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Li P, Zhang Q, Chu C, Ren B, Wu P, Zhang G. Transcriptome Analysis of Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Ovarian Axis Reveals circRNAs Related to Egg Production of Bian Chicken. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:2253. [PMID: 39123779 PMCID: PMC11311080 DOI: 10.3390/ani14152253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2024] [Revised: 07/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian (HPO) axis plays a pivotal role in the regulation of egg production in chickens. In addition to the traditional understanding of the HPO axis, emerging research highlights the significant role of circRNAs in modulating the functions of this axis. In the study, we collected hypothalamus, pituitary, and ovarian tissues from low-yielding and high-yielding Bian chickens for transcriptome sequencing. We identified 339, 339, and 287 differentially expressed (DE) circRNAs with p_value < 0.05 and |log2 (fold change)| ≥ 1 in hypothalamus, pituitary, and ovarian tissues. The Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis for the source genes of DE circRNAs has yielded multiple biological process (BP) entries related to cell development, the nervous system, and proteins, including cellular component morphogenesis, cell morphogenesis, nervous system development, neurogenesis, protein modification process, and protein metabolic process. In the top 30 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways, we observed the enrichment of the GnRH signaling pathway in both the hypothalamus and the pituitary, solely identified the GnRH secretion pathway in the pituitary, and discovered the pathway of oocyte meiosis in the ovary. Furthermore, given that circRNA primarily functions through the ceRNA mechanism, we constructed ceRNA regulatory networks with DE circRNAs originating from the GnRH signaling pathway, GnRH secretion, ovarian steroidogenesis, steroid hormone biosynthesis, and the estrogen signaling pathway. Finally, several important ceRNA regulatory networks related to reproduction were discovered, such as novel_circ_003662-gga-let-7b/miR-148a-3p/miR-146a-5p/miR-146b-5p and novel_circ_003538-gga-miR-7464-3p-SLC19A1. This study will contribute to advancements in understanding the involvement of circRNAs in the HPO axis, potentially leading to innovations in improving egg production and poultry health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peifeng Li
- College of Animal Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030032, China; (P.L.); (Q.Z.); (C.C.); (B.R.)
| | - Qi Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030032, China; (P.L.); (Q.Z.); (C.C.); (B.R.)
| | - Chengzhu Chu
- College of Animal Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030032, China; (P.L.); (Q.Z.); (C.C.); (B.R.)
| | - Binlin Ren
- College of Animal Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030032, China; (P.L.); (Q.Z.); (C.C.); (B.R.)
| | - Pengfei Wu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Breeding and Biotechnology, Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Animal Healthy Farming, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin 300381, China
| | - Genxi Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China;
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Liu J, Guo C, Fu J, Liu D, Liu G, Sun B, Deng M, Guo Y, Li Y. Identification and Functional Analysis of circRNAs during Goat Follicular Development. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7548. [PMID: 39062792 PMCID: PMC11277404 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25147548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Litter size is a crucial quantitative trait in animals, closely linked to follicular development. Circular RNA (circRNA), a type of single-stranded closed-loop endogenous RNA with stable expression, plays pivotal roles in various biological processes, yet its function in goat follicular development remains unclear. In this study, we collected large (follicle diameter > 3 mm) and small (1 mm < follicle diameter < 3 mm) follicles from black goats in the Chuanzhong region for circRNA sequencing, with the aim of elucidating the functional circRNAs that influence follicle development in goats. Differential analysis revealed that 17 circRNAs were upregulated in large follicles, and 28 circRNAs were upregulated in small follicles. Functional enrichment analysis revealed significant enrichment of pathways related to reproduction, including cellular response to follicle-stimulating hormone stimulus, the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, the MAPK signaling pathway, and the Notch signaling pathway. Based on the ceRNA mechanism, 45 differentially expressed circRNAs were found to target and bind a total of 418 miRNAs, and an intercalation network including miR-324-3p (circRNA2497, circRNA5650), miR-202-5p (circRNA3333, circRNA5501), and miR-493-3p (circRNA4995, circRNA5508) was constructed. In addition, conservation analysis revealed that 2,239 circRNAs were conserved between goats and humans. Prediction of translation potential revealed that 154 circRNAs may potentially utilize both N6-methyladenosine (m6A) and internal ribosome entry site (IRES) translation mechanisms. Furthermore, the differential expression and circularization cleavage sites of five circRNAs were validated through RT-qPCR and DNA sequencing. Our study constructed a circRNA map in goat follicle development, offering a theoretical foundation for enhancing goat reproductive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.L.); (C.G.); (B.S.); (M.D.); (Y.G.)
- National Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Conghui Guo
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.L.); (C.G.); (B.S.); (M.D.); (Y.G.)
- National Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Junjie Fu
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.L.); (C.G.); (B.S.); (M.D.); (Y.G.)
- National Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Dewu Liu
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.L.); (C.G.); (B.S.); (M.D.); (Y.G.)
- National Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Guangbin Liu
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.L.); (C.G.); (B.S.); (M.D.); (Y.G.)
- National Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Baoli Sun
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.L.); (C.G.); (B.S.); (M.D.); (Y.G.)
- National Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ming Deng
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.L.); (C.G.); (B.S.); (M.D.); (Y.G.)
- National Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yongqing Guo
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.L.); (C.G.); (B.S.); (M.D.); (Y.G.)
- National Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yaokun Li
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.L.); (C.G.); (B.S.); (M.D.); (Y.G.)
- National Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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Li L, Xin Q, Zhang L, Miao Z, Zhu Z, Huang Q, Zheng N. Analysis of circRNA-miRNA-mRNA regulatory network of embryonic gonadal development in Mulard duck. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103303. [PMID: 38096667 PMCID: PMC10762475 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to explore the regulatory mechanism of differences in embryonic gonadal development between intergeneric distance hybrid offspring Mulard ducks and parent ducks. The morphological differences gonadal tissues of Muscovy ducks, Pekin ducks and Mulard ducks at 12.5-day embryonic age were observed by sectioning and hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining. Then followed by transcriptome sequencing to screen for gonadal development-related differentially expressed circRNAs and mRNAs to construct a competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) regulatory network. Finally, qRT-PCR and luciferase reporter system were used to verify the sequencing data and targeting relationship of ceRNA pairs. The results showed that the seminiferous tubule lumen of Mulard ducks was not obvious, while there were obvious seminiferous tubules and tubular structures in testis of Pekin ducks and Muscovy ducks, with number and shape indicating maturity. There were 18 upregulated circRNAs and 16 downregulated circRNAs in Mulard ducks and Pekin ducks, respectively, and 39 upregulated circRNAs and 1 downregulated circRNA in Mulard ducks and Muscovy ducks, respectively. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis found that genes involves in dorso-ventral axis formation, for example, neurogenic locus notch homolog protein 1 (NOTCH1), were significantly enriched (P < 0.05). The novel_circ_0002265-gga-miR-122-5p-PAFAH1B2 regulatory network was constructed. The qRT-PCR results showed that the sequencing results were reliable. The dual-luciferase reporter assay showed that gga-miR-122-5p exists binding site of circ_0002265 and PAFAH1B2, indicating circ_0002265-gga-miR-122-5p-PAFAH1B2 targeting relationship. In summary, the embryonic gonadal development of intergeneric hybrid Mulard ducks may be regulated by differentially expressed circRNAs and genes, such as novel_circ_0000519, novel_circ_0003537, NOTCH1, FGFR2, PAFAH1B1, and PAFAH1B2, among which circ_0002265-gga-miR-122-5p-PAFAH1B2 may participate in the targeted regulation of gonadal development in Mulard ducks. The findings of this study are helpful for analyzing the mechanism of embryonic gonadal development differences in avians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Fujian Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Fuzhou 350013, China
| | - Qingwu Xin
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Fujian Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Fuzhou 350013, China
| | - Linli Zhang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Fujian Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Fuzhou 350013, China
| | - Zhongwei Miao
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Fujian Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Fuzhou 350013, China
| | - Zhiming Zhu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Fujian Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Fuzhou 350013, China
| | - Qinlou Huang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Fujian Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Fuzhou 350013, China
| | - Nenzhu Zheng
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Fujian Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Fuzhou 350013, China.
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Xu Z, Liu Q, Ning C, Yang M, Zhu Q, Li D, Wang T, Li F. miRNA profiling of chicken follicles during follicular development. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2212. [PMID: 38278859 PMCID: PMC10817932 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52716-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play a crucial role as transcription regulators in various aspects of follicular development, including steroidogenesis, ovulation, apoptosis, and gene regulation in poultry. However, there is a paucity of studies examining the specific impact of miRNAs on ovarian granulosa cells (GCs) across multiple grades in laying hens. Consequently, this study aims to investigate the roles of miRNAs in chicken GCs. By constructing miRNA expression profiles of GCs at 10 different time points, encompassing 4 pre-hierarchical, 5 preovulatory, and 1 postovulatory follicles stage, we identified highly expressed miRNAs involved in GC differentiation (miR-148a-3p, miR-143-3p), apoptosis (let7 family, miR-363-3p, miR-30c-5p, etc.), and autophagy (miR-128-3p, miR-21-5p). Furthermore, we discovered 48 developmentally dynamic miRNAs (DDMs) that target 295 dynamic differentially expressed genes (DDGs) associated with follicular development and selection (such as oocyte meiosis, progesterone-mediated oocyte maturation, Wnt signaling pathway, TGF-β signaling pathway) as well as follicular regression (including autophagy and cellular senescence). These findings contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the intricate mechanisms underlying follicle recruitment, selection, and degeneration, aiming to enhance poultry's reproductive capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongxian Xu
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, Nanchong, 637009, China
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, Nanchong, 637009, China
| | - Chunyou Ning
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Maosen Yang
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Qing Zhu
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Diyan Li
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, China.
| | - Feng Li
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, Nanchong, 637009, China.
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Chen L, Ruan J, Chen Y, Deng W, Lai J, Fan L, Cai J, Ding C, Lin Q, Xiang B, Ren T. RNA sequencing reveals CircRNA expression profiles in chicken embryo fibroblasts infected with velogenic Newcastle disease virus. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1167444. [PMID: 37065234 PMCID: PMC10090683 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1167444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionNewcastle disease virus (NDV) is an important avian pathogen prevalent worldwide; it has an extensive host range and seriously harms the poultry industry. Velogenic NDV strains exhibit high pathogenicity and mortality in chickens. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are among the most abundant and conserved eukaryotic transcripts. They are part of the innate immunity and antiviral response. However, the relationship between circRNAs and NDV infection is unclear.MethodsIn this study, we used circRNA transcriptome sequencing to analyze the differences in circRNA expression profiles post velogenic NDV infection in chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEFs). Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses were used to reveal significant enrichment of differentially expressed (DE) circRNAs. The circRNA- miRNA-mRNA interaction networks were further predicted. Moreover, circ-EZH2 was selected to determine its effect on NDV infection in CEFs.ResultsNDV infection altered circRNA expression profiles in CEFs, and 86 significantly DE circRNAs were identified. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses revealed significant enrichment of DE circRNAs for metabolism-related pathways, such as lysine degradation, glutaminergic synapse, and alanine, aspartic-acid, and glutamic-acid metabolism. The circRNA- miRNA-mRNA interaction networks further demonstrated that CEFs might combat NDV infection by regulating metabolism through circRNA-targeted mRNAs and miRNAs. Furthermore, we verified that circ-EZH2 overexpression and knockdown inhibited and promoted NDV replication, respectively, indicating that circRNAs are involved in NDV replication.ConclusionsThese results demonstrate that CEFs exert antiviral responses by forming circRNAs, offering new insights into the mechanisms underlying NDV-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libin Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiayu Ruan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiyi Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenxuan Deng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinyu Lai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Juncheng Cai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chan Ding
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute (SHVRI), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai, China
| | - Qiuyan Lin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Xiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- *Correspondence: Bin Xiang
| | - Tao Ren
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
- Tao Ren
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Zhao J, Pan H, Liu Y, He Y, Shi H, Ge C. Interacting Networks of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Ovarian Axis Regulate Layer Hens Performance. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:141. [PMID: 36672882 PMCID: PMC9859134 DOI: 10.3390/genes14010141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Egg production is a vital biological and economic trait for poultry breeding. The 'hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian (HPO) axis' determines the egg production, which affects the layer hens industry income. At the organism level, the HPO axis is influenced by the factors related to metabolic and nutritional status, environment, and genetics, whereas at the cellular and molecular levels, the HPO axis is influenced by the factors related to endocrine and metabolic regulation, cytokines, key genes, signaling pathways, post-transcriptional processing, and epigenetic modifications. MiRNAs and lncRNAs play a critical role in follicle selection and development, atresia, and ovulation in layer hens; in particular, miRNA is known to affect the development and atresia of follicles by regulating apoptosis and autophagy of granulosa cells. The current review elaborates on the regulation of the HPO axis and its role in the laying performance of hens at the organism, cellular, and molecular levels. In addition, this review provides an overview of the interactive network regulation mechanism of the HPO axis in layer hens, as well as comprehensive knowledge for successfully utilizing their genetic resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbo Zhao
- Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University Kunming, Kunming 650201, China
- Branch of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qiqihar 161005, China
| | - Hongbin Pan
- Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University Kunming, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University Kunming, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Yang He
- Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University Kunming, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Hongmei Shi
- Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University Kunming, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Changrong Ge
- Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University Kunming, Kunming 650201, China
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