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Swinkels AF, Berendsen BJA, Fischer EAJ, Zomer AL, Wagenaar JA. Extended period of selection for antimicrobial resistance due to recirculation of persistent antimicrobials in broilers. J Antimicrob Chemother 2024; 79:2186-2193. [PMID: 38953288 PMCID: PMC11368422 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkae213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Antimicrobials can select for antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. After treatment the active compound is excreted through urine and faeces. As some antimicrobials are chemically stable, recirculation of subinhibitory concentrations of antimicrobials may occur due to coprophagic behaviour of animals such as chickens. METHODS The persistence of three antimicrobials over time and their potential effects on antimicrobial resistance were determined in four groups of broilers. Groups were left untreated (control) or were treated with amoxicillin (unstable), doxycycline or enrofloxacin (stable). Antimicrobials were extracted from the faecal samples and were measured by LC-MS/MS. We determined the resistome genotypically using shotgun metagenomics and phenotypically by using Escherichia coli as indicator microorganism. RESULTS Up to 37 days after treatment, doxycycline and enrofloxacin had concentrations in faeces equal to or higher than the minimal selective concentration (MSC), in contrast to the amoxicillin treatment. The amoxicillin treatment showed a significant difference (P ≤ 0.01 and P ≤ 0.0001) in the genotypic resistance only directly after treatment. On the other hand, the doxycycline treatment showed approximately 52% increase in phenotypic resistance and a significant difference (P ≤ 0.05 and P ≤ 0.0001) in genotypic resistance throughout the trial. Furthermore, enrofloxacin treatment resulted in a complete non-WT E. coli population but the quantity of resistance genes was similar to the control group, likely because resistance is mediated by point mutations. CONCLUSIONS Based on our findings, we suggest that persistence of antimicrobials should be taken into consideration in the assessment of priority classification of antimicrobials in livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aram F Swinkels
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bjorn J A Berendsen
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Egil A J Fischer
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Aldert L Zomer
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Campylobacter and Antimicrobial Resistance from a One Health Perspective/WOAH Reference Laboratory for Campylobacteriosis, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap A Wagenaar
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Campylobacter and Antimicrobial Resistance from a One Health Perspective/WOAH Reference Laboratory for Campylobacteriosis, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen University & Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
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Trincado L, Cortés P, Pokrant E, Navarrete MJ, Lapierre L, Maturana M, Flores A, Maddaleno A, Cornejo J. Simultaneous analysis of antimicrobial residues and contaminants in poultry droppings by HPLC-MS/MS: a tool for environmental and food safety monitoring. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2024:1-13. [PMID: 39177665 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2024.2393334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 08/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
Animal waste is a potential pollution hazard as it can harbour contaminants, such as antimicrobial residues, mycotoxins, and pesticides, becoming a risk to the public, animal, and environmental health. To assess this risk, 15 experimental broiler chickens orally received contaminants to evaluate excretion levels. An analytical method was previously developed to detect 18 substances in poultry droppings using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to a tandem mass spectrometer (HPLC-MS/MS). Contaminants including tetracycline, 4-epi-tetracycline, oxytetracycline, 4-epi-oxytetracycline, chlortetracycline, 4-epi-chlortetracycline, tylosin, erythromycin, enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, flumequine, florfenicol, sulfachloropyridazine, sulfadiazine, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, zearalenone, alpha- and beta-zearalenol, were extracted with EDTA-McIlvain and acetonitrile. This method showed a p-value < 0.05, RSD < 25%, and R2 > 0.95 in the calibration curves linearity for all analytes. The limit of quantification, selectivity, decision limit for confirmation, matrix effect, precision, and recovery parameters were validated according to European Union document 2021/808/EC, technical report CEN/TR 16059, SANTE/11813/2017 and according to the Veterinary International Conference on Harmonization: VICH GL2 and GL49. This method confirmed the detection of most analytes 12-36 h post-administration and simultaneously detected and quantified mixed contaminants. Thereby, poultry droppings are a potential matrix for spreading contaminants in animal production before slaughter and their control will minimize environmental impacts and mitigate antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Trincado
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology (FARMAVET), Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paula Cortés
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology (FARMAVET), Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ekaterina Pokrant
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology (FARMAVET), Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Laboratory of Food Safety, Department of Preventive Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - María José Navarrete
- Laboratory of Food Safety, Department of Preventive Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lisette Lapierre
- Laboratory of Food Safety, Department of Preventive Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Matías Maturana
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology (FARMAVET), Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrés Flores
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology (FARMAVET), Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Aldo Maddaleno
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology (FARMAVET), Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Javiera Cornejo
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology (FARMAVET), Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Laboratory of Food Safety, Department of Preventive Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Zhao B, Wang Y, Zhang J, Wang L, Basang W, Zhu Y, Gao Y. Development and assessment of an immobilized bacterial alliance that efficiently degrades tylosin in wastewater. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0304113. [PMID: 38820335 PMCID: PMC11142594 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0304113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Microbial degradation of tylosin (TYL) is a safe and environmentally friendly technology for remediating environmental pollution. Kurthia gibsonii (TYL-A1) and Klebsiella pneumonia (TYL-B2) were isolated from wastewater; degradation efficiency of the two strains combined was significantly greater than either alone and resulted in degradation products that were less toxic than TYL. With Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-sodium alginate (SA)-activated carbon (AC) used to form a bacterial immobilization carrier, the immobilized bacterial alliance reached 95.9% degradation efficiency in 1 d and could be reused for four cycles, with > 93% degradation efficiency per cycle. In a wastewater application, the immobilized bacterial alliance degraded 67.0% TYL in 9 d. There were significant advantages for the immobilized bacterial alliance at pH 5 or 9, with 20 or 40 g/L NaCl, or with 10 or 50 mg/L doxycycline. In summary, in this study, a bacterial consortium with TYL degradation ability was constructed using PVA-SA-AC as an immobilized carrier, and the application effect was evaluated on farm wastewater with a view to providing application guidance in environmental remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyu Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Ye Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jingyi Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Lixia Wang
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Wangdui Basang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Science, Lhasa, China
| | - Yanbin Zhu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Science, Lhasa, China
| | - Yunhang Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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Development and validation of a highly effective analytical method for the evaluation of the exposure of migratory birds to antibiotics and their metabolites by faeces analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:3373-3386. [PMID: 35165780 PMCID: PMC9018661 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-03953-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The widespread occurrence of antibiotics in the environment may exert a negative impact on wild organisms. In addition, they can become environmental reservoirs, through the ingestion of food or contaminated water, and vectors for antibiotic-resistant bacteria. This fact is even more important in migratory birds that can promote their dissemination across continents. In this work, a multiresidue analytical method suitable for the determination of five families of antibiotics and their main metabolites in waterbird faeces has been developed and validated. The target compounds include environmentally significant sulfonamides, macrolides, fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines and antifolates. Sample treatment involves ultrasound-assisted extraction with methanol and dispersive solid-phase extraction clean-up with C18. Analytical determination was carried out by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The most significant parameters affecting sample extraction and extract clean-up were optimised by means of experimental designs. Good linearity (R2 > 0.994), accuracy (from 41 to 127%), precision (relative standard deviation lower than 24%) and limits of quantification (lower than 2 ng g-1 (dry weight, dw)) were obtained for most of the compounds. The method was applied to the determination of the selected compounds in 27 faeces samples from three common migratory waterbird species. Nine antibiotics and three of their metabolites were detected in the analysed samples. Fluoroquinolones and macrolides were the antibiotics most frequently detected. The highest concentrations corresponded to norfloxacin (up to 199 ng g-1 dw).
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