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Noel JK, Rosenthal SR, Jacob S. Internet, App-Based, and Casino Gambling: Associations Between Modality, Problem Gambling, and Substance Use. J Gambl Stud 2024:10.1007/s10899-024-10284-9. [PMID: 38311694 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-024-10284-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Technology-based gambling prevalence is not well understood since relevant questions are not included in health and disease surveillance studies. The current study sought to estimate the prevalence of internet-based and smartphone app-based gambling, along with casino gambling, in a sample of U.S. young adults and determine if gambling modality was associated with problem gambling symptoms or substance use. The 2022 Rhode Island Young Adult Survey included N = 1,022 students between the ages of 18 to 25 years old who had lived in Rhode Island, with n = 414 lifetime gamblers (40.5%) included in this study. Odds of gambling via a smartphone app and on the internet, respectively, were greater in heterosexual cis-males compared to heterosexual cis-females (OR[95%CI] = 3.14 [1.25,7.91]; OR[95%CI] = 6.30 [2.05,19.3]). Internet gambling amongst employed students was less common than among those who were not a student and not employed (OR[95%CI] = 0.25 [0.06,1.00]). Odds of problem gambling symptoms were higher among those who gambled via a smartphone app (OR[95%CI] = 3.23 [1.21,8.60]). All forms of gambling were associated with alcohol consumption, although the strength of the association was stronger in app and internet gamblers. Casino gamblers were more likely to be high risk marijuana and illicit drug users. The rising availability of app gambling coupled with its social, psychological, and cultural context may presents an alternative pathway to problem gambling. Bans on internet gambling and/or strict guidelines on the frequency of wagers and cash placed per wager, should be considered as viable methods to mitigate associated consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan K Noel
- Department of Health Science, College of Health & Wellness, Johnson & Wales University, 8 Abbott Park Place, Providence, RI, 02903, USA.
- Center for Student Research & Interdisciplinary Collaboration, Johnson & Wales University, Providence, RI, 02903, USA.
| | - Samantha R Rosenthal
- Department of Health Science, College of Health & Wellness, Johnson & Wales University, 8 Abbott Park Place, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
- Center for Student Research & Interdisciplinary Collaboration, Johnson & Wales University, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown School of Public Health, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
| | - Steve Jacob
- Department of Health Science, College of Health & Wellness, Johnson & Wales University, 8 Abbott Park Place, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
- Center for Student Research & Interdisciplinary Collaboration, Johnson & Wales University, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
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Brodeur M, Audette-Chapdelaine S, Lavoie N, Devault-Tousignant C, Auger AM, Morvanou A, Légaré AA, Monson E, Jutras-Aswad D, Hudon C. A call for qualitative and mixed-methods research on gambling and cannabis. Addict Behav Rep 2023; 17:100494. [PMID: 37206979 PMCID: PMC10189349 DOI: 10.1016/j.abrep.2023.100494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Gambling disorder and cannabis use disorder are both considered major public health issues. Despite the well-documented frequency of substance use disorders among people with gambling disorder, little is known about the experiences of those who both engage with gambling and cannabis. A scoping review was undertaken to investigate studies focusing on the experiences of people who gamble and use cannabis. Unexpectedly, no qualitative or mixed-methods studies that included an in-depth qualitative component to study the lived experiences of this population were found. This absence highlights the critical need to diversify research methods and fill the gap in knowledge of the lived experiences of people who both gamble and consume cannabis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magaly Brodeur
- Corresponding author at: Université de Sherbrooke, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé Département de médecine de famille et de médecine d’urgence 3001, 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada.
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3
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Patterns of Gambling Activities and Gambling Problems Among Italian High School Students: Results from a Latent Class Analysis. J Gambl Stud 2018; 34:339-359. [PMID: 28434054 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-017-9694-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to provide an estimate of the prevalence of gambling among Italian adolescents and a description of their patterns of gambling activities (PGAs) using a latent class analysis on 13 different types of games. A nationwide sample of 10,959 Italian high school students was recruited in 2013. We assessed problem gambling using the South Oaks Gambling Screen: Revisited for Adolescent (SOGS-RA) scale. Approximately half (50.6%) of students reported gambling at least once in the previous year; 5.0% of them were problem gamblers and 9.1% were at-risk gamblers according to their SOGS-RA scores. Eight PGAs were identified, among which heavy players (1.7% of students) could be classified as problem gamblers and broad skill players (2.0%) and lotteries & sports players (2.4%) as "at-risk" players. These high-risk classes were consistently associated with risky behaviours in terms of substance use, school performance, money spent on gambling and family environment; the other five classes identified low-risk players associated with safe behaviours. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to identify PGAs among Italian adolescents. Problem gamblers are not a homogeneous group in terms of patterns of gambling activities and are associated with different risk factors, among which environmental factors, such as parents' gambling attitude and behaviour, deserve special attention. The acknowledgment of such patterns and risk factors could be useful in developing sensible public policies addressing prevention strategies and regulatory instruments.
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Sagoe D, Pallesen S, Griffiths MD, Mentzoni RA, Leino T. Does Individual Gambling Behavior Vary across Gambling Venues with Differing Numbers of Terminals? An Empirical Real-World Study using Player Account Data. Front Psychol 2018; 9:158. [PMID: 29503626 PMCID: PMC5820341 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Research examining gambling behavior via experiments, self-report, and/or observation presents many methodical challenges particularly in relation to objectivity. However, the use of player account-based gambling data provides purely objective data. Based on this real-world data, the primary aim of the present study was to examine gambling behavior in gambling venues with different numbers of gambling terminals (i.e., venues with one terminal; 2–5 terminals; 6–10 terminals; 11–16 terminals). Player account-based gambling data aggregated over a year (2015) amounting to 153,379 observations within 93,034 individual gamblers (males = 74%; mean age = 44.1, SD = 16.4 years) were analyzed. Gambling frequency was highest in venues with 2–5 terminals (54.5%) and lowest in venues with 11–16 terminals (1.6%). Approximately half of the sample (52.5%) gambled in only one venue category, with the majority (81.5%) preferring venues with 2–5 terminals present. Only 0.8% of the sample gambled in all four venue categories. Compared to venues with one terminal, venues with two or more terminals were associated with gamblers placing more bets, and spending more time and money per session. However, gamblers had higher losses (albeit small) in venues with one terminal compared to venues with 2–5 terminals. No differences in net outcome were found between venues with one terminal and those with 6–10 and 11–16 terminals. Overall, the present study demonstrates that in the natural gambling environment, gambling behavior is reinforced in venues with multiple terminals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Sagoe
- Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ståle Pallesen
- Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Mark D Griffiths
- International Gaming Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Rune A Mentzoni
- Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Tony Leino
- Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Sévigny S, Leclerc M, Goulet A, Côté K, Jacques C, Ladouceur R, Giroux I. Electronic gambling machine gamblers’ characteristics vary according to the type of gambling venue: a Canadian study. INTERNATIONAL GAMBLING STUDIES 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/14459795.2016.1151912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Okunna NC, Rodriguez-Monguio R, Smelson DA, Poudel KC, Volberg R. Gambling involvement indicative of underlying behavioral and mental health disorders. Am J Addict 2016; 25:160-72. [PMID: 26871884 DOI: 10.1111/ajad.12345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES In spite of increased gambling opportunities, risk factors associated with recreational gambling remain poorly understood. This study assessed behavioral risk factors associated with frequency of recreational gambling. METHODS Data were derived from the 2013 Massachusetts Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Gambling frequency was divided into two or more times per week, 1-4 times a month, less than 10 times in total, and not at all. Health risk behaviors included smoking, drinking, obesity, seat belt use, and sleep patterns. Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess relationships between overall gambling participation and gambling frequency and behavioral risk behaviors. Final analytical sample included 3,988 survey respondents. Statistical analyses were performed using STATA. RESULTS Significant differences exist in the socio-demographic characteristics of recreational gamblers. Highest gambling frequency is associated with increased odds of alcohol consumption (ie, having at least one alcohol drink during the past 30 days) (OR 1.9; p < .05), binge drinking (ie, having five or more alcohol drinks at least once during the past 30 days) (OR 3.7; p < .001), and tobacco use (ie, having smoked at least 100 cigarettes in a lifetime) (OR 3.4; p < .001). The odds of having fourteen days of poor mental health are twofold for recreational gamblers who gamble two or more times per week (OR 2.2; p < .05). CONCLUSION AND SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE Differing behavioral and mental health risk factors emerge among recreational gamblers by gambling frequency. Gambling frequency may be a better proxy for assessing the risk of developing gambling related behavioral disorders than overall endorsement of gambling participation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nene C Okunna
- School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Rosa Rodriguez-Monguio
- School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts.,The Institute for Global Health, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - David A Smelson
- Edith Nourse Rogers Memorial Veterans Hospital, Bedford, Massachusetts.,University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Krishna C Poudel
- School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Rachel Volberg
- School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
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Carbonneau R, Vitaro F, Brendgen M, Tremblay RE. Variety of gambling activities from adolescence to age 30 and association with gambling problems: a 15-year longitudinal study of a general population sample. Addiction 2015; 110:1985-93. [PMID: 26234317 DOI: 10.1111/add.13083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To estimate trajectories of gambling variety from mid-adolescence to age 30 years, and compare the different trajectory groups with regard to the type and the frequency of gambling activities practiced and gambling-related problems. DESIGN Prospective longitudinal cohort study. SETTING Province of Quebec, Canada. PARTICIPANTS A mixed-gender general population cohort assessed at ages 15 (n=1882), 22 (n=1785) and 30 (n=1358). MEASUREMENTS Adolescent and adult versions of the South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS). FINDINGS Group-based trajectory analysis identified three distinct trajectories: a late-onset low trajectory (26.7% of sample) initiating gambling at age 22, an early-onset low trajectory (64.8% of sample), characterized by one to two different activities from age 15 onwards and a high trajectory (8.4% of sample), with an average of four to five different activities from age 15 to 30. Males (14.2%) were four times more likely to be on a high trajectory than females (3.5%) (P<0.001). Preferred types of gambling activities were similar across the three trajectories. Participants on a high trajectory reported higher gambling frequency at ages 15 and 30, and were more likely to experience problem gambling at age 30: 3.09 [95% confidence interval (CI)=1.66, 5.75] and 2.26 (95% CI=1.27, 4.04) times more, respectively, than late-onset low and early-onset low participants, even when socio-economic status (SES), frequency of gambling and problem gambling in adolescence, gender, age 30 education, SES and frequency of gambling were controlled. CONCLUSIONS Engaging in several different types of gambling in early adulthood appears to be a risk factor for emergence of problem gambling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rene Carbonneau
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montréal, Canada.,Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Center.,Unit on Children's Psychosocial Maladjustment, University of Montreal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Frank Vitaro
- Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Center.,Unit on Children's Psychosocial Maladjustment, University of Montreal, Montréal, Canada.,School of Psychoeducation, University of Montreal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Mara Brendgen
- Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Center.,Unit on Children's Psychosocial Maladjustment, University of Montreal, Montréal, Canada.,Department of Psychology, University of Quebec in Montreal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Richard E Tremblay
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montréal, Canada.,Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Center.,Unit on Children's Psychosocial Maladjustment, University of Montreal, Montréal, Canada.,School of Public Health and Population Sciences, University College Dublin, Ireland.,Institute of Genetic, Neurobiological, and Social Foundations of Child Development, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russian Federation
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An Evaluation of Substance Abuse, Mental Health Disorders, and Gambling Correlations: an Opportunity for Early Public Health Interventions. Int J Ment Health Addict 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-015-9589-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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Grant JE, Derbyshire K, Leppink E, Chamberlain SR. Obesity and gambling: neurocognitive and clinical associations. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2015; 131:379-86. [PMID: 25346399 DOI: 10.1111/acps.12353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Research on health correlates in gamblers has found an association between gambling and obesity. The neurocognitive underpinnings of impulsivity may be useful targets for understanding and ultimately treating individuals with both gambling and obesity problems. METHOD 207 non-treatment seeking young adults (18-29 years) with subsyndromal gambling disorder were recruited from the community. Subjects were grouped according to weight ('normal weight' BMI<25, 'overweight' BMI≥25; or 'obese' BMI≥30). Measures relating to gambling behaviour and objective computerized neurocognitive measures were collected. RESULTS Of the 207 subjects, 22 (10.6%) were obese and 49 (23.7%) were overweight. The obese gamblers consumed more nicotine (packs per day equivalent) and reported losing more money per week to gambling. Obese gamblers exhibited significant impairments in terms of reaction times for go trials on the stop-signal test (SST), quality of decision making and risk adjustment on the Cambridge Gamble Test (CGT), and sustained attention on the rapid visual information processing task (RVP). CONCLUSION Obesity was associated with decision making and sustained attention impairments in gamblers, along with greater monetary loss due to gambling. Future work should use longitudinal designs to examine the temporal relationship between these deficits, weight, other impulsive behaviour, and functional impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Grant
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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Studer J, Baggio S, Mohler-Kuo M, Simon O, Daeppen JB, Gmel G. Latent Class Analysis of Gambling Activities in a Sample of Young Swiss Men: Association with Gambling Problems, Substance Use Outcomes, Personality Traits and Coping Strategies. J Gambl Stud 2015; 32:421-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s10899-015-9547-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Andronicos M, Beauchamp G, DiMambro M, Robert M, Besson J, Séguin M. Do male and female gamblers have the same burden of adversity over their life course? INTERNATIONAL GAMBLING STUDIES 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/14459795.2015.1024706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Atkinson J, Sharp C, Schmitz J, Yaroslavsky I. Behavioral activation and inhibition, negative affect, and gambling severity in a sample of young adult college students. J Gambl Stud 2012; 28:437-49. [PMID: 21947664 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-011-9273-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of pathological gambling among college students is increasing. Few studies have directly examined the relation between reward processing and gambling severity while concurrently examining the effects of co-occurring negative affect in this at risk population. This study used Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) techniques to analyze results from an online survey of 352 female and 96 male students age 18-25. Participants completed measures of past year gambling behavior and severity of gambling problems using the Canadian Problem Gambling Index and the Problem Gambling Severity Index. Negative affect and reward processing were measured by the 21-item version of the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scales and the Behavioral Inhibition System and Behavioral Activation System (BIS/BAS) scales, respectively. Thirty-five percent of participants reported gambling in the previous 12 months, and 11% had gambling severity scores indicative of "moderate-risk" or "problem gambling." Gambling severity was associated with negative affect. Negative affect, in turn, was correlated with the unitary BIS scale and inversely associated with the BAS reward responsiveness scale. Reward responsiveness was also inversely associated with gambling severity. In the SEM models, the association between reward responsiveness and gambling severity was mediated by negative affect among males but not among females. Potential explanations for these findings and their implications for addressing problem gambling are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Atkinson
- University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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