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Yamamoto M, Osanai T, Ito S. L-Lactate dehydrogenase from Cyanidioschyzon merolae shows high catalytic efficiency for pyruvate reduction and is inhibited by ATP. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 114:98. [PMID: 39254882 PMCID: PMC11387445 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-024-01495-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
L-Lactate is a commodity chemical used in various fields. Microorganisms have produced L-lactate via lactic fermentation using saccharides derived from crops as carbon sources. Recently, L-lactate production using microalgae, whose carbon source is carbon dioxide, has been spotlighted because the prices of the crops have increased. A red alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae produce L-lactate via lactic fermentation under dark anaerobic conditions. The L-lactate titer of C. merolae is higher than those of other microalgae but lower than those of heterotrophic bacteria. Therefore, an increase in the L-lactate titer is required in C. merolae. L-Lactate dehydrogenase (L-LDH) catalyzes the reduction of pyruvate to L-lactate during lactic fermentation. C. merolae possesses five isozymes of L-LDH. The results of previous transcriptome analysis suggested that L-LDHs are the key enzymes in the lactic fermentation of C. merolae. However, their biochemical characteristics, such as catalytic efficiency and tolerance for metabolites, have not been revealed. We compared the amino acid sequences of C. merolae L-LDHs (CmLDHs) and characterized one of the isozymes, CmLDH1. BLAST analysis revealed that the sequence similarities of CmLDH1 and the other isozymes were above 99%. The catalytic efficiency of CmLDH1 under its optimum conditions was higher than those of L-LDHs of other organisms. ATP decreased the affinity and turnover number of CmLDH1 for NADH. These findings contribute to understanding the characteristics of L-LDHs of microalgae and the regulatory mechanisms of lactic fermentation in C. merolae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Yamamoto
- School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1, Higashimita, Tama-Ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Takashi Osanai
- School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1, Higashimita, Tama-Ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Shoki Ito
- School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1, Higashimita, Tama-Ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan.
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Wang Z, Liu W, Yan Y, Fan TP, Cai Y. Characterization and Application of an Aspartate Dehydrogenase from Achromobacter denitrificans. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2024:10.1007/s12010-024-04867-w. [PMID: 38386141 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-024-04867-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
A novel gene encoding aspartate dehydrogenase (ASPDH) has been discovered in Achromobacter denitrificans. The product of this gene has a strict dependence on NADH and demonstrated significant reductive activity towards not only oxaloacetate (OAA) but also 2-ketobutyric acid. Further enzymatic characterization revealed the kinetic parameters of ASPDH for OAA and 2-ketobutyric acid were as follows: Km values of 4.25 mM and 0.89 mM, Vmax values of 10.67 U mg-1 and 2.10 U mg-1, and Kcat values of 3.70 s-1 and 0.72 s-1, respectively. The enzyme also showed a dependency on metal ions, with EDTA and Cu2+ exerting strong inhibitory effects, while Ca2+ and Fe2+ exhibited pronounced enhancing effects. By utilizing a whole-cell biocatalyst system comprising glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) and ASPDH as a coupled system to replenish cofactors by oxidizing glucose, enabling the effective conversion of 2-ketobutyric acid to L-2-aminobutyric acid (L-2-ABA) with 97.2% yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zifeng Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenjing Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yi Yan
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tai-Ping Fan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1T, UK
| | - Yujie Cai
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China.
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Hu X, Liu W, Yan Y, Deng H, Cai Y. Tropinone reductase: A comprehensive review on its role as the key enzyme in tropane alkaloids biosynthesis. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127377. [PMID: 37839598 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
TAs, including hyoscyamine and scopolamine, were used to treat neuromuscular disorders ranging from nerve agent poisoning to Parkinson's disease. Tropinone reductase I (TR-I; EC 1.1.1.206) catalyzed the conversion of tropinone into tropine in the biosynthesis of TAs, directing the metabolic flow towards hyoscyamine and scopolamine. Tropinone reductase II (TR-II; EC 1.1.1.236) was responsible for the conversion of tropinone into pseudotropine, diverting the metabolic flux towards calystegine A3. The regulation of metabolite flow through both branches of the TAs pathway seemed to be influenced by the enzymatic activity of both enzymes and their accessibility to the precursor tropinone. The significant interest in the utilization of metabolic engineering for the efficient production of TAs has highlighted the importance of TRs as crucial enzymes that govern both the direction of metabolic flow and the yield of products. This review discussed recent advances for the TRs sources, properties, protein structure and biocatalytic mechanisms, and a detailed overview of its crucial role in the metabolism and synthesis of TAs was summarized. Furthermore, we conducted a detailed investigation into the evolutionary origins of these two TRs. A prospective analysis of potential challenges and applications of TRs was presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiang Hu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Wenjing Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Yi Yan
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Huaxiang Deng
- Center for Synthetic Biochemistry, Institute of Synthetic Biology, Institutes of Advanced Technologies, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yujie Cai
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
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Li T, Qin Z, Wang D, Xia X, Zhou X, Hu G. Coenzyme self-sufficiency system-recent advances in microbial production of high-value chemical phenyllactic acid. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 39:36. [PMID: 36472665 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03480-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Phenyllactic acid (PLA), a natural antimicrobial substance, has many potential applications in the food, animal feed, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. However, its production is limited by the complex reaction steps involved in its chemical synthesis. Through advances in metabolic engineering and synthetic biology strategies, enzymatic or whole-cell catalysis was developed as an alternative method for PLA production. Herein, we review recent developments in metabolic engineering and synthetic biology strategies that promote the microbial production of high-value PLA. Specially, the advantages and disadvantages of the using of the three kinds of substrates, which includes phenylpyruvate, phenylalanine and glucose as starting materials by natural or engineered microbes is summarized. Notably, the bio-conversion of PLA often requires the consumption of expensive coenzyme NADH. To overcome the issues of NADH regeneration, efficiently internal cofactor regeneration systems constructed by co-expressing different enzyme combinations composed of lactate dehydrogenase with others for enhancing the PLA production, as well as their possible improvements, are discussed. In particular, the construction of fusion proteins with different linkers can achieve higher PLA yield and more efficient cofactor regeneration than that of multi-enzyme co-expression. Overall, this review provides a comprehensive overview of PLA biosynthesis pathways and strategies for increasing PLA yield through biotechnology, providing future directions for the large-scale commercial production of PLA and the expansion of downstream applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tinglan Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, 400044, Chongqing, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Zhao Qin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, 400044, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Dan Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, 400044, Chongqing, P. R. China.
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing, P. R. China.
| | - Xue Xia
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, 400044, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Xiaojie Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, 400044, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Ge Hu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, 400044, Chongqing, P. R. China
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Xu JJ, Sun JZ, Si KL, Guo CF. 3-Phenyllactic acid production by Lactobacillus crustorum strains isolated from naturally fermented vegetables. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.111780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Tian L, Zhou J, Lv Q, Liu F, Yang T, Zhang X, Xu M, Rao Z. Rational engineering of the Plasmodium falciparuml-lactate dehydrogenase loop involved in catalytic proton transfer to improve chiral 2-hydroxybutyric acid production. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 179:71-79. [PMID: 33631263 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.02.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
l-lactate dehydrogenases (LDHs) has been widely studied for their ability to reduce 2-keto acids for the production of 2-hydroxy acids, whereby 2-hydroxybutyric acids (2-HBA) is among the most important fundamental building blocks for synthesizing pharmaceuticals and biodegradable materials. However, LDHs usually show low activity towards 2-keto acids with longer side chain such as 2-oxobutyric acid (2-OBA). Here rational engineering of the Plasmodium falciparum LDH loop with residue involved in the catalytic proton transfer was initially studied. By combining homology alignment and structure-based design approach, we found that changing the charge characteristics or hydrogen bond network interactions of this loop could improve enzymatic catalytic activities and stabilities towards 2-OBA. Compared with wild type, variant N197Dldh showed 1.15 times higher activity and 2.73 times higher Kcat/Km. The half-life of variant N197Dldh at 40 °C increased to 77.9 h compared with 50.4 h of wild type. Furthermore, asymmetric synthesis of (S)-2-HBA with coenzyme regeneration revealed 95.8 g/L production titer within 12 h for variant N197Dldh, 2.05 times higher than using wild type. Our study indicated the importance of loop with residues involved in the catalytic proton transfer process, and the engineered LDH would be more suitable for (S)-2-HBA production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingzhi Tian
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, China
| | - Junping Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, China
| | - Qinglan Lv
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, China
| | - Fei Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, China
| | - Taowei Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, China
| | - Xian Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, China
| | - Meijuan Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, China.
| | - Zhiming Rao
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, China.
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Xu JJ, Fu LJ, Si KL, Yue TL, Guo CF. 3-phenyllactic acid production by free-whole-cells of Lactobacillus crustorum in batch and continuous fermentation systems. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 129:335-344. [PMID: 32009287 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
AIM 3-Phenyllactic acid (3-PLA) has been widely used in food and material industries. Three Lactobacillus crustorum strains have shown greater 3-PLA production ability in our previous study. The objectives of this study were to further improve 3-PLA yields in batch and continuous fermentation systems using of free-whole-cells of the three L. crustorum strains. MATERIALS AND RESULTS The fermentation conditions of free-whole-cells of the three L. crustorum strains for 3-PLA production were optimized. Among these strains, L. crustorum NWAFU 1078 showed excellent reusability and significantly (P < 0·05) greater 3-PLA production ability than the other strains after 10th recycle. The strain possesses three l-lactate dehydrogenase and three d-lactate dehydrogenase catalysing 3-PLA production from phenylpyruvic acid (PPA). Under the optimal conditions, the strain produced 15·2 mmol l-1 3-PLA (76% PPA conversion rate) in a batch fermentation system and 6·5 mmol l-1 h-1 3-PLA (55% PPA conversion rate) in a continuous fermentation system using a 0·6 dilution rate. CONCLUSIONS Free-whole-cells of L. crustorum NWAFU 1078 showed excellent reusability and higher 3-PLA yields under optimal biotransformation conditions in both batch and continuous fermentation systems. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study provides the possibility to use the free-whole-cells of L. crustorum NWAFU 1078 as a biocatalyst for effective production of 3-PLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-J Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - L-J Fu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - K-L Si
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - T-L Yue
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - C-F Guo
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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Expression and characterisation of feruloyl esterases from Lactobacillus fermentum JN248 and release of ferulic acid from wheat bran. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 138:272-277. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.07.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Xiong T, Jiang J, Bai Y, Fan TP, Zhao Y, Zheng X, Cai Y. Redox self-sufficient biocatalyst system for conversion of 3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl-L-alanine into (R)- or (S)-3,4-Dihydroxyphenyllactic acid. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 46:1081-1090. [PMID: 31201648 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-019-02200-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We developed an efficient multi-enzyme cascade reaction to produce (R)- or (S)-3,4-Dihydroxyphenyllactic acid [(R)- or (S)-Danshensu, (R)- or (S)-DSS] from 3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl-L-alanine (L-DOPA) in Escherichia coli by introducing tyrosine aminotransferase (tyrB), glutamate dehydrogenase (cdgdh) and D-aromatic lactate dehydrogenase (csldhD) or L-aromatic lactate dehydrogenase (tcldhL). First, the genes in the pathway were overexpressed and fine-tuned for (R)- or (S)-DSS production. The resulting strain, E. coli TGL 2.1 and E. coli TGL 2.2, which overexpressed tyrB with the stronger T7 promoter and cdgdh, csldhD or tcldhL with the weaker Trc promoter, E. coli TGL 2.1 yielded 57% increase in (R)-DSS production: 59.8 ± 2.9 mM. Meanwhile, E. coli TGL 2.2 yielded 54% increase in (S)-DSS production: 52.2 ± 2.4 mM. The optimal concentration of L-glutamate was found to be 20 mM for production of (R)- or (S)-DSS. Finally, L-DOPA were transformed into (R)- or (S)-DSS with an excellent enantiopure form (enantiomeric excess > 99.99%) and productivity of 6.61 mM/h and 4.48 mM/h, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianzhen Xiong
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Jiang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yajun Bai
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tai-Ping Fan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1T, UK
| | - Ye Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaohui Zheng
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yujie Cai
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China.
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