Synthesis and evaluation of the Cr(VI) extraction ability of amino/nitrile calix[4]arenes immobilized onto a polymeric backbone

Chromium (III) adsorption from the phosphoric acid medium using DETA grafted Merrifield resin

To selectively remove Cr (III) from synthetic phosphoric acid solution, a chelating ion exchanger was developed through Merrifield resin (MHL) functionalization with diethylenetriamine (DETA). The functional moieties of the grafted Merrifield resin were characterized and confirmed by means of Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The morphological changes before and right after functionalization were visualized with Scanning electron microscopy and enhanced amine content was confirmed via energy dispersive X-ray. To assess the effectiveness of the MHL-DETA in the extraction of Cr (III) from a synthetic phosphoric acid solution, batch shaking adsorption tests were conducted through optimizing different factors such as contact time, metal ion concentration and temperature. According to our findings, higher adsorption was achieved when increasing contact time and decreasing metal ion concentration, while temperature variation doesn't affect much the process. The higher sorption yield was found to be 95.88% attained within 120 min at room temperature without varying the solution's pH. Under optimum conditions (120 min, 25 °C and 300 mg. L^-1), the total sorption capacity was reported to be 38.35 mg. g^-1. The system's adsorption behavior was found to be consistent with the Langmuir isotherm and the pseudo second-order model accurately described the kinetic data. In this view, Merrifield resin functionalized with DETA could be used as a promising adsorbent material for Cr (III) adsorption from synthetic phosphoric acid medium.

Nitrile-calixarene grafted magnetic graphene oxide for removal of arsenic from aqueous media: Isotherm, kinetic and thermodynamic studies

A novel adsorbent was developed based on nitrile functionalized calix [4]arene grafted onto magnetic graphene oxide (N-Calix-MGO) for remediation of arsenic (III) ions from aqueous media. The nanocomposite was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The effective parameters on adsorption efficiency such as pH, adsorbent dosage, contact time, initial concentration, and temperature were studied. The adsorption process was provided with a high removal efficiency up to (90%) at pH 6 which followed by IUPAC Type II pattern. The mathematical models of kinetics and isotherm validated the experimental process. The adsorption kinetic is followed pseudo-first-order model with R² > 0.9. The adsorption equilibrium was well fitted on the Freundlich model (R² ∼ 0.96) as compared Langmuir model (R² ∼ 0.75). Hence, the Freundlich model suggested a multilayer sorption pattern with a physisorption mechanism for arsenic (III) uptake ono developed nanocomposite with a sorption capacity of 67 mg/g for arsenic. The Gibbs free energy (ΔG° < -20 kJ/mol) showed As(III) uptake ono N-Calix-MGO nanocomposite was the physical adsorption mechanism.

Capture and Release Recyclable Dimethylaminomethyl-Calixarene Functional Cloths for Point-of-Use Removal of Highly Toxic Chromium Water Pollutants

Chromium(VI) contamination of drinking water arises from industrial activity wherever there is a lack of environmental legislation enforcement regarding the removal of such pollutants. Although it is possible to remove such harmful metal ions from drinking water through large-scale facilities, there currently exists no safe and simple way to filter chromium(VI) oxoanions at the point of use (which is potentially safer and necessary in remote locations or humanitarian scenarios). High-surface-area cloth substrates have been functionalized with calixarene molecules for the selective capture of aqueous chromium(VI) oxoanions in the presence of structurally similar anions. This is accomplished by pulsed plasmachemical deposition of a linker layer and subsequent functionalization with dimethylaminomethyl-calixarene (5,11,17,23-tetrakis[(dimethylamino)methyl]-25,26,27,28-tetrahydroxycalix[4]arene). Chromium(VI) oxoanions are captured by simply passing polluted water through the functionalized cloth, while other ions not harmful/beneficial to human health remain in the water. These cloth filters are simple to use, highly selective, and easily recyclable-thus making them attractive for point-of-use application in geographic regions lacking appropriate wastewater treatment plants or flawed environmental monitoring systems. Chromium(VI) pollutants have been successfully removed from real-world contaminated industrial wastewater streams using the dimethylaminomethyl-calixarene functionalized cloths.

Recent progress to construct calixarene-based polymers using covalent bonds: synthesis and applications

The combination of supramolecular chemistry and polymer sciences creates a great possibility to afford calixarene-based polymers offering unique features and applications. The enhancement of calixarene's versatility in this manner has made chemists better able to achieve different objectives in host-guest chemistry. The calixarene-based polymers can be divided into covalent polymers and supramolecular polymers regarding the interactions. Although there are several studies available on the calixarene-based supramolecular polymers, there is a paucity of studies on the calixarene-based covalent polymers. In this paper, the most recent developments and applications of the calixarene-based covalent polymers in the last two decades have been reviewed. We have particularly focused on the polymers, including those where the calixarene molecules have been used as macromonomers and polymerize through covalent bonds. Moreover, covalent polymers or solid supports functionalized with calixarenes are highlighted as well.

Synthesis, characterization and properties of ethylenediamine-functionalized Fe3O4 magnetic polymers for removal of Cr(VI) in wastewater

A series of ethylenediamine (EDA)-functionalized magnetic polymers (EDA-MPs) have been prepared via suspension polymerization with the usage amount of the functional monomer glycidylmethacrylate (GMA) varied during the suspension polymerization procedure. The EDA-MPs were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), thermogravimetry and differential thermogravimetry analysis (TG-DTA), Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and elementary analyzer (EA). The adsorption properties of the EDA-MPs for the removal of Cr(VI) in wastewater were deeply studied. The results showed the adsorption efficiency was highly pH dependent and decreased with the increasing of initial concentration of Cr(VI). The adsorption data taken at the optimized condition, i.e., 35 degrees C and pH of 2.5 were well fitted with the Langmuir isotherm. The maximum adsorption capacities (q(m)) of EDA-MPs to Cr(VI) were highly related to the contents of EDA-MPs, i.e., the q(m) of EDA-MPs to Cr(VI) calculated from the Langmuir isotherm increased from 32.15 to 61.35 mg g(-1) with the increasing of the usage amount of GMA. The adsorption kinetic data were modeled by the pseudo-second-order rate equation, and the adsorption of Cr(VI) by all the present EDA-MPs reached equilibrium in 60 min.

Synthesis and evaluation of chromate and arsenate anions extraction ability of a N-methylglucamine derivative of calix[4]arene immobilized onto magnetic nanoparticles

In this study, 5,17-bis-[(N-methylglucamine)methyl]-25,26,27,28-tetrahydroxy-calix[4]arene (3) was synthesized by the treatment of calix[4]arene with a secondary amine N-methylglucamine and formaldehyde. The calixarene derivative (3) was characterized by a combination of FTIR, (1)H NMR and elemental analyses. Followingly, using the macrocyclic building block, the compound 3 was immobilized by [3-(2,3-epoxypropoxy)propyl]trimethoxysilane-modified Fe(3)O(4) magnetite nanoparticles (EPPTMS-MN). The prepared calix[4]arene immobilized material was characterized by a combination of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and thermogravimetric analyses (TGA). Moreover, the studies regarding the removal of arsenate and dichromate ions from the aqueous solutions were also carried out by using the compound in solid-liquid extraction experiments. It was found that the calix[4]arene-based magnetic material has high extraction ability towards dichromate and arsenate anions in 66% (at pH 1.5) and in 86% (at pH 3.5), respectively.

Preparation of p-tert[(dimethylamino)methyl]-calix[4]arene functionalized aminopropylpolysiloxane resin for selective solid-phase extraction and preconcentration of metal ions

A new p-tert-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1,3-bisglyciyl-calix[4]arene functionalized aminopropylpolysiloxane resin (APPS-CA) has been prepared and investigated for selective solid-phase extraction (SPE) of trace Cr (III), Cu (II), Ni (II), Co (II) and Zn (II) prior to their determination by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The characterization of the surface modification was performed on the basis of FT-IR spectroscopy, elemental analysis and thermal gravimetric analysis. The separation/preconcentration conditions of analytes were investigated, including effect of pH, the shaking time, the sample flow rate and volume, the elution condition, the interfering ions and stability test. At pH 4.0, the maximum adsorption capacity of Cr (III), Cu (II), Ni (II), Co (II) and Zn (II) were 47.2, 34.3, 52.8, 29.8 and 36.4 mg g(-1), respectively. The adsorbed metal ions were quantitatively eluted by 2.0 mL of 0.5 mol L(-1) HCl. Common coexisting ions did not interfere with the separation. According to the definition of International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, the detection limits (3 sigma) of this method were found to be 0.58, 0.33, 0.47, 0.61 and 0.14 ng mL(-1) for Cr (III), Cu (II), Ni (II), Co (II) and Zn (II), respectively. The relative standard deviation under optimum conditions is less than 4.0%. The application of this new adsorbent to preconcentration trace Cr (III), Cu (II), Ni (II), Co (II) and Zn (II) of two water samples gave high accurate and precise results.

Extraction of carcinogenic aromatic amines from aqueous solution using calix[n]arene derivatives as carrier

The extraction abilities of p-tert-butylcalix[n]arenes (n=6, 8) and their carboxylic acid and methyl ester derivatives upon some carcinogenic aromatic amines have been investigated. The separation and quantification of aromatic amines were performed by high-performance liquid chromatography with Ace 5 C(18) column and diode array detection. The optimum pH values for aromatic amines sorption were observed at pH 4.0, 7.0 and 8.5 for all calixarene derivatives. In batch sorption experiments of selected carcinogenic aromatic amines, the experimental results show that octacarboxylic acid derivative of p-tert-butylcalix[8]arene exhibited a better affinity than other compounds towards all aromatic amines species at almost all pHs. The sorption of aromatic amines by carboxylic acid derivatives of p-tert-butylcalix[n]arene indicates that carboxyl groups play the major role for the formation of hydrogen bonds and electrostatic interactions between sorbent and aromatic amine.

Removal efficiency of a calix[4]arene-based polymer for water-soluble carcinogenic direct azo dyes and aromatic amines

A Mannich base derivative of 5,11,17,23-tetrakis-[(1,4-dioxa-8-azaspiro-[4.5]decanyl)methyl]-25,26,27,28-tetrahydroxy calix[4]arene 3 was synthesized by the treatment of calix[4]arene with a cyclic secondary amine (1,4-dioxa-8-azaspiro-[4.5]decane) and formaldehyde. The compound 3 was treated with dibromoxylene to obtain a calix[4]arene-based copolymer 4. In batch sorption experiments of selected carcinogenic azo dyes and aromatic amines, the compounds 3 and 4 were found to be a better sorbent for azo dyes than for the aromatic amines. It was observed that the percentage of azo dye removal was 95-99% for compound 3 and 83-97% for 4 when the pH of the dye solution was in the range of 2.0-8.0. The sorption of azo dyes and aromatic amines by calix[4]arenes-based compounds indicates that amino groups play the major role for the formation of hydrogen bonds and electrostatic interactions.

Preparation, characterization of cellulose-grafted with calix[4]arene polymers for the adsorption of heavy metals and dichromate anions

In this paper, the adsorbents were prepared from cellulose-grafted with calix[4]arene polymers (CGC[4]P-1 and CGC[4]P-2) and their sorption properties studied. The polymers were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, elemental analysis, thermal gravimetric analysis and scanning electron microscopy. They were then used to evaluate the sorption properties of some heavy metal cations (Co(2+), Ni(2+), Cu(2+), Cd(2+), Hg(2+) and Pb(2+)) and dichromate anions (Cr(2)O(7)(2-)/HCr(2)O(7)(-)). Results showed that CGC[4]P-2 was a good sorbent for heavy metal cations while CGC[4]P-1 was ineffective. In the studies of dichromate anion sorption, it was observed that CGC[4]P-2 was a more highly effective sorbent at pH 1.5 than was CGC[4]P-1.