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Zhu J, Zhu R, Jiang H, Li Z, Jiang X, Li F, Zhang F, Feng X, Gu J, Li N, Lei L. Adh Promotes Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae Survival in Porcine Alveolar Macrophages by Inhibiting CHAC2-Mediated Respiratory Burst and Inflammatory Cytokine Expression. Cells 2023; 12:cells12050696. [PMID: 36899832 PMCID: PMC10001268 DOI: 10.3390/cells12050696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (A. pleuropneumoniae) causes porcine pleuropneumonia that seriously endangers pig's health. Adh, located in the head region of trimeric autotransporter adhesion of A. pleuropneumoniae, affects bacterial adhesion and pathogenicity. However, how Adh mediates A. pleuropneumoniae immune invasion is still unclear. Here, we established the A. pleuropneumoniae strain L20 or L20 ΔAdh-infected porcine alveolar macrophages (PAM) model, and applied protein overexpression, RNA interference, qRT-PCR, Western blot and immunoflourescence techniques to dissect the effects of Adh on PAM during A. pleuropneumoniae infection. We found that Adh could increase the A. pleuropneumoniae adhesion and intracellular survival in PAM. Gene chip analysis of piglet lungs further showed that Adh significantly induced cation transport regulatory-like protein 2 (CHAC2) expression, whose overexpression suppressed the phagocytic capacity of PAM. Furthermore, CHAC2 overexpression dramatically increased glutathione (GSH) expression, decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS), and promoted A. pleuropneumoniae survival in PAM, while the knockdown of CHAC2 reversed these phenomena. Meanwhile, CHAC2 silence activated the NOD1/NF-κB pathway, resulting in an increase in IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α expression, whereas this effect was weakened by CHAC2 overexpression and addition of NOD1/NF-κB inhibitor ML130. Moreover, Adh enhanced the secretion of LPS of A. pleuropneumoniae, which regulated the expression of CHAC2 via TLR4. In conclusion, through a LPS-TLR4-CHAC2 pathway, Adh inhibits respiratory burst and inflammatory cytokines expression to promote A. pleuropneumoniae survival in PAM. This finding may provide a novel target for the prevention and treatment of A. pleuropneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhui Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Rining Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Hexiang Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Ziheng Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Xuan Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Fengyang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Fuxian Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Xin Feng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Jingmin Gu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Na Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
- Correspondence: (N.L.); (L.L.)
| | - Liancheng Lei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
- Correspondence: (N.L.); (L.L.)
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2
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Cohen LM, Bossé JT, Stegger M, Li Y, Langford PR, Kielland C, Klem TB, Gulliksen SM, Ranheim B, Grøntvedt CA, Angen Ø. Comparative Genome Sequence Analysis of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae Serovar 8 Isolates From Norway, Denmark, and the United Kingdom Indicates Distinct Phylogenetic Lineages and Differences in Distribution of Antimicrobial Resistance Genes. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:729637. [PMID: 34566934 PMCID: PMC8461171 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.729637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae is the etiological agent of porcine pleuropneumonia, a disease of major impact on pig health, welfare, and productivity globally. Serovar 8 (APP) is the predominant clinical serovar in Norway and the United Kingdom (UK), and has been isolated from clinical cases in Denmark. The primary objective of this study was to characterize the genetic variability of isolates of A. pleuropneumoniae APP8 in the Norwegian population. The secondary objectives were to determine the within-host variability of APP8; to compare the APP8 bacterial populations in Norway, Denmark, and the UK, including antimicrobial resistance (AMR) gene profiles and to assess the effect of national differences in antimicrobial drug use and restricted animal movement on the occurrence of resistance. Isolates of APP8 from the UK (n=67), Denmark (n=22), and Norway (n=123) collected between 1983 and 2020 were compared using whole genome sequencing. To investigate genetic variability within individual hosts, an additional 104 APP8 isolates from the lungs of six Norwegian pigs were compared. Very low within-host variation was observed (≤ 2 single nucleotide polymorphisms). The phylogeny of 123 Norwegian APP8 isolates from 76 herds revealed some within-herd genetic variation, but substantial geographical clustering. When inferring the relatedness of the three international APP8 collections, the topology highlighted the existence of two distinct monophyletic branches characterized by the Norwegian and UK isolates, respectively. Three Danish isolates were scattered across the UK branch, whereas the remaining 19 Danish isolates clustered in two monophyletic groups nested in the Norwegian branch. Coalescence analysis, performed to estimate the divergences from a common ancestor, indicated a last common ancestor several centuries ago. The phylogenetic analyses also revealed striking differences in occurrence of AMR genes, as these were 23-times more prevalent among the UK isolates than among the Norwegian isolates. An increased understanding of the effects of population strategies is helpful in surveillance and control of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liza Miriam Cohen
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Oslo, Norway
| | - Janine T Bossé
- Section of Paediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marc Stegger
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yanwen Li
- Section of Paediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul R Langford
- Section of Paediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Camilla Kielland
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | - Birgit Ranheim
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Øystein Angen
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Application of the MISTEACHING(S) disease susceptibility framework to Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae to identify research gaps: an exemplar of a veterinary pathogen. Anim Health Res Rev 2021; 22:120-135. [PMID: 34275511 DOI: 10.1017/s1466252321000074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Historically, the MISTEACHING (microbiome, immunity, sex, temperature, environment, age, chance, history, inoculum, nutrition, genetics) framework to describe the outcome of host-pathogen interaction, has been applied to human pathogens. Here, we show, using Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae as an exemplar, that the MISTEACHING framework can be applied to a strict veterinary pathogen, enabling the identification of major research gaps, the formulation of hypotheses whose study will lead to a greater understanding of pathogenic mechanisms, and/or improved prevention/therapeutic measures. We also suggest that the MISTEACHING framework should be extended with the inclusion of a 'strain' category, to become MISTEACHINGS. We conclude that the MISTEACHINGS framework can be applied to veterinary pathogens, whether they be bacteria, fungi, viruses, or parasites, and hope to stimulate others to use it to identify research gaps and to formulate hypotheses worthy of study with their own pathogens.
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Nahar N, Turni C, Tram G, Blackall PJ, Atack JM. Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae: The molecular determinants of virulence and pathogenesis. Adv Microb Physiol 2021; 78:179-216. [PMID: 34147185 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ampbs.2020.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, the causative agent of porcine pleuropneumonia, is responsible for high economic losses in swine herds across the globe. Pleuropneumonia is characterized by severe respiratory distress and high mortality. The knowledge about the interaction between bacterium and host within the porcine respiratory tract has improved significantly in recent years. A. pleuropneumoniae expresses multiple virulence factors, which are required for colonization, immune clearance, and tissue damage. Although vaccines are used to protect swine herds against A. pleuropneumoniae infection, they do not offer complete coverage, and often only protect against the serovar, or serovars, used to prepare the vaccine. This review will summarize the role of individual A. pleuropneumoniae virulence factors that are required during key stages of pathogenesis and disease progression, and highlight progress made toward developing effective and broadly protective vaccines against an organism of great importance to global agriculture and food production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nusrat Nahar
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Conny Turni
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Greg Tram
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Patrick J Blackall
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia.
| | - John M Atack
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.
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5
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Xiong J, Zhu Q, Yang S, Zhao Y, Cui L, Zhuang F, Qiu Y, Cao J. Comparison of pharmacokinetics of tilmicosin in healthy pigs and pigs experimentally infected with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. N Z Vet J 2019; 67:257-263. [PMID: 31208293 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2019.1633434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Aim: To compare the pharmacokinetic profiles of tilmicosin, administered orally at a single dose of 20 mg/kg bodyweight, in healthy pigs and in pigs experimentally infected with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Methods: Twelve healthy crossbred pigs, aged approximately 8 weeks, were randomly assigned to uninfected and infected groups, with six pigs per group. Pigs in the infected group were inoculated intranasally with a bacterial suspension of A. pleuropneumoniae containing approximately 108 cfu. Each pig received a single oral dose of 20 mg/kg bodyweight of tilmicosin, given 3-4 hours after inoculation in infected pigs. Blood samples were collected before drug administration and up to 48 hours after tilmicosin administration. Concentrations of tilmicosin in plasma samples were determined by HPLC. Throughout the experimental period pigs were observed for signs of inappetence and clinical abnormalities. After sampling was complete pigs were subject to euthanasia and samples collected for gross and histopathology as well as microbiology. Results: Infected pigs showed signs of bradykinesia, nasal discharge dyspnoea, and coughing 1 hours after inoculation and A. pleuropneumoniae was cultured from the lungs of all infected pigs postmortem. Comparing pharmacokinetic parameters in uninfected and infected pigs, the maximum plasma concentration of tilmicosin was higher in uninfected pigs (1.17 (SD 0.17) vs. 0.96 (SD 0.17) µg/mL), the time to reach maximum concentration was shorter (1.53 (SD 0.23) vs. 2.40 (SD 0.37) hours), and the half-life of the absorption phase and half-life of the elimination phase were both shorter (0.66 (SD 0.08) vs. 1.00 (SD 0.27) hours) and (12.93 (SD 0.96) vs. 16.53 (SD 0.55) hours), respectively. The apparent volume of distribution was smaller in uninfected than infected pigs (1.91 (SD 0.22) vs. 2.16 (SD 0.21) L/kg). The relative bioavailability of tilmicosin in infected relative to uninfected pigs was 108.6 (SD 9.71)%. Conclusions and clinical relevance: The results of this study indicate that A. pleuropneumoniae infection significantly changed certain pharmacokinetic parameters of tilmicosin in pigs. In infected pigs tilmicosin exhibited a longer drug persistence and a better extent of absorption. These results indicate that it is necessary to monitor and adjust the dose of tilmicosin administration during the presence of pleuropneumonia. It is expected that this can optimise clinical efficacy and help avoid the development of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Xiong
- a Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , People's Republic of China
| | - Q Zhu
- a Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , People's Republic of China
| | - S Yang
- a Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , People's Republic of China
| | - Y Zhao
- a Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , People's Republic of China
| | - L Cui
- b Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , People's Republic of China
| | - F Zhuang
- c Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science , Hubei Collaborative Innovation Centre for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan Polytechnic University , Wuhan , People's Republic of China
| | - Y Qiu
- c Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science , Hubei Collaborative Innovation Centre for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan Polytechnic University , Wuhan , People's Republic of China
| | - J Cao
- a Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , People's Republic of China
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6
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Hoeltig D, Nietfeld F, Strutzberg-Minder K, Rohde J. Evaluation of the predictive value of tonsil examination by bacteriological culture for detecting positive lung colonization status of nursery pigs exposed to Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae by experimental aerosol infection. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:211. [PMID: 29954395 PMCID: PMC6022346 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1542-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Actinobacillus (A.) pleuropneumoniae is the causative agent of porcine pleuropneumonia. For control of the disease the detection of sub-clinically infected pigs is of major importance to avoid transmitting of subclinical infections. One method recommended is the testing of tonsillar samples for the presence of A. pleuropneumoniae. This is routinely done by PCR techniques. However, based upon PCR susceptibility testing and monitoring of resistance development is impossible. Therefore, in this study the informative values of bacteriological culture of tonsilar samples for the colonisation status of pigs were tested. In total, 163 German Landrace nursery pigs were experimentally exposed to A. pleuropneumoniae serotype 7 by aerosol and the rate of isolation from lung tissue and tonsils and the corresponding degree of lung lesions were investigated. Results Overall a significant correlation (p < 0.001) between degree of clinical disease, degree of lung alterations and degree of A. pleuropneumoniae isolation from tonsillar and lung tissue after exposure was detected. Of these animals tested, 74.8% were tested positive in tonsillar and lung samples, 7.4% remained completely negative and in 4.3% the tonsils were tested positive despite negative isolation results from lung tissue. In 13.5% of the pigs A. pleuropneumoniae could be isolated in lung tissue but not in tonsillar samples. In 36.4% of these animals a heavy colonization of the lungs and in 40.9% moderate to severe lung alterations were proven. Hence, the diagnostic sensitivity for the detection of a positive colonization status of the pigs by bacterial culture examination of tonsillar samples was 84.7%, the diagnostic specificity was 66.7% and the predictive values were 94.6% (positive) and 35.3% (negative). The overall sensitivity for A. pleuropneumoniae exposure was 78.2% (tonsils) and 88.0% (lung tissue). Conclusions In conclusion, tonsil examination alone for the detection of a positive colonization status of pigs performed might lead to false negative results as lungs might be heavily colonized despite negative tonsillar isolation results. Therefore culture of tonsillar samples should not be the sole test for the confirmation of a pigs’ status but used in combination with methods also evaluating the colonization status of the lower respiratory tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris Hoeltig
- Clinic for Swine and Small Ruminants, Forensic Medicine and Ambulatory Service, University of Veterinary Medicine, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, D-30173, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Florian Nietfeld
- Clinic for Swine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Frankfurter Str. 112, D- 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | | | - Judith Rohde
- Institute for Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, D-30173, Hannover, Germany
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7
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Haine D, Dohoo I, Dufour S. Selection and Misclassification Biases in Longitudinal Studies. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:99. [PMID: 29892604 PMCID: PMC5985700 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Using imperfect tests may lead to biased estimates of disease frequency and measures of association. Many studies have looked into the effect of misclassification on statistical inferences. These evaluations were either within a cross-sectional study framework, assessing biased prevalence, or for cohort study designs, evaluating biased incidence rate or risk ratio estimates based on misclassification at one of the two time-points (initial assessment or follow-up). However, both observations at risk and incident cases can be wrongly identified in longitudinal studies, leading to selection and misclassification biases, respectively. The objective of this paper was to evaluate the relative impact of selection and misclassification biases resulting from misclassification, together, on measures of incidence and risk ratio. To investigate impact on measure of disease frequency, data sets from a hypothetical cohort study with two samples collected one month apart were simulated and analyzed based on specific test and disease characteristics, with no elimination of disease during the sampling interval or clustering of observations. Direction and magnitude of bias due to selection, misclassification, and total bias was assessed for diagnostic test sensitivity and specificity ranging from 0.7 to 1.0 and 0.8 to 1.0, respectively, and for specific disease contexts, i.e., disease prevalences of 5 and 20%, and disease incidences of 0.01, 0.05, and 0.1 cases/animal-month. A hypothetical exposure with known strength of association was also generated. A total of 1,000 cohort studies of 1,000 observations each were simulated for these six disease contexts where the same diagnostic test was used to identify observations at risk at beginning of the cohort and incident cases at its end. Our results indicated that the departure of the estimates of disease incidence and risk ratio from their true value were mainly a function of test specificity, and disease prevalence and incidence. The combination of the two biases, at baseline and follow-up, revealed the importance of a good to excellent specificity relative to sensitivity for the diagnostic test. Small divergence from perfect specificity extended quickly to disease incidence over-estimation as true prevalence increased and true incidence decreased. A highly sensitive test to exclude diseased subjects at baseline was of less importance to minimize bias than using a highly specific one at baseline. Near perfect diagnostic test attributes were even more important to obtain a measure of association close to the true risk ratio, according to specific disease characteristics, especially its prevalence. Low prevalent and high incident disease lead to minimal bias if disease is diagnosed with high sensitivity and close to perfect specificity at baseline and follow-up. For more prevalent diseases we observed large risk ratio biases towards the null value, even with near perfect diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Haine
- Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Canadian Bovine Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Network, St-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Ian Dohoo
- Canadian Bovine Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Network, St-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada.,Centre for Veterinary Epidemiological Research, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Simon Dufour
- Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Canadian Bovine Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Network, St-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
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8
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Dieste-Pérez L, van Nes A, van Maanen K, Duinhof T, Tobias T. The prevalence of PCV2 viremia in newborn piglets on four endemically infected Dutch sow farms is very low. Prev Vet Med 2018; 153:42-46. [PMID: 29653733 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) systemic disease is currently considered one of the most relevant infectious diseases in swine industry worldwide from an economical point of view. Although piglets generally become diseased between 8 and 16 weeks of age, they can be infected much earlier, even already in utero. However, data on the prevalence of PCV2 infection in newborn piglets are very variable (lower than 40 up to 82%) and most of the studies have been performed in US. In European pig farms, using group-housing systems for gestating sows, a different herd PCV2 infection and immunological status may be expected and was recently reported in Germany. If that is the current scenario in most European farms, strategies to prevent horizontal transmission become essential for the control of the infection. The aim of our study was to determine the PCV2 prevalence in newborn piglets on 4 endemically infected farms in the Netherlands under European conditions. Eleven sows and 8 piglets per litter from 4 farms selected by their assumed PCV2 endemic infection status were sampled. Plasma from piglets was analysed with a PCV2 qPCR and serum from the sows was analysed with a commercial circovirus IgG ELSIA, circovirus IgM ELISA and PCV2 qPCR. In none of the samples from the piglets PCV2 was detected by the qPCR. None of the samples from the sows tested positive in the qPCR and circovirus IgM ELISA. The true- and apparent prevalence of IgG at herd and sow level were 0.75 and 0.81 and, 0.30 and 0.32, respectively, and no statistically significant association with sow parity was observed. These results reveal a very low prevalence of PCV2 in newborn piglets on endemically infected farms in The Netherlands, opening the opportunity of re-evaluation of the control measures applied in these farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Dieste-Pérez
- Utrecht University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Farm Animal Health, Utrecht, The Netherlands; GD Animal Health, Deventer, The Netherlands.
| | - A van Nes
- Utrecht University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Farm Animal Health, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - T Duinhof
- GD Animal Health, Deventer, The Netherlands
| | - T Tobias
- Utrecht University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Farm Animal Health, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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9
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Sassu EL, Bossé JT, Tobias TJ, Gottschalk M, Langford PR, Hennig-Pauka I. Update on Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae-knowledge, gaps and challenges. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017; 65 Suppl 1:72-90. [PMID: 29083117 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Porcine pleuropneumonia, caused by the bacterial porcine respiratory tract pathogen Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, leads to high economic losses in affected swine herds in most countries of the world. Pigs affected by peracute and acute disease suffer from severe respiratory distress with high lethality. The agent was first described in 1957 and, since then, knowledge about the pathogen itself, and its interactions with the host, has increased continuously. This is, in part, due to the fact that experimental infections can be studied in the natural host. However, the fact that most commercial pigs are colonized by this pathogen has hampered the applicability of knowledge gained under experimental conditions. In addition, several factors are involved in development of disease, and these have often been studied individually. In a DISCONTOOLS initiative, members from science, industry and clinics exchanged their expertise and empirical observations and identified the major gaps in knowledge. This review sums up published results and expert opinions, within the fields of pathogenesis, epidemiology, transmission, immune response to infection, as well as the main means of prevention, detection and control. The gaps that still remain to be filled are highlighted, and present as well as future challenges in the control of this disease are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E L Sassu
- Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - J T Bossé
- Section of Paediatrics, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - T J Tobias
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - M Gottschalk
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - P R Langford
- Section of Paediatrics, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - I Hennig-Pauka
- Field Station for Epidemiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bakum, Germany
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10
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O'Connor AM, Sargeant JM, Dohoo IR, Erb HN, Cevallos M, Egger M, Ersbøll AK, Martin SW, Nielsen LR, Pearl DL, Pfeiffer DU, Sanchez J, Torrence ME, Vigre H, Waldner C, Ward MP. Explanation and Elaboration Document for the
STROBE
‐Vet Statement: Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology – Veterinary Extension. Zoonoses Public Health 2016; 63:662-698. [DOI: 10.1111/zph.12315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A. M. O'Connor
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine Iowa State University Ames IA USA
| | - J. M. Sargeant
- Centre for Public Health and Zoonoses University of Guelph Guelph ON Canada
- Department of Population Medicine Ontario Veterinary College Guelph ON Canada
| | - I. R. Dohoo
- Centre for Veterinary Epidemiological Research University of Prince Edward Island Charlottetown PEI Canada
| | - H. N. Erb
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences Cornell University Ithaca NY USA
| | - M. Cevallos
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine University of Bern BernSwitzerland
| | - M. Egger
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine University of Bern BernSwitzerland
| | - A. K. Ersbøll
- National Institute of Public Health University of Southern Denmark Copenhagen Denmark
| | - S. W. Martin
- Department of Population Medicine Ontario Veterinary College Guelph ON Canada
| | - L. R. Nielsen
- Section for Animal Welfare and Disease Control University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - D. L. Pearl
- Department of Population Medicine Ontario Veterinary College Guelph ON Canada
| | - D. U. Pfeiffer
- Department of Production and Population Health Royal Veterinary College London UK
| | - J. Sanchez
- Department of Health Management University of Prince Edward Island Charlottetown PEI Canada
| | - M. E. Torrence
- Food and Drug Administration Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition College Park MD USA
| | - H. Vigre
- National Food Institute Technical University of Denmark Lyngby Denmark
| | - C. Waldner
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences Western College of Veterinary Medicine University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon SK Canada
| | - M. P. Ward
- Faculty of Veterinary Science The University of Sydney Sydney NSWAustralia
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11
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O'Connor AM, Sargeant JM, Dohoo IR, Erb HN, Cevallos M, Egger M, Ersbøll AK, Martin SW, Nielsen LR, Pearl DL, Pfeiffer DU, Sanchez J, Torrence ME, Vigre H, Waldner C, Ward MP. Explanation and Elaboration Document for the STROBE-Vet Statement: Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology-Veterinary Extension. J Vet Intern Med 2016; 30:1896-1928. [PMID: 27859752 PMCID: PMC5115190 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The STROBE (Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology) statement was first published in 2007 and again in 2014. The purpose of the original STROBE was to provide guidance for authors, reviewers, and editors to improve the comprehensiveness of reporting; however, STROBE has a unique focus on observational studies. Although much of the guidance provided by the original STROBE document is directly applicable, it was deemed useful to map those statements to veterinary concepts, provide veterinary examples, and highlight unique aspects of reporting in veterinary observational studies. Here, we present the examples and explanations for the checklist items included in the STROBE-Vet statement. Thus, this is a companion document to the STROBE-Vet statement methods and process document (JVIM_14575 "Methods and Processes of Developing the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology-Veterinary (STROBE-Vet) Statement" undergoing proofing), which describes the checklist and how it was developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M O'Connor
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - J M Sargeant
- Centre for Public Health and Zoonoses, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.,Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - I R Dohoo
- Centre for Veterinary Epidemiological Research, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PEI, Canada
| | - H N Erb
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - M Cevallos
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - M Egger
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - A K Ersbøll
- National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - S W Martin
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - L R Nielsen
- Section for Animal Welfare and Disease Control, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - D L Pearl
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - D U Pfeiffer
- Department of Production and Population Health, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - J Sanchez
- Department of Health Management, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PEI, Canada
| | - M E Torrence
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, College Park, MD
| | - H Vigre
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - C Waldner
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - M P Ward
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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12
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Li B, Gong SY, Zhou XZ, Yang YJ, Li JY, Wei XJ, Cheng FS, Niu JR, Liu XW, Zhang JY. Determination of antibacterial agent tilmicosin in pig plasma by LC/MS/MS and its application to pharmacokinetics. Biomed Chromatogr 2016; 31. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bing Li
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development; Ministry of Agriculture; Lanzhou China
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province; Lanzhou China
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of CAAS; Lanzhou China
| | - Shi-Yue Gong
- China Agricultural Vet. (Tianjin) Biological Medicine Co. Ltd; Tianjin China
| | - Xu-Zheng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development; Ministry of Agriculture; Lanzhou China
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province; Lanzhou China
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of CAAS; Lanzhou China
| | - Ya-Jun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development; Ministry of Agriculture; Lanzhou China
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province; Lanzhou China
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of CAAS; Lanzhou China
| | - Jian-Yong Li
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development; Ministry of Agriculture; Lanzhou China
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province; Lanzhou China
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of CAAS; Lanzhou China
| | - Xiao-Juan Wei
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development; Ministry of Agriculture; Lanzhou China
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province; Lanzhou China
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of CAAS; Lanzhou China
| | - Fu-Sheng Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development; Ministry of Agriculture; Lanzhou China
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province; Lanzhou China
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of CAAS; Lanzhou China
| | - Jian-Rong Niu
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development; Ministry of Agriculture; Lanzhou China
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province; Lanzhou China
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of CAAS; Lanzhou China
| | - Xi-Wang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development; Ministry of Agriculture; Lanzhou China
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province; Lanzhou China
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of CAAS; Lanzhou China
| | - Ji-Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development; Ministry of Agriculture; Lanzhou China
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province; Lanzhou China
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of CAAS; Lanzhou China
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13
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Abstract
The introduction into a naïve herd of animals sub-clinically infected with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (App) is frequently the cause of clinical pleuropneumonia and the identification of such infected herds is a priority in the control of disease. Different serological tests for App have been developed and a number of these are routinely used. Some are species-specific whereas others identify more specifically the serotype/serogroup involved which requires updated information about important serotypes recovered from diseased pigs in a given area/country. Serotyping methods based on molecular techniques have been developed lately and are ready to be used by most diagnostic laboratories. When non-conclusive serological results are obtained, direct detection of App from tonsils is sometimes attempted. This review addresses different techniques and approaches used to monitor herds sub-clinically infected by this important pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Gottschalk
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Swine and Poultry Infectious Disease Center (CRIPA), Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses du Porc (GREMIP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada J2S 2M2.
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14
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Simulation study of the mechanisms underlying outbreaks of clinical disease caused by Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae in finishing pigs. Vet J 2014; 202:99-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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15
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Tobias TJ, Bouma A, van den Broek J, van Nes A, Daemen AJJM, Wagenaar JA, Stegeman JA, Klinkenberg D. Transmission of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae among weaned piglets on endemically infected farms. Prev Vet Med 2014; 117:207-14. [PMID: 25156946 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2014.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Clinical outbreaks due to Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae occur recurrently, despite the wide-scale use of antimicrobials or vaccination. Therefore, new approaches for the prevention and control of these outbreaks are necessary. For the development of alternative measures, more insight into the transmission of the bacterium on farms is necessary. The aim of this cohort study was to quantify transmission of A. pleuropneumoniae amongst weaned piglets on farms. We investigated three possible transmission routes: (i) indirect transmission by infected piglets within the same compartment, (ii) transmission by infected pigs in adjacent pens and (iii) transmission by direct contact within pens. Additionally, we evaluated the effect of independent litter characteristics on the probability of infection. Two farms participated in our study. Serum and tonsil brush samples were collected from sows pre-farrowing. Serum was analysed for antibodies against Apx toxins and Omp. Subsequently, tonsil brush samples were collected from all piglets from these dams (N=542) in three cohorts, 3 days before weaning and 6 weeks later. Tonsil samples were analysed by qPCR for the presence of the apxIVA gene of A. pleuropneumoniae. Before weaning, 25% of the piglets tested positive; 6 weeks later 47% tested positive. Regression and stochastic transmission models were used to assess the contribution of each of the three transmission routes and to estimate transmission rates. Transmission between piglets in adjacent pens did not differ significantly from that between non-adjacent pens. The transmission rate across pens was estimated to be 0.0058 day(-1) (95% CI: 0.0030-0.010), whereas the transmission rate within pens was ten times higher 0.059 day(-1) (95% CI: 0.048-0.072). Subsequently, the effects of parity and serological response of the dam and litter age at weaning on the probability of infection of pigs were evaluated by including these into the regression model. A higher dam ApxII antibody level was associated with a lower probability of infection of the pig after weaning; age at weaning was associated with a higher probability of infection of the pig after weaning. Finally, transmission rate estimates were used in a scenario study in which the litters within a compartment were mixed across pens at weaning instead of raising litter mates together in a pen. The results showed that the proportion of infected piglets increased to 69% if litters were mixed at weaning, indicating that farm management measures may affect spread of A. pleuropneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Tobias
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - A Bouma
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J van den Broek
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - A van Nes
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - A J J M Daemen
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J A Wagenaar
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands; Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen UR, PO Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - J A Stegeman
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - D Klinkenberg
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
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