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Leng Y, Britten CN, Tarannum F, Foley K, Billings C, Liu Y, Walters KB. Stimuli-Responsive Phosphate Hydrogel: A Study on Swelling Behavior, Mechanical Properties, and Application in Expansion Microscopy. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:37687-37701. [PMID: 39281925 PMCID: PMC11391540 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c02475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 08/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/18/2024]
Abstract
Phosphorus-based stimuli-responsive hydrogels have potential in a wide range of applications due to their ionizable phosphorus groups, biocompatibility, and tunable swelling capacity utilizing hydrogel design parameters and external stimuli. In this study, poly(2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphate) (PMOEP) hydrogels were synthesized via aqueous activators regenerated by electron transfer atomic transfer radical polymerization using ascorbic acid as the reducing agent. Swelling and deswelling behaviors of PMOEP hydrogels were examined in different salt solutions, pH conditions, and temperatures. The degree of swelling in salt solutions followed CaCl2 < MgCl2 < KCl < NaCl with a decrease in swelling rate at higher concentrations until reaching a saturation point. In water, the degree of swelling increased significantly around neutral pH and remained constant at basic pH values. The effects of polymerization conditions, including pH, temperature (30, 40, 50 °C), and MOEP concentration (40, 50, 60% v/v MOEP/H2O), on the hydrogel swelling behavior in various salt solutions were also investigated. PMOEP hydrogels showed a decrease in the degree of swelling as the pH was increased above the native pH of the monomer solution. Scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive spectroscopy were utilized to examine the microstructure and chemical composition of the dried hydrogel after salt solution swelling. Cytotoxicity testing using rat bone marrow stem cells confirmed the biocompatibility of the PMOEP hydrogels. A unique feature of this effort was evaluation of these phosphate hydrogels for use in expansion microscopy where a significant twofold enhancement in cellular expansion capacity was showcased utilizing 4T1 mouse breast cancer cells. This comprehensive study provides valuable insights into the stimuli-responsive behavior and expansion characteristics of phosphate hydrogels, highlighting their potential in diverse biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yokly Leng
- School of Chemical, Materials, and Biological Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Collin N Britten
- Ralph E. Martin Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
| | - Fatema Tarannum
- Ralph E. Martin Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
| | - Kayla Foley
- Ralph E. Martin Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
| | - Christopher Billings
- School of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Yingtao Liu
- School of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Keisha B Walters
- Ralph E. Martin Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
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Liu L, Rambarran T, Fitzpatrick S, Sheardown H. Phase separation control of PDMS/PNIPAAm IPNs and the effect on drug release. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Sano J, Habaue S. Dual Temperature and Metal Salts-Responsive Interpenetrating Polymer Networks Composed of Poly ( N-isopropylacrylamide) and Polyethylene Glycol. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13111750. [PMID: 34071887 PMCID: PMC8197932 DOI: 10.3390/polym13111750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) composed of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (poly-NIPAM) and polyethers—namely, polyethylene glycol (PEG) and poly(tetramethylene oxide)—were synthesized in the absence and presence of polysiloxane containing a silanol residue. Gelation was accomplished using end-capped polyethers with trimethoxysilyl moieties and proceeded through simultaneous radical gelation of NIPAM and condensation of the silyl groups to form siloxane linkages. Thus, a novel one-step method constructing an IPN structure was provided. The obtained IPNs showed a gentle temperature-responsive volume change in water owing to the constructed poly-NIPAM gel component. In addition, a specific color-change response to chemical stimuli, such as CuCl2 and AgNO3 in water, was observed only when both components of poly-NIPAM and PEG existed in a gel form. For example, a single network gel composed of poly-NIPAM or PEG was isolated as a pale blue hydrogel, whereas IPNs composed of poly-NIPAM and PEG components turned yellow after swelling in an aqueous CuCl2 solution (0.1 M, pale blue). Dual-responsive functionalities of the synthesized hydrogels to temperature and metal salts, along with volume and color changes, were demonstrated.
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Multi-Responsive Polysiloxane/Poly( N-isopropylacrylamide) Interpenetrating Networks Containing Urea and Thiourea Groups. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12051175. [PMID: 32443903 PMCID: PMC7284717 DOI: 10.3390/polym12051175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) were synthesized from N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) and polysiloxanes containing a urea or thiourea side group, in addition to the silanol residue, through two reactions, such as the radical gelation of NIPAM and the condensation of silanols to form a siloxane linkage. The obtained IPNs showed a typical temperature-responsive volume change in water based on the constructed poly-NIPAM gel component. In addition, the characteristic color and volume changes responding to chemical stimuli, such as acetate and/or fluoride ions, based on the introduced urea and thiourea groups onto the polysiloxane gel were observed in N,N-dimethylformamide.
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