1
|
Priftis N, Panagiotakos D. Screen Time and Its Health Consequences in Children and Adolescents. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:1665. [PMID: 37892328 PMCID: PMC10605067 DOI: 10.3390/children10101665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, children and adolescents are exposed to digital media (DM) from an early age. Therefore, specific guidelines have been published by the World Health Organization, whose aim is to limit daily screen time (ST) viewing. However, during the COVID-19 pandemic, a rise in DM use, and consequently ST viewing, was observed. More and more aspects of modern life are thought to be affected by excessive ST viewing. Accordingly, the aim of this review is to document the health effects of excessive ST viewing on children and adolescents. A narrative review was performed in searchable databases. In total, 43 original articles were considered. Excessive ST viewing was correlated with increased risk for obesity and other cardiometabolic risk factors, mental health, unhealthy dietary habits and eating disorders, and problems in development and child-parent relationships. Sleep, physical activity, eyesight, headaches, and the musculoskeletal system were negatively affected as well. However, the effect of ST was weighted by the type of media used and the way types of media were used. Other confounding factors were reported. There is evidence to suggest a negative correlation between excessive ST and youth health exists. Nevertheless, more research is needed if this correlation is to be established.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikos Priftis
- School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece;
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Fitzpatrick C, Binet MA, Cristini E, Almeida ML, Bégin M, Frizzo GB. Reducing harm and promoting positive media use strategies: new perspectives in understanding the impact of preschooler media use on health and development. PSICOLOGIA-REFLEXAO E CRITICA 2023; 36:19. [PMID: 37553485 PMCID: PMC10409691 DOI: 10.1186/s41155-023-00262-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Most children grow up in homes with easy access to multiple screens. Screen use by children between the ages of 0 to 5 has become a worldwide preoccupation. In the present narrative review, we examine child and parent screen use and its contribution to physical, cognitive, and social developmental outcomes. As research has mostly focused on the adverse consequences of screen media, we aim to depict both the negative and the positive influences of screen usage. To provide a more nuanced portrait of the potential benefits and harms of screen use, we examine how consequences of media use vary according to the content of media (ex., educational, violent), context (ex., using screens during mealtimes), and the nature (ex., passive vs active use) of child screen use. Our review supports existing screen time guidelines and recommendations and suggests that media content, the context of use, and the nature of child use, as well as the parent's own screen use, be considered clinically. Future research should seek to clarify how these dimensions jointly contribute to child screen use profiles and associated consequences. Finally, child sex, behavioral/temperamental difficulties, and family adversity appear to contribute to child screen use and its consequences and should be considered in future research. Suggestions for harm-reduction approaches are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Fitzpatrick
- Département de l'enseignement au préscolaire et au primaire, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.
- Department of Childhood Education, University Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Marie-Andrée Binet
- Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Emma Cristini
- Département de l'enseignement au préscolaire et au primaire, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Maíra Lopes Almeida
- Département de l'enseignement au préscolaire et au primaire, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Mathieu Bégin
- Département de l'enseignement au préscolaire et au primaire, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Shalani B, Azadfallah P, Farahani H, Brand S. Why Do Iranian Preschool-Aged Children Spend too Much Time in Front of Screens? A Preliminary Qualitative Study. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:1193. [PMID: 37508690 PMCID: PMC10378130 DOI: 10.3390/children10071193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
There is evidence that Iranian preschool children are increasingly spending their time in front of screens (screen time: ST; time spent with any screen such as TVs, computers, tablets, smartphones, game consoles, or video games), but few studies have explored the possible causes of such an increase. Given this, the present study aimed to qualitatively explore determinants of excessive ST in Iranian children. To this end, parents of preschool children were interviewed, and their answers were qualitatively clustered to identify additional important factors. Key informant interviews were conducted with parents of preschool children in Tehran (Iran). A semi-structured interview was developed to assess child and family life, daily routine, family rules, family interactions, and home climate as possible contributing factors to ST. Parents' audiotaped statements were transcripted verbatim, coded, and clustered into main themes using thematic analysis with the MaxQda® software. A total of 20 parents of children aged 2 to 7 were interviewed, and a total of 6 key themes and 28 subthemes were extracted from their interviews. The results of the analysis identified a broad range of both independent and interrelated factors leading to the development and maintenance of ST behaviors among preschool children. Our findings indicate that the central concept is the family. Considering screen-related behaviors, family life encompasses parental health literacy (e.g., parenting pattern, monitoring standards, thoughtful parenting), family psychological atmosphere (e.g., presence of parents, family norms, parent-parent and parent-child interaction, congruency/incongruency of parents with each other) and the digital structure of the home. The child's and parents' actions and characteristics can influence family interactions. A child's and parent's behavior is also influenced by social/cultural factors. Parents' behaviors and attitudes, family communications, and interactions contribute to healthy ST habits in children. It is not possible to examine the child's behavior without considering the family and the dominant environment, since the behavior of family members as a whole affects each family member. Given this, interventions should make parents aware of their role and responsibilities in reducing children's ST and consider the family system as a whole, and interventions also can benefit from considering the parental perceptions of children's behaviors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bita Shalani
- Department of Psychology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14117-13116, Iran
| | - Parviz Azadfallah
- Department of Psychology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14117-13116, Iran
| | | | - Serge Brand
- Center for Affective, Sleep and Stress Disorders, Psychiatric Clinics of the University of Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
- Division of Sport Science and Psychosocial Health, Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
- Substance Abuse Prevention Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences (KUMS), Kermanshah 67158-47141, Iran
- Sleep Disorders Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences (KUMS), Kermanshah 67158-47141, Iran
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran 14166-34793, Iran
- Center for Disaster Psychiatry and Disaster Psychology, Psychiatric Clinics of the University of Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Jain S, Shrivastava S, Mathur A, Pathak D, Pathak A. Prevalence and Determinants of Excessive Screen Viewing Time in Children Aged 3-15 Years and Its Effects on Physical Activity, Sleep, Eye Symptoms and Headache. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3449. [PMID: 36834144 PMCID: PMC9958787 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20043449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Screen viewing time is the total time spent by a child on any digital/electronic device. The objective of the present study was to determine the prevalence and predictors of excessive screen viewing time in children in Ujjain, India. This cross-sectional, community-based study was conducted through a house-to-house survey using the three-stage cluster sampling method in 36 urban wards and 36 villages of Ujjain District, India. Excessive screen viewing time was defined as screen viewing for >2 h/day. The prevalence of excessive screen viewing time was 18%. Risk factors identified using the multivariate logistic regression model were age (OR: 1.63, p < 0.001); mobile phone use before bedtime (OR: 3.35, p = 0.004); parents' perception about the child's habituation to screen time (OR: 8.46, p < 0.001); television in the bedroom (OR: 35.91, p < 0.001); morning mobile screen viewing time (OR: 6.40, p < 0.001); not reading books other than textbooks (OR: 6.45, p < 0.001); and lack of outdoor play for >2 h (OR: 5.17, p < 0.001). The presence of eye pain was a protective factor for excessive screen viewing time (OR: 0.13, p = 0.012). This study identified multiple modifiable risk factors for excessive screen viewing time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shilpa Jain
- Department of Pediatrics, RD Gardi Medical College, Ujjain 456010, India
| | - Shreya Shrivastava
- Department of Pediatrics, RD Gardi Medical College, Ujjain 456010, India
| | - Aditya Mathur
- Department of Pediatrics, RD Gardi Medical College, Ujjain 456010, India
| | - Deepali Pathak
- Department of Pediatrics, RD Gardi Medical College, Ujjain 456010, India
| | - Ashish Pathak
- Department of Pediatrics, RD Gardi Medical College, Ujjain 456010, India
- Health Systems and Policy, Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Associations of excessive screen time and early screen exposure with health-related quality of life and behavioral problems among children attending preschools. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:2440. [PMID: 36575397 PMCID: PMC9795659 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-14910-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both excessive screen time and early screen exposure have been linked to children's health outcomes, but few studies considered these two exposures simultaneously. The aim of this study was to explore the independent and interactive associations of excessive screen time and early screen exposure with health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and behavioral problems among Chinese children attending preschools. METHODS A cross-sectional study of 4985 children aged between 3 and 6 years was conducted in Chengdu, China. Each parent has finished an online questionnaire regarding their children's screen use, HRQOL, and behavioral problems. Children with screen time over 1 h/day were considered as having excessive screen time. Early screen exposure was defined if the children had started using screen-based media before the age of 2 years. HRQOL was assessed by the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory version 4.0 (PedsQL 4.0), while behavioral problems were confirmed with the 48-item Conners' Parent Rating Scale (CPRS-48). RESULTS Of the 4985 children (2593 boys and 2392 girls) included, the mean age was 4.6 (SD: 1.0) years. After adjustment for confounders and early screen exposure, excessive screen time was significantly associated with worse HRQOL scores in all dimensions and summary scales, as well as each type of behavioral problems (all p values < 0.05). We also found that compared to children with later initiation of screen exposure, those with screen use before the age of 2 years had significantly lower emotional functioning score (β: - 2.13, 95%CI: - 3.17, - 1.09) and psychosocial health summary score (β: - 0.82, 95%CI: - 1.54, - 0.10) of HRQOL, as well as higher risks of conduct problems, learning problems, psychosomatic problems, impulsive-hyperactive, and hyperactivity index, which were independent of excessive screen use. Furthermore, there were significant interactive effects of excessive screen time and early screen exposure on emotional functioning domain of HRQOL scores and conduct problems. CONCLUSION Excessive screen time and early screen exposure are two independent and interactive factors to children's HRQOL and behavioral problems. Our findings support current guidelines to limit screen exposure in children. Appropriate screen use may represent an important intervention target to improve children's HRQOL and reduce their behavioral problems.
Collapse
|
6
|
Maurya C, Muhammad T, Maurya P, Dhillon P. The association of smartphone screen time with sleep problems among adolescents and young adults: cross-sectional findings from India. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:1686. [PMID: 36064373 PMCID: PMC9444278 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-14076-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although sleep problem is a growing public health issue with the advancement of technology, especially among adolescents and young adults, it received little attention. The study aimed to examine the association of screen time on smartphone with sleep problems among adolescents and young-adults in India. Methods We used data from the “Understanding the lives of adolescents and young-adults” (UDAYA, 2018). The effective sample size for the study was 16,292 adolescents and young adults (males-4428 and females-11,864). Descriptive statistics and bivariate analysis with percentages and chi-square test were used to report the preliminary results. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was conducted to examine the association between smartphone screen time and sleep problems, separately for adolescents and young adults. Results Nearly 15.6% of males and 23.5% of females had sleep problems in their adolescence in the last 15 days, while these percentage were high among young-adults (18.4% males and 33.24% females). Adolescents [AOR: 1.55; CI: 1.21-1.99] and young adults [AOR: 1.48; CI: 1.24-1.75], who spent more than 2 h on smartphone had higher odds of reporting sleep problems than those who did not use smartphone in the last 24 hours. Adolescent females who used smartphone for less or equal to 2 h and three or more hours respectively, had 2.11 [AOR: 2.11; CI: 1.63-2.73] and 2.94 times [AOR: 2.94; CI: 1.97-4.38] higher odds of reporting sleep problems than adolescent males who did not use smartphones. Additionally, among the young adult females, the odds of sleep problems were 1.66 times [AOR: 1.66; CI: 1.55-2.38] and 2.36 times [AOR: 2.36; CI: 1.59-3.51] greater than the non-users young adult males. Conclusion The increased time spent on mobile phones’s screen among adolescents and young-adults, particularly in females is associated with a higher likelihood of reporting sleeping problems. The current findings have important implications for adolescence and young-adults’ mental health programmes. The findings can also be used to further inform how different strategies need to be developed for better sleep outcome during adolescence and young-adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chanda Maurya
- Department of Survey Reseach and Data Analytics, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
| | - T Muhammad
- International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India.
| | - Priya Maurya
- International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
| | - Preeti Dhillon
- Department of Survey Reseach and Data Analytics, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Xu YX, Yu Y, Huang Y, Wan YH, Su PY, Tao FB, Sun Y. Exposure to bedroom light pollution and cardiometabolic risk: A cohort study from Chinese young adults. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 294:118628. [PMID: 34883146 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Indoor light environment has altered dramatically and exposure to light at night (LAN) potential leads to the progression of cardiometabolic conditions. However, few studies have investigated the effect of bedroom LAN exposure on cardiometabolic risk. To estimate the associations between multi-period bedroom LAN exposure with cardiometabolic risk among Chinese young adults. We objectively measured multi-period bedroom LAN intensity using portable illuminance meter in an ongoing prospective cohort (n = 484). At one-year follow-up, 230 young adults provided fasting blood samples for quantification of cardiometabolic parameters. Cardiometabolic (CM)-risk score was derived as the sum of standardized sex-specific z-scores for waist circumference (WC), mean arterial pressure (MAP), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), triglyceride (TG) and homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), with HDL-C multiplied by - 1. Multivariate and univariable linear regression models were used to examine associations of multi-period bedroom LAN exposure with cardiometabolic risk. Exposure to higher bedroom LAN intensity is associated with 1.47-unit increase in CM-risk score (95% CI: 0.69-2.25; P < 0.001). Besides, post-bedtime light exposure was associated with elevated fasting insulin (PBL-1h: β = 0.06, 95% CI: 0.01-0.10; PBL-4h: β = 0.33, 95% CI: 0.19-0.47) and HOMA-IR (PBL-1h: β = 0.013, 95% CI: 0-0.03; PBL-4h: β = 0.07, 95% CI: 0.04-0.11) while pre-awake light exposure was associated with elevated total cholesterol (PAL-1h: β = 0.03, 95% CI: 0.02-0.04; PAL-2h: β = 0.02, 95% CI: 0.01-0.03), triglyceride (PAL-1h: β = 0.015, 95% CI: 0.01-0.02; PAL-2h: β = 0.01, 95% CI: 0-0.02) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (PAL-1h: β = 0.02, 95% CI: 0.01-0.03; PAL-2h: β = 0.02, 95% CI: 0.01-0.03). Among young adults, bedroom LAN exposure was significantly associated with higher cardiometabolic risk. Furthermore, different periods of bedroom light exposure have time-dependent effect on cardiometabolic risk. Further research is needed to confirm our findings and to elucidate potential mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Xiang Xu
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yu-Hui Wan
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China; Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Pu-Yu Su
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China; Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Fang-Biao Tao
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China; Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Ying Sun
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China; Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lin Y, Zhang X, Huang Y, Jia Z, Chen J, Hou W, Zhao L, Wang G, Zhu J. Relationships between screen viewing and sleep quality for infants and toddlers in China: A cross-sectional study. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:987523. [PMID: 36299700 PMCID: PMC9589267 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.987523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Currently young children have more opportunity to access all kinds of media, while their sleep duration has been steadily decreasing. However, little is known about the relationships between screen viewing and sleep quality, and the reasons of screen viewing for children under three years old in China. This study aimed to describe the relationships between screen viewing and sleep quality of infants and toddlers in mainland China. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted. Eight hundred twenty-seven children were recruited at a health care unit from a university affiliated hospital in China, and the questionnaires were completed by their parents. An extended Brief Infant Sleep Questionnaire and a Screen Viewing Questionnaire were used to collect information on children's sleep quality and screen viewing. Multivariate linear regression models were used to assess the relationships between screen viewing and sleep quality among infants and toddlers, adjusted for sociodemographic variables. RESULTS Of the 827 children, 26.9% of the infants and 61.4% of the toddlers did not comply with the World Health Organization (WHO) guideline on screen time. Even after adjusting for the sociodemographic covariates for both infants and toddlers, negative relationships between screen time and total sleep time (P < 0.001), and screen time and nighttime sleep (P < 0.001) existed. TV viewing time was negatively related to infants' total sleep time (β = -0.15, P < 0.001) and toddlers' nighttime sleep (β = -0.1, P < 0.05). Smartphone viewing time was negatively related to toddlers' total sleep time (β = -0.12, P < 0.05) and daytime sleep (β = -0.22, P < 0.05). Parents who offered screen media for children when they needed to do house chores were more likely to report that their children had less total sleep time (β = -0.1, P < 0.05) and shorter longest sleep episode (β = -0.1, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION The majority of toddlers did not meet the WHO guidelines on screen time in China. Screen time was negatively related to total sleep time and nighttime sleep among infants and toddlers. Practical strategies, such as education programs on children's screen viewing, more outdoor exercises and indoor parent-child activities, providing other educational materials instead of screening, early sleep, restricted use of TVs and smartphones, and screen co-viewing, are needed to improve young children's sleep quality and promote their development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yumin Lin
- Department of Nursing, Women and Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xueqin Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women and Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yinying Huang
- Department of Nursing, Women and Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Zhiwei Jia
- Department of Child Health, Women and Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Child Health, Women and Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Wanling Hou
- Department of Nursing, Women and Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Lili Zhao
- Department of Nursing, Women and Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Guiyan Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women and Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jiemin Zhu
- Department of Nursing, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Jayanath S, Hamzah N, Ahmad Fauzi A, Ahmad Adlan AS, Muhamad NA, Zainal AZ, Mohri I, Tachibana M. The Japanese Sleep Questionnaire for preschoolers within a Malaysian context. Pediatr Int 2022; 64:e15123. [PMID: 35831264 DOI: 10.1111/ped.15123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood sleep practices impact growth, development, and long-term health. There is a paucity of sleep data pertaining to preschool children in Asia, especially South-East Asia. METHODS This cross-sectional study involved parents of well siblings, aged 2-6 years. It aimed to: (i) test the reliability of the English version of the Japanese Sleep Questionnaire for Preschoolers (JSQ-P), and (ii) obtain the prevalence, as well as describe, sleep-related issues. Ninety-one (91) parents (74.7%; mothers) self-administered the questionnaire in the pediatric clinic waiting area of a Malaysian tertiary hospital. Recruitment was from August to November 2020. RESULTS The English version of the JSQ-P has good internal consistency (Cronbach alpha = 0.85). Range of Cronbach alpha values for each item: 0.36-0.87. Many (77%) children slept at 10:00 p.m. or later, similar to parents' late bedtimes. One-third had difficulty waking up in the morning. There were significant strong positive correlations between some features of restless leg syndrome, daytime tiredness, morning symptoms, and obstructive sleep apnea symptoms. Co-sleeping was prevalent (97.9%). Mean screen time for those who had set time limits was 2.35 ± 1.68 h. CONCLUSIONS The English-language translation of the JSQ-P is a questionnaire with good internal consistency that can be used in non-Japanese speaking countries. Parents need to be educated on healthy sleep and screen time practices to optimize children's sleep quality and quantity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Subhashini Jayanath
- Developmental Paediatrics Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Norhamizan Hamzah
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Aishah Ahmad Fauzi
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Aida Syarinaz Ahmad Adlan
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nor Asiah Muhamad
- Sector for Evidence-based Healthcare, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health, Setia Alam, Malaysia
| | - Azlin Zaiti Zainal
- Faculty of Languages and Linguistics, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ikuko Mohri
- Molecular Research Center for Children's Mental Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Department of Child Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Masaya Tachibana
- Molecular Research Center for Children's Mental Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Department of Child Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Almuaigel D, Alanazi A, Almuaigel M, Alshamrani F, AlSheikh M, Almuhana N, Zeeshan M, Alshurem M, Alshammari A, Mansi K. Impact of Technology Use on Behavior and Sleep Scores in Preschool Children in Saudi Arabia. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:649095. [PMID: 34093270 PMCID: PMC8175968 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.649095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Pre-school children use digital devices both at home and in kindergarten for communication. However, such technologies can also be used for creativity learning and entertainment. Technology usage might exert a negative impact on the psychosocial development of pre-school children, thus necessitating parental monitoring. Previous studies have recommended early intervention for pre-school children by decreasing the duration of digital devices, spending more time with the family, and participation in motor activities to avoid the ill effects of technology. Aim: To investigate the impact of digital device use on the behavioral and sleep scores of preschool children as perceived by parents in Saudi Arabia (SA). Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted across two regions in SA. It was ethically approved by the ethical review board of Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University. The participants were randomly selected from well-baby hospital records, surveyed and interviewed to obtain data for the following measures: demographic data, technology usage, sleep disturbance scale, and behavior scale. Children with special needs or comorbidities were excluded from the study. Descriptive and multivariate regression analysis were done. Results: We recruited 288 children. Most did not attend schools (63.2%), 22.6% were in kindergarten, and 14.2% were in nursery schools. Smart phones were the most commonly used device by the children (42.4%). Most used the technology for 2-3 h/days (34%). Cartoons were the most commonly sought content (42%). The behavior scores for children aged 18-36 months showed a mean value of 5.1, 3.7, and 4.6 for surgency, negative affect, and effortful control, respectively. Children aged 3-5 years showed a mean value of 4.3, 4, and 4.7 for surgency, negative affect, and effortful control, respectively. Sleep disturbance scores for all children showed a mean value of 12.4, 3.5, 3.8, 8, 7.3, and 2.7 on disorders of initiating and maintaining sleep, sleep-breathing disorders, disorders of arousal, sleep-wake transition disorders, disorders of excessive somnolence, and sleep hyperhidrosis, respectively. The mean total sleep score was 37. Multivariate regression analysis showed significant positive relationship between surgency and three factors namely family income of 10,000-15,000 SR (t = 1.924, p = 0.045), fathers' bachelor's degrees (t = 2.416, p = 0.16), and owning a video game device (t = 2.826, p = 0.005<0.05). Negative affect was significantly associated with fathers' diploma level of education (t = 2.042, p = 0.042). Negative significant relationship between effortful control and fathers' secondary level of education (t = -2.053, p = 0.041). There was a significant negative relationship between effortful control and owning a TV and video game device (t = -2.35, -2.855, p = 0.043, 0.005<0.05, respectively). A significant positive relationship was found between child's sleeping score (worse sleep) and watching technology between 3 and 5 h (t = 2.01, p = 0.045), and mothers' unemployment status (t = 2.468, p = 0.014). Conclusion: In conclusion, technology use is associated with a negative impact on children sleep and behavior. Owning a digital device, using tablets, screen viewing for more than 3-5 h, and watching movies were significantly associated with negative child's behavior and sleep.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Doaa Almuaigel
- Special Education Department, College of Education, Imam Mohammed Bin Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abrar Alanazi
- Special Education Department, College of Education, Imam Mohammed Bin Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Almuaigel
- Neurology Department, King Fahad University Hospital, Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia
| | - Foziah Alshamrani
- Neurology Department, King Fahad University Hospital, Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia.,Neurology Department, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mona AlSheikh
- Physiology Department, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nora Almuhana
- Psychiatry Department, King Fahad University Hospital, Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia.,Psychiatry Department, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Zeeshan
- Physiology Department, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Alshurem
- Neurology Department, King Fahad University Hospital, Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia.,Neurology Department, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alaa Alshammari
- Neurology Department, King Fahad University Hospital, Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kamel Mansi
- School of Management, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|