zoonoses et santé publique et Département de pathologie et microbiologie, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - F. POLLARI
- Centre for Food-borne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - K. D. M. PINTAR
- Centre for Food-borne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - A. NESBITT
- Centre for Food-borne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - A. J. BUTLER
- Centre for Food-borne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - A. RAVEL
- Groupe de recherche en épidémiologie des zoonoses et santé publique et Département de pathologie et microbiologie, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
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30
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Schets FM, Jacobs-Reitsma WF, van der Plaats RQJ, Heer LKD, van Hoek AHAM, Hamidjaja RA, de Roda Husman AM, Blaak H. Prevalence and types of Campylobacter on poultry farms and in their direct environment. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2017; 15:849-862. [PMID: 29215350 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2017.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
To study whether broiler and layer farms contribute to the environmental Campylobacter load, environmental matrices at or close to farms, and caecal material from chickens, were examined. Similarity between Campylobacter from poultry and environment was tested based on species identification and Multilocus Sequence Typing. Campylobacter prevalence in caecal samples was 97% at layer farms (n = 5), and 93% at broiler farms with Campylobacter-positive flocks (n = 2/3). Campylobacter prevalence in environmental samples was 24% at layer farms, and 29% at broiler farms with Campylobacter-positive flocks. Campylobacter was detected in soil and surface water, not in dust and flies. Campylobacter prevalence in adjacent and remote surface waters was not significantly (P > 0.1) different. Detected species were C. coli (52%), C. jejuni (40%) and C. lari (7%) in layers, and C. jejuni (100%) in broilers. Identical sequence types (STs) were detected in caecal material and soil. A deviating species distribution in surface water adjacent to farms indicated a high background level of environmental Campylobacter. STs from layer farms were completely deviant from surface water STs. The occasional detection of identical STs in broilers, wastewater at broiler farms and surface water in the farm environment suggested a possible contribution of broiler farms to the aquatic environmental Campylobacter load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franciska M Schets
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Zoonoses and Environmental Microbiology, Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, Bilthoven 3721 MA, The Netherlands E-mail:
| | - Wilma F Jacobs-Reitsma
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Zoonoses and Environmental Microbiology, Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, Bilthoven 3721 MA, The Netherlands E-mail:
| | - Rozemarijn Q J van der Plaats
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Zoonoses and Environmental Microbiology, Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, Bilthoven 3721 MA, The Netherlands E-mail:
| | - Lianne Kerkhof-De Heer
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Zoonoses and Environmental Microbiology, Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, Bilthoven 3721 MA, The Netherlands E-mail:
| | - Angela H A M van Hoek
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Zoonoses and Environmental Microbiology, Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, Bilthoven 3721 MA, The Netherlands E-mail:
| | - Raditijo A Hamidjaja
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Zoonoses and Environmental Microbiology, Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, Bilthoven 3721 MA, The Netherlands E-mail:
| | - Ana Maria de Roda Husman
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Zoonoses and Environmental Microbiology, Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, Bilthoven 3721 MA, The Netherlands E-mail:
| | - Hetty Blaak
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Zoonoses and Environmental Microbiology, Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, Bilthoven 3721 MA, The Netherlands E-mail:
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31
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Ishihara K, Chuma T, Andoh M, Yamashita M, Asakura H, Yamamoto S. Effect of climatic elements on Campylobacter colonization in broiler flocks reared in southern Japan from 2008 to 2012. Poult Sci 2017; 96:931-937. [PMID: 27702919 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To demonstrate the effect of climatic elements on Campylobacter colonization in broiler chickens reared in Japan, the correlation between Campylobacter isolated from chickens (191 of 236 flocks, 80.9%) between 2008 and 2012 and climatic elements was analyzed by logistic regression. We divided the rearing process into 13 terms of 5 d each (total: 65 d). Terms were numbered backwards, wherein a 0-term lag was considered as the sampling day plus 4 d before sampling; 1-term lag was the 5-d term before the 0-term lag, and so on, until the 12-term lag. We obtained climatic data tracing back from the 0-term to the 12-term lags. For evaluation in each season, we divided chickens reared during periods of rising temperature (spring, summer) and decreasing temperature (autumn, winter). Air temperature showed a positive correlation with Campylobacter colonization from the 0- to 12-term lags in chickens reared during the period of rising temperature (odds ratio [OR], 1.069 to 1.104), and from the 0- to 4- and 6-term lags (OR, 1.079 to 1.105) in chickens reared during the period of decreasing temperature. The strong positive effect of air temperature on Campylobacter colonization, particularly during the period of rising temperature, may be associated with the effect on the Campylobacter environmental sources and/or vectors. A positive correlation was observed between Campylobacter colonization and humidity when chicken houses were empty and new chicks were introduced (from the 9- to 12-term lags) during the period of decreasing temperature (OR, 1.076 to 1.141). Thus, high humidity would be an important factor causing carry-over of Campylobacter infection during the period of decreasing temperature. We also found that solar radiation increased Campylobacter colonization during the period of decreasing temperature, from the 2- to 8-term lags, except for the 4- and 5-term lags, in Japan. The results of this study demonstrate the effects of air temperature, humidity, and solar radiation on Campylobacter colonization in broiler chickens, and are potentially important for developing strategies to reduce the risk of Campylobacter contamination in broiler chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ishihara
- Women's Future Developing Organization, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan.,Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - T Chuma
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - M Andoh
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - M Yamashita
- Women's Future Developing Organization, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan.,Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - H Asakura
- National Institute of Health Sciences, Kamiyoga 1-18-1, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
| | - S Yamamoto
- National Institute of Health Sciences, Kamiyoga 1-18-1, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan.,School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokai University, 3-20-1 Orido, Shimizu-ku, Shizuoka, Japan
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32
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Kuhn KG, Nielsen EM, Mølbak K, Ethelberg S. Epidemiology of campylobacteriosis in Denmark 2000-2015. Zoonoses Public Health 2017; 65:59-66. [PMID: 28597535 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacter is the most frequently occurring cause of bacterial gastroenteritis in Europe. Unlike other zoonotic diseases, European-wide incidences of Campylobacter infections have increased during the past decade, resulting in a significant disease burden. In Denmark, campylobacteriosis is notifiable by laboratory and a unique registration system of electronic transfer and storage of notified Campylobacter cases linked to the national person register of age, gender and geographical location allows collection of comprehensive case data. Using national surveillance data, we describe Campylobacter infections in Denmark from 2000 to 2015, focusing on age-specific incidences, geography, seasonality and outbreaks. During the observed period, a total of 60,725 Campylobacter infections were registered with a mean annual incidence of 69.3 cases/100,000 population. From 2000 to 2014, the incidence of campylobacteriosis decreased by 20%, followed by an apparent increase of 20% from 2014 to 2015. Approximately one-third of cases were travel-related. Incidences were highest in males, young adults aged 20-29 years and children under 5 years of age. Generally, children under 10 years of age living in rural areas were at higher risk of infection. Infection patterns were seasonal with an increase from May to October, peaking in August. Outbreaks were identified each year, including four large waterborne outbreaks which all occurred following heavy rainfall events. For the most part, patterns of Campylobacter infection in Denmark during 2000 to 2015 remained remarkably constant and followed what is known about the disease with respect to demographic, temporal and spatial characteristics. To establish better targeted prevention and control measures, the current knowledge gaps regarding both Campylobacter microbiology (degree of clonal diversity and clustering) and the importance of different risk factors (food versus environment/climate) need to be filled.
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Affiliation(s)
- K G Kuhn
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - E M Nielsen
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - K Mølbak
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - S Ethelberg
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
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33
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Genetic diversity and antimicrobial resistance profiles of Campylobacter coli
and Campylobacter jejuni
isolated from broiler chicken in farms and at time of slaughter in central Italy. J Appl Microbiol 2017; 122:1348-1356. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.13419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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34
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Stella S, Soncini G, Ziino G, Panebianco A, Pedonese F, Nuvoloni R, Di Giannatale E, Colavita G, Alberghini L, Giaccone V. Prevalence and quantification of thermophilic Campylobacter spp. in Italian retail poultry meat: Analysis of influencing factors. Food Microbiol 2017; 62:232-238. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2016.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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35
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Prachantasena S, Charununtakorn P, Muangnoicharoen S, Hankla L, Techawal N, Chaveerach P, Tuitemwong P, Chokesajjawatee N, Williams N, Humphrey T, Luangtongkum T. Climatic factors and prevalence of Campylobacter in commercial broiler flocks in Thailand. Poult Sci 2017; 96:980-985. [PMID: 28339543 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter are bacteria associated with human foodborne disease worldwide. Poultry and poultry products are generally considered as a main source of these organisms. Compared to temperate zones, baseline information on Campylobacter in tropical regions is limited. Thus, the objectives of the present study were 1) to determine the prevalence of Campylobacter in Thai broiler flocks and 2) to investigate the association between climatic factors (i.e., rainfall, ambient temperature, and relative humidity) and Campylobacter colonization status of broiler flocks in Thailand. A total of 442 commercial broiler flocks reared in the central and northeastern regions of Thailand during 2012 to 2014 were investigated. Campylobacter positive status was identified in 252 examined flocks (57.01%; 95% CI 52.39 to 61.63%). Prevalence of Campylobacter in the northeastern region (54.46%; 95% CI 44.76 to 63.83%) was slightly lower than that of the central region (57.77%; 95% CI 52.47 to 62.90%). More than 65% of Campylobacter positive flocks in the central and northeastern regions had within-flock prevalence higher than 75%. Generalized estimating equations (GEE) revealed that the increased rainfall and relative humidity were associated with the increase of Campylobacter colonization in broiler flocks (P ≤ 0.05), while no relationship between ambient temperature and Campylobacter colonization status was identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Prachantasena
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - P Charununtakorn
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - S Muangnoicharoen
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - L Hankla
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - N Techawal
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - P Chaveerach
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - P Tuitemwong
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - N Chokesajjawatee
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - N Williams
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - T Humphrey
- School of Medicine, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - T Luangtongkum
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Research Unit in Microbial Food Safety and Antimicrobial Resistance, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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36
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Sandberg M, Dahl J, Lindegaard L, Pedersen J. Compliance/non-compliance with biosecurity rules specified in the Danish Quality Assurance system (KIK) and Campylobacter- positive broiler flocks 2012 and 2013. Poult Sci 2017; 96:184-191. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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Mikkelä A, Ranta J, González M, Hakkinen M, Tuominen P. Campylobacter QMRA: A Bayesian Estimation of Prevalence and Concentration in Retail Foods Under Clustering and Heavy Censoring. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2016; 36:2065-2080. [PMID: 26858000 DOI: 10.1111/risa.12572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A Bayesian statistical temporal-prevalence-concentration model (TPCM) was built to assess the prevalence and concentration of pathogenic campylobacter species in batches of fresh chicken and turkey meat at retail. The data set was collected from Finnish grocery stores in all the seasons of the year. Observations at low concentration levels are often censored due to the limit of determination of the microbiological methods. This model utilized the potential of Bayesian methods to borrow strength from related samples in order to perform under heavy censoring. In this extreme case the majority of the observed batch-specific concentrations was below the limit of determination. The hierarchical structure was included in the model in order to take into account the within-batch and between-batch variability, which may have a significant impact on the sample outcome depending on the sampling plan. Temporal changes in the prevalence of campylobacter were modeled using a Markovian time series. The proposed model is adaptable for other pathogens if the same type of data set is available. The computation of the model was performed using OpenBUGS software.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antti Mikkelä
- Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira, Risk Assessment Research Unit, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jukka Ranta
- Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira, Risk Assessment Research Unit, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Manuel González
- Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira, Risk Assessment Research Unit, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marjaana Hakkinen
- Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira, Food and Feed Microbiology Research Unit, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pirkko Tuominen
- Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira, Risk Assessment Research Unit, Helsinki, Finland
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38
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Weinberger M, Moran-Gilad J, Rokney A, Davidov Y, Agmon V, Peretz C, Valinsky L. Molecular epidemiology of Campylobacter jejuni infection in Israel-a nationwide study. Clin Microbiol Infect 2016; 22:1005.e9-1005.e15. [PMID: 27615719 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2016.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2016] [Revised: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of Campylobacter infection in Israel, particularly among children <2 years of age, has risen over the last decade and became one of the highest among industrialized countries. This study explored the molecular epidemiology of Campylobacter jejuni in Israel over a decade (2003-2012) using multilocus sequence typing (MLST) combined with demographic metadata. Representative clinical isolates (438) from a large national repository together with selected veterinary isolates (74) were subject to MLST. The distribution of age groups, ethnicity and clinical source across various genotypes was evaluated using Poisson modelling. The 512 studied isolates were assigned 126 distinct sequence types (STs) (18.8% novel STs) grouped into 21 clonal complexes (CCs). Most human, poultry and bovine STs clustered together in the leading CCs. Three dominant STs (ST21, ST6608, ST4766) were detected only since 2006. Patients infected with the leading CCs were similarly distributed along densely populated areas. The frequency of blood isolates was higher in patients infected with CC353 (relative rate (RR)=2.0, 95% CI 1.03-3.9, adjusted p value (adj.p) 0.047) and CC42 (RR=4.4, 95% CI 1.7-11.6, adj.p 0.018) and lower with CC257 (RR=0.3, 95% CI 0.1-0.9, adj. p 0.047). The distribution of age groups and ethnicity also varied across the leading CCs. In conclusion, C. jejuni isolates in a national sample appeared highly diverse with a high proportion of new STs. Phylogenic analysis was compatible with poultry and cattle as possible food sources of clinical infection. Demographic characteristics of the infected patients coupled with strain invasiveness across different genotypes revealed a complex epidemiology of C. jejuni transmission in Israel.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Weinberger
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Israel; Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel.
| | - J Moran-Gilad
- Public Health Services, Israel Ministry of Health, Israel; Department of Health Systems Management, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er-Sheva, Israel; ESCMID Study Group for Genomic and Molecular Diagnostics (ESGMD), Basel, Switzerland
| | - A Rokney
- Central Government Laboratories, Israel Ministry of Health, Israel
| | - Y Davidov
- Central Government Laboratories, Israel Ministry of Health, Israel
| | - V Agmon
- Central Government Laboratories, Israel Ministry of Health, Israel
| | - C Peretz
- School of Public Health, Epidemiology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - L Valinsky
- Central Government Laboratories, Israel Ministry of Health, Israel
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Factors associated with increasing campylobacteriosis incidence in Michigan, 2004-2013. Epidemiol Infect 2016; 144:3316-3325. [PMID: 27488877 DOI: 10.1017/s095026881600159x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to examine the incidence trend of campylobacteriosis in Michigan over a 10-year period and to investigate risk factors and clinical outcomes associated with infection. Campylobacter case data from 2004 to 2013 was obtained from the Michigan Disease Surveillance System. We conducted statistical and spatial analyses to examine trends and identify factors linked to campylobacteriosis as well as ecological associations using animal density data from the National Agricultural Statistics Service. An increasing trend of Campylobacter incidence and hospitalization was observed, which was linked to specific age groups and rural residence. Cases reporting ruminant contact and well water as the primary drinking source had a higher risk of campylobacteriosis, while higher cattle density was associated with an increased risk at the county level. Additional studies are needed to identify age-specific risk factors and examine prevalence and transmission dynamics in ruminants and the environment to aid in the development of more effective preventive strategies.
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40
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Borck Høg B, Sommer H, Larsen L, Sørensen A, David B, Hofshagen M, Rosenquist H. Farm specific risk factors for Campylobacter colonisation in Danish and Norwegian broilers. Prev Vet Med 2016; 130:137-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Mossong J, Mughini-Gras L, Penny C, Devaux A, Olinger C, Losch S, Cauchie HM, van Pelt W, Ragimbeau C. Human Campylobacteriosis in Luxembourg, 2010-2013: A Case-Control Study Combined with Multilocus Sequence Typing for Source Attribution and Risk Factor Analysis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20939. [PMID: 26860258 PMCID: PMC4748240 DOI: 10.1038/srep20939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacteriosis has increased markedly in Luxembourg during recent years. We sought to determine which Campylobacter genotypes infect humans, where they may originate from, and how they may infect humans. Multilocus sequence typing was performed on 1153 Campylobacter jejuni and 136 C. coli human strains to be attributed to three putative animal reservoirs (poultry, ruminants, pigs) and to environmental water using the asymmetric island model. A nationwide case-control study (2010-2013) for domestic campylobacteriosis was also conducted, including 367 C. jejuni and 48 C. coli cases, and 624 controls. Risk factors were investigated by Campylobacter species, and for strains attributed to different sources using a combined case-control and source attribution analysis. 282 sequence types (STs) were identified: ST-21, ST-48, ST-572, ST-50 and ST-257 were prevailing. Most cases were attributed to poultry (61.2%) and ruminants (33.3%). Consuming chicken outside the home was the dominant risk factor for both Campylobacter species. Newly identified risk factors included contact with garden soil for either species, and consuming beef specifically for C. coli. Poultry-associated campylobacteriosis was linked to poultry consumption in wintertime, and ruminant-associated campylobacteriosis to tap-water provider type. Besides confirming chicken as campylobacteriosis primary source, additional evidence was found for other reservoirs and transmission routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joël Mossong
- National Health Laboratory (LNS), Surveillance and Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases, 1 rue Louis Rech, Dudelange L-3555, Luxembourg
| | - Lapo Mughini-Gras
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb). PO Box 1 - 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Utrecht University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Yalelaan 1, De Uithof - 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Penny
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Environmental Research and Innovation, 41 rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Anthony Devaux
- National Health Laboratory (LNS), Surveillance and Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases, 1 rue Louis Rech, Dudelange L-3555, Luxembourg
| | - Christophe Olinger
- National Health Laboratory (LNS), Surveillance and Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases, 1 rue Louis Rech, Dudelange L-3555, Luxembourg
| | - Serge Losch
- Veterinary Services Administration, Laboratory of Veterinary Medicine, 54 av. Gaston Diderich, L-1420 Luxembourg
| | - Henry-Michel Cauchie
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Environmental Research and Innovation, 41 rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Wilfrid van Pelt
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb). PO Box 1 - 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Catherine Ragimbeau
- National Health Laboratory (LNS), Surveillance and Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases, 1 rue Louis Rech, Dudelange L-3555, Luxembourg
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Evers EG, Blaak H, Hamidjaja RA, de Jonge R, Schets FM. A QMRA for the Transmission of ESBL-Producing Escherichia coli and Campylobacter from Poultry Farms to Humans Through Flies. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2016; 36:215-227. [PMID: 26077680 DOI: 10.1111/risa.12433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The public health significance of transmission of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli and Campylobacter from poultry farms to humans through flies was investigated using a worst-case risk model. Human exposure was modeled by the fraction of contaminated flies, the number of specific bacteria per fly, the number of flies leaving the poultry farm, and the number of positive poultry houses in the Netherlands. Simplified risk calculations for transmission through consumption of chicken fillet were used for comparison, in terms of the number of human exposures, the total human exposure, and, for Campylobacter only, the number of human cases of illness. Comparing estimates of the worst-case risk of transmission through flies with estimates of the real risk of chicken fillet consumption, the number of human exposures to ESBL-producing E. coli was higher for chicken fillet as compared with flies, but the total level of exposure was higher for flies. For Campylobacter, risk values were nearly consistently higher for transmission through flies than for chicken fillet consumption. This indicates that the public health risk of transmission of both ESBL-producing E. coli and Campylobacter to humans through flies might be of importance. It justifies further modeling of transmission through flies for which additional data (fly emigration, human exposure) are required. Similar analyses of other environmental transmission routes from poultry farms are suggested to precede further investigations into flies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric G Evers
- Centre for Zoonoses and Environmental Microbiology, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Hetty Blaak
- Centre for Zoonoses and Environmental Microbiology, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Raditijo A Hamidjaja
- Centre for Zoonoses and Environmental Microbiology, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Rob de Jonge
- Centre for Zoonoses and Environmental Microbiology, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Franciska M Schets
- Centre for Zoonoses and Environmental Microbiology, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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Sahin O, Kassem II, Shen Z, Lin J, Rajashekara G, Zhang Q. Campylobacter in Poultry: Ecology and Potential Interventions. Avian Dis 2015; 59:185-200. [PMID: 26473668 DOI: 10.1637/11072-032315-review] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Avian hosts constitute a natural reservoir for thermophilic Campylobacter species, primarily Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli, and poultry flocks are frequently colonized in the intestinal tract with high numbers of the organisms. Prevalence rates in poultry, especially in slaughter-age broiler flocks, could reach as high as 100% on some farms. Despite the extensive colonization, Campylobacter is essentially a commensal in birds, although limited evidence has implicated the organism as a poultry pathogen. Although Campylobacter is insignificant for poultry health, it is a leading cause of food-borne gastroenteritis in humans worldwide, and contaminated poultry meat is recognized as the main source for human exposure. Therefore, considerable research efforts have been devoted to the development of interventions to diminish Campylobacter contamination in poultry, with the intention to reduce the burden of food-borne illnesses. During the past decade, significant advance has been made in understanding Campylobacter in poultry. This review summarizes the current knowledge with an emphasis on ecology, antibiotic resistance, and potential pre- and postharvest interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orhan Sahin
- A Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | - Issmat I Kassem
- B Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691
| | - Zhangqi Shen
- A Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | - Jun Lin
- C Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996
| | - Gireesh Rajashekara
- B Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691
| | - Qijing Zhang
- A Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
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Skarp CPA, Hänninen ML, Rautelin HIK. Campylobacteriosis: the role of poultry meat. Clin Microbiol Infect 2015; 22:103-109. [PMID: 26686808 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2015.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of human infections caused by Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli, the main bacterial agents of gastrointestinal disease, has been increasing worldwide. Here, we review the role of poultry as a source and reservoir for Campylobacter. Contamination and subsequent colonization of broiler flocks at the farm level often lead to transmission of Campylobacter along the poultry production chain and contamination of poultry meat at retail. Yet Campylobacter prevalence in poultry, as well as the contamination level of poultry products, vary greatly between different countries so there are differences in the intervention strategies that need to be applied. Temporal patterns in poultry do not always coincide with those found in human infections. Studies in rural and urban areas have revealed differences in Campylobacter infections attributed to poultry, as poultry seems to be the predominant reservoir in urban, but not necessarily in rural, settings. Furthermore, foreign travel is considered a major risk factor in acquiring the disease, especially for individuals living in the northern European countries. Intervention strategies aimed at reducing Campylobacter colonization in poultry and focused at the farm level have been successful in reducing the number of Campylobacter cases in several countries. Increasing farm biosecurity and education of consumers are likely to limit the risk of infection. Overall, poultry is an important reservoir and source of human campylobacteriosis, although the contribution of other sources, reservoirs and transmission warrants more research.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P A Skarp
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - M-L Hänninen
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - H I K Rautelin
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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46
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Seasonality ofCampylobacter jejuniisolates associated with human campylobacteriosis in the Manawatu region, New Zealand. Epidemiol Infect 2015; 144:820-8. [DOI: 10.1017/s0950268815002009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYA 9-year time-series of genotyped human campylobacteriosis cases from the Manawatu region of New Zealand was used to investigate strain-type seasonality. The data were collected from 2005 to 2013 and the samples were multi-locus sequence-typed (MLST). The four most prevalent clonal complexes (CCs), consisting of 1215 isolates, were CC48, CC21, CC45 and CC61. Seasonal decomposition and Poisson regression with autocorrelated errors, were used to display and test for seasonality of the most prevalent CCs. Of the four examined CCs, only CC45 showed a marked seasonal (summer) peak. The association of CC45 with summer peaks has been observed in other temperate countries, but has previously not been identified in New Zealand. This is the first in-depth study over a long time period employing MLST data to examine strain-type-associated seasonal patterns ofC. jejuniinfection in New Zealand.
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47
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Williams MS, Golden NJ, Ebel ED, Crarey ET, Tate HP. Temporal patterns of Campylobacter contamination on chicken and their relationship to campylobacteriosis cases in the United States. Int J Food Microbiol 2015; 208:114-21. [PMID: 26065728 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The proportion of Campylobacter contaminated food and water samples collected by different surveillance systems often exhibit seasonal patterns. In addition, the incidence of foodborne campylobacteriosis also tends to exhibit strong seasonal patterns. Of the various product classes, the occurrence of Campylobacter contamination can be high on raw poultry products, and chicken is often thought to be one of the leading food vehicles for campylobacteriosis. Two different federal agencies in the United States collected samples of raw chicken products and tested them for the presence of Campylobacter. During the same time period, a consortium of federal and state agencies operated a nationwide surveillance system to monitor cases of campylobacteriosis in the United States. This study uses a common modeling approach to estimate trends and seasonal patterns in both the proportion of raw chicken product samples that test positive for Campylobacter and cases of campylobacteriosis. The results generally support the hypothesis of a weak seasonal increase in the proportion of Campylobacter positive chicken samples in the summer months, though the number of Campylobacter on test-positive samples is slightly lower during this time period. In contrast, campylobacteriosis cases exhibit a strong seasonal pattern that generally precedes increases in contaminated raw chicken. These results suggest that while contaminated chicken products may be responsible for a substantial number of campylobacteriosis cases, they are most likely not the primary driver of the seasonal pattern in human illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Williams
- Risk Assessment and Analytics Staff, Office of Public Health Science, Food Safety and Inspection Service, USDA, 2150 Centre Avenue, Building D, Fort Collins, CO 80526, United States.
| | - Neal J Golden
- Risk Assessment and Analytics Staff, Office of Public Health Science, Food Safety and Inspection Service, USDA, 2150 Centre Avenue, Building D, Fort Collins, CO 80526, United States
| | - Eric D Ebel
- Risk Assessment and Analytics Staff, Office of Public Health Science, Food Safety and Inspection Service, USDA, 2150 Centre Avenue, Building D, Fort Collins, CO 80526, United States
| | - Emily T Crarey
- National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System, Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food & Drug Administration, 8401 Muirkirk Road, Laurel, MD 20708, United States
| | - Heather P Tate
- National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System, Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food & Drug Administration, 8401 Muirkirk Road, Laurel, MD 20708, United States
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Recent work has added to the understanding of the burden of Campylobacter jejuni, C. coli, and non-jejuni/coli Campylobacter strains in children living in the developing world. RECENT FINDINGS New diagnostic modalities and carefully designed field studies are demonstrating that the burden of Campylobacter diarrhea in children in the developing world has been greatly underestimated. Furthermore, there is emerging recognition of an association between Campylobacter infection and malnutrition. Important progress has been made toward a Campylobacter jejuni vaccine. Finally, evidence of antibiotic resistance continues to be an important issue that is accentuated by the realization that the burden of disease is greater than previously recognized. SUMMARY Additional research is needed to refine our understanding of the epidemiology of Campylobacter infections in developing countries, in particular to improve estimates of the burden of Campylobacter diarrhea in endemic settings, to determine the impact of recurrent Campylobacter infections on child development, and to describe the prevalence and clinical significance of non-jejuni/coli Campylobacter infections. Progressive antibiotic resistance of isolates argues for augmented and expanded control measures of antibiotics in livestock. Continued work in vaccine development is warranted as is the extension of data available on the serotypes related to burden in different areas of the world and the relationship of serotypes to disease severity.
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Sandberg M, Sørensen L, Steenberg B, Chowdhury S, Ersbøll A, Alban L. Risk factors for Campylobacter colonization in Danish broiler flocks, 2010 to 2011. Poult Sci 2015; 94:447-53. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/peu065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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50
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Wieczorek K, Osek J. A five-year study on prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter from poultry carcasses in Poland. Food Microbiol 2015; 49:161-5. [PMID: 25846926 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2015.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
During 2009-2013 a total of 2114 swab samples collected from broiler carcasses in all 16 voivodeships (administrative districts) of Poland were examined for the presence of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli. The antimicrobial resistance of the isolates to ciprofloxacin, tetracycline and erythromycin using the MIC method was also tested. It was found that 1151 (54.4%) carcasses were contaminated with Campylobacter, with 50% of C. jejuni and C. coli species isolated from positive samples. The temporal trend in the prevalence of Campylobacter-positive samples demonstrated that the highest percentage of carcasses was contaminated during the first year of the survey (70.5%) whereas in the last year (2013) only 36.3% of broilers contained these bacteria. Antimicrobial resistance analysis showed that overall 939 (81.6%) of isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin, 646 (56.1%) to tetracycline but only 28 (2.4%) to erythromycin. Significant differences in resistance profiles between C. jejuni and C. coli were observed with greater resistance level observed in the latter species. Furthermore, a significant increase in the percentage of C. jejuni resistant to ciprofloxacin (from 59.6% in 2009 to 85.9% in 2014) and to tetracycline (from 23.2% to 70.4%, respectively) was identified. Only 20 (1.7%) Campylobacter isolates displayed a multiresistance pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Wieczorek
- Department of Hygiene of Food of Animal Origin, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantow 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Jacek Osek
- Department of Hygiene of Food of Animal Origin, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantow 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland.
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