NRF2 and NF-қB interplay in cerebrovascular and neurodegenerative disorders: Molecular mechanisms and possible therapeutic approaches

Syzygium cumini (L.) skeels mitigate diabetic nephropathy by regulating Nrf2 pathway and mitocyhondrial dysfunction: In vitro and in vivo studies

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL PREVALENCE

Hyperglycemia in diabetes increases the generation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) through non-enzymatic reactions. The interaction between AGEs and their receptors (RAGE) leads to oxidative and inflammatory stress, which plays a pivotal role in developing diabetic nephropathy. Syzygium cumini (SC) L. (DC.) homeopathic preparations viz. 200C, 30C, and mother tincture [MT] are used to treat diabetes. This study aimed to elucidate the regulatory effects of SC preparations (200C, 30C, and MT) on the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) - nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathways and mitochondrial dysfunction in mitigating diabetic nephropathy (DN).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were treated with SC preparations (200C, 30C, MT; 1:20 dilution in distilled water; 600 μL/kg body weight) and metformin (45 mg/kg body weight) twice daily for 40 days. DN was evaluated through biochemical parameters and histological examination. Renal tissue lysates were analyzed for glycation markers. Protein and gene levels of Nrf2, NF-κB, and mitochondrial dysfunctional signaling were determined via western blotting and RT-qPCR. An immunohistochemical analysis of the kidneys was performed. In vitro, human serum albumin (HSA - 10 mg/ml) was glycated with methylglyoxal (MGO - 55 mM) in the presence of SC preparations (200C, 30C, MT) for eight days. Glycated samples (400 μg/mL) were incubated with renal cells (HEK-293) for 24 h. Further reactive oxygen species production, Nrf2 nuclear translocation, and protein or gene expression of Nrf2 and apoptosis markers were analyzed by western blotting, RT-qPCR, and flow cytometry. Molecular docking of gallic and ellagic acid with the HSA-MGO complex was performed.

RESULT

In vivo experiments using streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats treated with SC preparations exhibited improved biochemical parameters, preserved kidney function, and reduced glycation adduct formation in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, SC preparations downregulated inflammatory mediators such as RAGE, NF-κB, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and Tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) while upregulating the Nrf2-dependent antioxidant and detoxification pathways. They downregulated B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) associated X-protein (BAX), C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), Dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1), and upregulated BCL 2 gene expression. Notably, SC preparations facilitated nuclear translocation of Nrf2, leading to the upregulation of antioxidant enzymes and the downregulation of oxidative stress markers. Molecular docking studies revealed favorable interactions between gallic (-5.26 kcal/mol) and ellagic acid (-4.71 kcal/mol) with the HSA-MGO complex.

CONCLUSION

SC preparations mitigate renal cell apoptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction through Nrf2-dependent mechanisms.

Diallyl trisulfide regulates PGK1/Nrf2 expression and reduces inflammation to alleviate neurological damage in mice after traumatic brain injury

BACKGROUND

Diallyl trisulfide (DATS) has a direct antioxidant capacity and emerges as a promising neuroprotective agent. This study was designed to investigate the role of DATS in traumatic brain injury (TBI).

METHODS

TBI mouse models were established using the controlled cortical impact, followed by DATS administration. The effects of DATS on neurological deficit, brain damage, inflammation and phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (PGK1) expression were detected using mNSS test, histological analysis, TUNEL assay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunofluorescence. PC12 cells were subjected to H2O2-induced oxidative injury after pre-treatment with DATS, followed by cell counting kit-8 assay, flow cytometry and ROS production detection. Apoptosis-related proteins and the PGK1/nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway were examined using Western blot.

RESULTS

DATS ameliorated the cerebral cortex damage, neurological dysfunction and apoptosis, as well as decreased PGK1 expression and expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α) in mice after TBI. DATS also enhanced viability, blocked apoptosis and inhibited ROS production in H2O2-induced PC12 cells. DATS downregulated Cleaved-Caspase3, Bax and PGK1 levels, and upregulated Bcl-2 and Nrf2 levels in TBI mouse models and the injured cells.

CONCLUSION

DATS regulates PGK1/Nrf2 expression and inflammation to alleviate neurological damage in mice after TBI.

Epicatechin ameliorates glucose intolerance and hepatotoxicity in sodium arsenite-treated mice

Arsenic is a metalloid found in the environment that causes toxic effects in different organs, mainly the liver. This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of epicatechin (EC), a natural flavonol, on glucose intolerance (GI) and liver toxicity caused by sodium arsenite (SA) in mice. Our findings showed that SA exposure led to the development of GI. Liver tissue damage and decreased pancreatic Langerhans islet size were also observed in this study. Mice exposed to SA exhibited hepatic oxidative damage, indicated by reduced antioxidant markers (such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione), along with elevated levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances. SA administration elevated the serum activities of liver enzymes alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase. Furthermore, notable increases in the levels of inflammatory and apoptotic markers (Toll-like receptor 4, nuclear factor-kappa B, tumor necrosis factor-α, nitric oxide, B-cell lymphoma-2, and cysteine aspartate-specific protease-3) were observed in the liver. Treatment of SA-exposed mice with EC considerably reversed these biochemical and histological changes. This study demonstrated the beneficial effects of EC in ameliorating SA-induced hyperglycemia and hepatotoxicity due to its ability to enhance the antioxidant system by modulating inflammation and apoptosis.

Combined Analysis of Human and Experimental Rat Samples Identified Biomarkers for Ischemic Stroke

The genetic transcription profile and underlying molecular mechanisms of ischemic stroke (IS) remain elusive. To address this issue, four mRNA and one miRNA expression profile of rats with middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) were acquired from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. A total of 780 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 56 miRNAs (DEMs) were screened. Gene set and functional enrichment analysis revealed that a substantial number of immune-inflammation-related pathways were abnormally activated in IS. Through weighted gene co-expression network analysis, the turquoise module was identified as meaningful. By taking the intersection of the turquoise module genes, DEM-target genes, and all DEGs, 354 genes were subsequently obtained as key IS-related genes. Among them, six characteristic genes were identified using the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator. After validation with three external datasets, transforming growth factor beta 1 (Tgfb1) was selected as the hub gene. This finding was further confirmed by gene expression pattern analysis in both the MCAO model rats and clinical IS patients. Moreover, the expression of the hub genes exhibited a negative correlation with the modified Rankin scale score (P < 0.05). Collectively, these results expand our knowledge of the genetic profile and molecular mechanisms involved in IS and suggest that the Tgfb1 gene is a potential biomarker of this disease.

Unlocking the potential of methionine: a dietary supplement for preventing colitis

The incidence rate of colitis and conversion of colitis into colorectal cancer is increasing. However, the results of drug treatments are inconsistent with variable side effects; therefore, it is necessary to find alternative ways of treating colitis, e.g. through dietary supplements. One such dietary supplement could be sulfur-containing amino acids, which are known to have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and gut microbiota homeostasis effects. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to explore the effect of methionine supplementation in the diet of mice on experimental dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis. Here, 24 male C57BL/6J mice were split into three experimental treatment groups in such a way that each treatment group had four replicates and each replicate had two mice. The control group was colitis-free, while colitis was induced by the administration of DSS in the DSS groups. In the DSS and DSS plus methionine (DSS + Met) groups, DSS was provided in drinking water containing 3% DSS on days 1-5 and later provided with purified water on days 6-7. It was found that supplementing with methionine could activate pathways like Nrf2, and inhibit pathways like TLR4 and Nlrp3 to realize anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. Moreover, methionine could alter the microbiota of the gut in the experimental mice, whereby exploration of the gut microbiota demonstrated that methionine supplementation in the diet increased the abundance of parabacteroides and the production of propionate and butyrate. The current study shows that the dietary prophylactic supplementation of methionine has a beneficial effect on resisting colitis, providing new insights for the prevention of colitis.

Platinum Deposition in the Central Nervous System: A Novel Insight into Oxaliplatin-induced Peripheral Neuropathy in Young and Old Mice

Numerous factors can contribute to the incidence or exacerbation of peripheral neuropathy induced by oxaliplatin (OXA). Recently, platinum accumulation in the spinal cord of mice after OXA exposure, despite the efficient defenses of the central nervous system, has been demonstrated by our research group, expanding the knowledge about its toxicity. One hypothesis is platinum accumulation in the spinal cord causes oxidative damage to neurons and impairs mitochondrial function. Thus, the main aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between aging and OXA-induced neuropathic pain and its comorbidities, including anxious behavior and cognitive impairment. By using an OXA-induced peripheral neuropathy model, platinum and bioelement concentrations and their influence on oxidative damage, neuroprotection, and neuroplasticity pathways were evaluated in Swiss mice, and our findings showed that treatment with OXA exacerbated pain and anxious behavior, albeit not age-induced cognitive impairment. Platinum deposition in the spinal cord and, for the first time, in the brain of mice exposed to OXA, regardless of age, was identified. We found that alterations in bioelement concentration, oxidative damage, neuroprotection, and neuroplasticity pathways induced by aging contribute to OXA-induced peripheral neuropathy. Our results strive to supply a basis for therapeutic interventions for OXA-induced peripheral neuropathy considering age specificities.

GLP-1 analogue liraglutide attenuates CIH-induced cognitive deficits by inhibiting oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and apoptosis via the Nrf2/HO-1 and MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathways

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common clinical condition linked to cognitive impairment, mainly characterized by chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH). GLP-1 receptor agonist, known for promoting insulin secretion and reducing glucose levels, has demonstrated neuroprotective effects in various experimental models such as stroke, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. This study aims to investigate the potential role and mechanisms of the GLP-1 receptor agonist liraglutide in ameliorating OSA-induced cognitive deficits. CIH exposure, a well-established and mature OSA pathological model, was used both in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, CIH significantly activated oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells. Liraglutide enhanced the nuclear translocation of Nrf2, activating its downstream pathways, thereby mitigating CIH-induced injury in SH-SY5Y cells. Additionally, liraglutide modulated the MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway, reducing the expression of inflammatory factors and proteins. In vivo, we subjected mice to an intermittent hypoxia incubator to mimic the pathogenesis of human OSA. The Morris water maze test revealed that CIH exposure substantially impaired spatial memory. Subsequent western blot analyses and histopathological examinations indicated that liraglutide could activate the Nrf2/HO-1 axis and inhibit the MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway, thereby alleviating OSA-associated cognitive dysfunction in mice. These findings suggest that GLP-1 receptor agonists may offer a promising preventive strategy for OSA-associated cognitive impairment. By refining these findings, we provide new insights into GLP-1's protective mechanisms in combating cognitive deficits associated with CIH, underscoring its potential as a therapeutic agent for conditions linked to OSA.

Artemisinin attenuates perinatal inflammation and consequent oxidative stress in oligodendrocyte precursor cells by inhibiting IRAK-4 and IRAK-1

BACKGROUND

The main causes of abnormal white matter development (periventricular leukomalacia) in premature infants are perinatal inflammation and the consequent oxidant/antioxidant imbalance in oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs); however, the underlying mechanisms remain largely unclear. In this work, a rat model of prenatal inflammation was used to examine the mechanism by which artemisinin (ART) protects against white matter dysplasia.

METHODS

We established a primary OPC model and rat model of perinatal inflammation. ART was identified from the FDA-approved medicinal chemical library to be beneficial for treating OPC inflammation in model systems. Based on bioinformatics analysis of protein interactions and molecular docking analysis, we further identified the possible targets of ART and evaluated its specific effects and the underlying molecular mechanisms in vivo and in vitro.

RESULTS

Following inflammatory stimulation, ART strongly promoted the maturation of OPCs and the development of white matter in the brain. A Cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA) demonstrated that interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase-4 (IRAK-4) and interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase-1 (IRAK-1) may be targets of ART, which was consistent with the findings from molecular modelling with Autodock software. Experiments conducted both in vivo and in vitro demonstrated the activation of the IRAK-4/IRAK-1/nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) pathway and the production of inflammatory factors (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) in OPCs were greatly suppressed in the group treated with ART compared to the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated group. Moreover, ART dramatically decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in OPCs while increasing nuclear factor e2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) levels.

CONCLUSION

Our findings suggest that ART can significantly reduce OPC perinatal inflammation and consequent oxidative stress. The targeted inhibition of IRAK-4 and IRAK-1 by ART may be a potential therapeutic strategy for alleviating abnormalities in white matter development in premature newborns.

Nrf2 pathways in neuroprotection: Alleviating mitochondrial dysfunction and cognitive impairment in aging

Mitochondrial dysfunction and cognitive impairment are widespread phenomena among the elderly, being crucial factors that contribute to neurodegenerative diseases. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is an important regulator of cellular defense systems, including that against oxidative stress. As such, increased Nrf2 activity may serve as a strategy to avert mitochondrial dysfunction and cognitive decline. Scientific data on Nrf2-mediated neuroprotection was collected from PubMed, Google Scholar, and Science Direct, specifically addressing mitochondrial dysfunction and cognitive impairment in older people. Search terms included "Nrf2", "mitochondrial dysfunction," "cognitive impairment," and "neuroprotection." Studies focusing on in vitro and in vivo models and clinical investigations were included to review Nrf2's therapeutic potential comprehensively. The relative studies have demonstrated that increased Nrf2 activity could improve mitochondrial performance, decrease oxidative pressure, and mitigate cognitive impairment. To a large extent, this is achieved through the modulation of critical cellular signalling pathways such as the Keap1/Nrf2 pathway, mitochondrial biogenesis, and neuroinflammatory responses. The present review summarizes the recent progress in comprehending the molecular mechanisms regarding the neuroprotective benefits mediated by Nrf2 through its substantial role against mitochondrial dysfunction and cognitive impairment. This review also emphasizes Nrf2-target pathways and their contribution to cognitive function improvement and rescue from mitochondria-related abnormalities as treatment strategies for neurodegenerative diseases that often affect elderly individuals.

Injectable Thermosensitive Gel CH-BPNs-NBP for Effective Periodontitis Treatment through ROS-Scavenging and Jaw Vascular Unit Protection

Periodontitis, a prevalent inflammatory condition in the oral cavity, is closely associated with oxidative stress-induced tissue damage mediated by excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. The jaw vascular unit (JVU), encompassing both vascular and lymphatic vessels, plays a crucial role in maintaining tissue fluid homeostasis and contributes to the pathological process in inflammatory diseases of the jaw. This study presents a novel approach for treating periodontitis through the development of an injectable thermosensitive gel (CH-BPNs-NBP). The gel formulation incorporates black phosphorus nanosheets (BPNs), which are notable for their ROS-scavenging properties, and dl-3-n-butylphthalide (NBP), a vasodilator that promotes lymphatic vessel function within the JVU. These results demonstrate that the designed thermosensitive gel serve as a controlled release system, delivering BPNs and NBP to the site of inflammation. CH-BPNs-NBP not only protects macrophages and human lymphatic endothelial cells from ROS attack but also promotes M2 polarization and lymphatic function. In in vivo studies, this work observes a significant reduction in inflammation and tissue damage, accompanied by a notable promotion of alveolar bone regeneration. This research introduces a promising therapeutic strategy for periodontitis, leveraging the unique properties of BPNs and NBP within an injectable thermosensitive gel.

Protective effects of flavonoids against intracerebral and subarachnoid hemorrhage (Review)

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), known as non-traumatic cerebrovascular rupture and hemorrhage, often occurs in the deep basal brain segment. It is known for its high morbidity and mortality rates. Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a clinical syndrome caused by the rupture of blood vessels at the base or surface of the brain that allows blood to flow directly into the subarachnoid space. It progresses quickly and typically manifests at younger ages compared with ICH. ICH and SAH are both devastating events in the category of hemorrhagic strokes and are attracting increasing attention from researchers. Flavonoids, being important natural molecules, have remarkable anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. Flavonoids have extensive biological activities in inflammation and oxidative stress (OS), and have protective effects in vascular function associated with cerebrovascular diseases. They have an impact on the onset of ICH and SAH by targeting various pathways, including the suppression of inflammation and OS. Recently, the role of flavonoid compounds in ICH and SAH has also received increasing interest. Thus, to serve as a resource for the prevention and treatment of ICH and SAH, the present review provided an overview of the research on flavonoid compounds in the prevention of brain damage after these two conditions have occurred.

Research progress on the mechanism of action and clinical application of remote ischemic post-conditioning for acute ischemic stroke

Remote ischemic post-conditioning (RIPostC) can reduce cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) by inducing endogenous protective effects, the distal limb ischemia post-treatment and in situ ischemia post-treatment were classified according to the site of intervention. And in the process of clinical application distal limb ischemia post-treatment is more widely used and more conducive to clinical translation. Therefore, in this paper, we review the mechanism of action and clinical application of RIPostC in cerebral ischemia, hoping to provide reference help for future experimental directions and clinical translation.

Targeting necroptosis: a promising avenue for respiratory disease treatment

Respiratory diseases are a growing concern in public health because of their potential to endanger the global community. Cell death contributes critically to the pathophysiology of respiratory diseases. Recent evidence indicates that necroptosis, a unique form of programmed cell death (PCD), plays a vital role in the molecular mechanisms underlying respiratory diseases, distinguishing it from apoptosis and conventional necrosis. Necroptosis is a type of inflammatory cell death governed by receptor-interacting serine/threonine protein kinase 1 (RIPK1), RIPK3, and mixed-lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL), resulting in the release of intracellular contents and inflammatory factors capable of initiating an inflammatory response in adjacent tissues. These necroinflammatory conditions can result in significant organ dysfunction and long-lasting tissue damage within the lungs. Despite evidence linking necroptosis to various respiratory diseases, there are currently no specific alternative treatments that target this mechanism. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the most recent advancements in understanding the significance and mechanisms of necroptosis. Specifically, this review emphasizes the intricate association between necroptosis and respiratory diseases, highlighting the potential use of necroptosis as an innovative therapeutic approach for treating these conditions.

The Interplay of Carveol and All-Trans Retinoic Acid (ATRA) in Experimental Parkinson's Disease: Role of Inflammasome-Mediated Pyroptosis and Nrf2

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a debilitating and the second most common neurodegenerative disorder with a high prevalence. PD has a multifaceted etiology characterized by an altered redox state and an excessive inflammatory response. Extensive research has consistently demonstrated the role of the nuclear factor E2-related factor (Nrf2) and inflammasomes, notably NLRP3 in neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, our focus was on exploring the potential neuroprotective properties of carveol in Parkinson's disease. Our findings suggest that carveol may exhibit these effects through Nrf2 and by suppressing pyroptosis. Male albino mice were treated with carveol, and the animal PD model was induced through a single intranigral dose of 2 µg/2µl lipopolysaccharide (LPS). To further demonstrate the essential role of the Nrf2 pathway, we utilized all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) to inhibit the Nrf2. Our finding showed the induction of pyroptosis as evidenced by increased levels of NLRP3 and other inflammatory mediators, including IL-1β, iNOS, p-NFKB, and apoptotic cell death indicated by positive fluoro Jade B (FJB) staining. Moreover, increased levels of lipid peroxides and reactive oxygen species indicated a significant rise in oxidative stress due to LPS. The administration of carveol mitigates oxidative stress and suppresses inflammatory pathways through the augmentation of intrinsic antioxidant defenses, primarily via the activation of the Nrf2. Conversely, ATRA reversed carveol protective effects by increasing FJB-positive cells, inflammatory and oxidative biomarkers. Taken together, our findings suggest that carveol mitigated LPS-induced Parkinson-like symptoms, partially through the activation of the Nrf2 and downregulation of pyroptosis notably NLRP3.

Intranasal delivery of small extracellular vesicles reduces the progress of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and the overactivation of complement-coagulation cascade and NF-ĸB signaling in SOD1G93A mice

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal disease characterized by progressive motoneuron degeneration, and effective clinical treatments are lacking. In this study, we evaluated whether intranasal delivery of mesenchymal stem cell-derived small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) is a strategy for ALS therapy using SOD1G93A mice. In vivo tracing showed that intranasally-delivered sEVs entered the central nervous system and were extensively taken up by spinal neurons and some microglia. SOD1G93A mice that intranasally received sEV administration showed significant improvements in motor performances and survival time. After sEV administration, pathological changes, including spinal motoneuron death and synaptic denervation, axon demyelination, neuromuscular junction degeneration and electrophysiological defects, and mitochondrial vacuolization were remarkably alleviated. sEV administration attenuated the elevation of proinflammatory cytokines and glial responses. Proteomics and transcriptomics analysis revealed upregulation of the complement and coagulation cascade and NF-ĸB signaling pathway in SOD1G93A mouse spinal cords, which was significantly inhibited by sEV administration. The changes were further confirmed by detecting C1q and NF-ĸB expression using Western blots. In conclusion, intranasal administration of sEVs effectively delays the progression of ALS by inhibiting neuroinflammation and overactivation of the complement and coagulation cascades and NF-ĸB signaling pathway and is a potential option for ALS therapy.

Deciphering NF-kappaB pathways in smoking-related lung carcinogenesis

One of the main causes of death worldwide is lung cancer, which is largely caused by cigarette smoking. The crucial transcription factor NF-κB, which controls inflammatory responses and various cellular processes, is a constitutively present cytoplasmic protein strictly regulated by inhibitors like IκB proteins. Upon activation by external stimuli, it undergoes phosphorylation, translocates into the nucleus, and modulates the expression of specific genes. The incontrovertible association between pulmonary malignancy and tobacco consumption underscores and highlights a public health concern. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nitrosamines, potent carcinogenic compounds present in the aerosol emitted from combusted tobacco, elicit profound deleterious effects upon inhalation, resulting in severe perturbation of pulmonary tissue integrity. The pathogenesis of smoking-induced lung cancer encompasses an intricate process wherein NF-κB activation plays a pivotal role, triggered by exposure to cigarette smoke through diverse signaling pathways, including those associated with oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Unraveling the participation of NF-κB in smoking-induced lung cancer provides pivotal insights into molecular processes, wherein intricate crosstalk between NF-κB and pathways such as MAPK and PI3K-Akt amplifies the inflammatory response, fostering an environment conducive to the formation of lung cancer. This study reviews the critical function of NF-κB in the complex molecular pathways linked to the initiation and advancement of lung carcinogenesis as well as potential treatment targets. See also the graphical abstract(Fig. 1).

Melatonin ameliorates multiorgan injuries induced by severe acute pancreatitis in mice by regulating the Nrf2 signaling pathway

Severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) is a complicated inflammatory reaction that impacts the pancreas, often resulting in damage to numerous organs. This disorder encompasses a range of processes such as inflammation, oxidative stress, and pancreatitis. The hormone melatonin (MT) is primarily secreted by the pineal gland and plays a crucial role in mitigating inflammation, countering the harmful effects of free radicals, and regulating oxidative stress. The aim of this research was to investigate the potential protective impact and the underlying mechanism of melatonin in mice afflicted with SAP. The biochemical and histological assessments unequivocally demonstrated that melatonin effectively inhibited necrosis, infiltration, edema and cell death in pancreatic tissues, thereby suppressing acute pancreatitis. Notably, melatonin also alleviated the consequent harm to distant organs, notably the lungs, liver, and kidneys. Furthermore, both preventive and therapeutic administration of melatonin prompted nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) activation followed by Nrf2 target gene expression. Nrf2 initiates the activation of antioxidant genes, thereby providing defense against oxidative stress. Conversely, Nrf2 reduction may contribute to impaired antioxidant protection in SAP. The beneficial impact of Nrf2 on antioxidants was absent in Nrf2-knockout mice, leading to the accumulation of LDH and exacerbation of cell death. This deterioration in both pancreatitis and injuries in distant organs intensified significantly. The results indicate that melatonin has an enhanced ability to protect against multiorgan damage caused by SAP, which is accomplished through the increase in Nrf2 expression. Additionally, Nrf2 initiates the activation of antioxidant genes that offer defense against cell death.

Indole-3-Carbinol and Its Derivatives as Neuroprotective Modulators

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its downstream tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) signaling pathway play pivotal roles in the resilience and action of antidepressant drugs, making them prominent targets in psychiatric research. Oxidative stress (OS) contributes to various neurological disorders, including neurodegenerative diseases, stroke, and mental illnesses, and exacerbates the aging process. The nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-antioxidant responsive element (ARE) serves as the primary cellular defense mechanism against OS-induced brain damage. Thus, Nrf2 activation may confer endogenous neuroprotection against OS-related cellular damage; notably, the TrkB/phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) pathway, stimulated by BDNF-dependent TrkB signaling, activates Nrf2 and promotes its nuclear translocation. However, insufficient neurotrophin support often leads to the downregulation of the TrkB signaling pathway in brain diseases. Thus, targeting TrkB activation and the Nrf2-ARE system is a promising therapeutic strategy for treating neurodegenerative diseases. Phytochemicals, including indole-3-carbinol (I3C) and its metabolite, diindolylmethane (DIM), exhibit neuroprotective effects through BDNF's mimetic activity; Akt phosphorylation is induced, and the antioxidant defense mechanism is activated by blocking the Nrf2-kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) complex. This review emphasizes the therapeutic potential of I3C and its derivatives for concurrently activating neuronal defense mechanisms in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.

5,7-dihydroxy-3',4',5'-trimethoxyflavone mitigates lead induced neurotoxicity in rats via its chelating, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and monoaminergic properties

Chronic exposure to lead (Pb) induces neurodegenerative changes in animals and humans. Drugs with strong antioxidant properties are effective against Pb-mediated neurotoxicity. In a prior study, we identified 5,7-dihydroxy-3',4',5'-trimethoxyflavone (TMF) from Ocimum basilicum L. leaves as a potent antioxidant and neuroprotective compound. This research explores TMF's neuroprotective effects against Pb-induced brain toxicity in rats to establish it as a therapeutic agent. Rats received lead acetate (100 mg/kg, orally, once daily) for 30 days to induce brain injury, followed by TMF treatment (5 and 10 mg/kg, oral, once daily) 30 min later. Cognitive and motor functions were assessed using Morris Water Maze and horizontal bar tests. Lead, monoamine oxidase (MAO) A and B enzymes, reduced glutathione (GSH), thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS), Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and IL-6 levels were measured in the hippocampus and cerebellum. Pb exposure impaired cognitive and motor functions, increased Pb, TBARS, TNF-α, and IL-6 levels, and compromised MAO A & B and GSH levels. TMF reversed Pb-induced memory and motor deficits and normalized biochemical anomalies. TMF's neuroprotective effects against lead involve chelating, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and monoaminergic properties, suggesting its potential as a treatment for metal-induced brain injury.

Indoxyl sulphate-TNFα axis mediates uremic encephalopathy in rodent acute kidney injury

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is often accompanied by uremic encephalopathy resulting from accumulation of uremic toxins in brain possibly due to impaired blood-brain barrier (BBB) function. Anionic uremic toxins are substrates or inhibitors of organic anionic transporters (OATs). In this study we investigated the CNS behaviors and expression/function of BBB OAT3 in AKI rats and mice, which received intraperitoneal injection of cisplatin 8 and 20 mg/kg, respectively. We showed that cisplatin treatment significantly inhibited the expressions of OAT3, synaptophysin and microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2), impaired locomotor and exploration activities, and increased accumulation of uremic toxins in the brain of AKI rats and mice. In vitro studies showed that uremic toxins neither alter OAT3 expression in human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells, nor synaptophysin and MAP2 expressions in human neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) cells. In contrast, tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and the conditioned medium (CM) from RAW264.7 cells treated with indoxyl sulfate (IS) significantly impaired OAT3 expression. TNFα and CM from IS-treated BV-2 cells also inhibited synaptophysin and MAP2 expressions in SH-SY5Y cells. The alterations caused by TNFα and CMs in vitro, and by AKI and TNFα in vivo were abolished by infliximab, a monoclonal antibody designed to intercept and neutralize TNFα, suggesting that AKI impaired the expressions of OAT3, synaptophysin and MAP2 in the brain via IS-induced TNFα release from macrophages or microglia (termed as IS-TNFα axis). Treatment of mice with TNFα (0.5 mg·kg-1·d-1, i.p. for 3 days) significantly increased p-p65 expression and reduced the expressions of Nrf2 and HO-1. Inhibiting NF-κB pathway, silencing p65, or activating Nrf2 and HO-1 obviously attenuated TNFα-induced downregulation of OAT3, synaptophysin and MAP2 expressions. Significantly increased p-p65 and decreased Nrf2 and HO-1 protein levels were also detected in brain of AKI mice and rats. We conclude that AKI inhibits the expressions of OAT3, synaptophysin and MAP2 due to IS-induced TNFα release from macrophages or microglia. TNFα impairs the expressions of OAT3, synaptophysin and MAP2 partly via activating NF-κB pathway and inhibiting Nrf2-HO-1 pathway.

Potential role of molecular hydrogen therapy on oxidative stress and redox signaling in chronic kidney disease

Oxidative stress plays a key role in chronic kidney disease (CKD) development and progression, inducing kidney cell damage, inflammation, and fibrosis. However, effective therapeutic interventions to slow down CKD advancement are currently lacking. The multifaceted pharmacological effects of molecular hydrogen (H2) have made it a promising therapeutic avenue. H2 is capable of capturing harmful •OH and ONOO- while maintaining the crucial reactive oxygen species (ROS) involved in cellular signaling. The NRF2-KEAP1 system, which manages cell redox balance, could be used to treat CKD. H2 activates this pathway, fortifying antioxidant defenses and scavenging ROS to counteract oxidative stress. H2 can improve NRF2 signaling by using the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and indirectly activate NRF2-KEAP1 in mitochondria. Additionally, H2 modulates NF-κB activity by regulating cellular redox status, inhibiting MAPK pathways, and maintaining Trx levels. Treatment with H2 also attenuates HIF signaling by neutralizing ROS while indirectly bolstering HIF-1α function. Furthermore, H2 affects FOXO factors and enhances the activity of antioxidant enzymes. Despite the encouraging results of bench studies, clinical trials are still limited and require further investigation. The focus of this review is on hydrogen's role in treating renal diseases, with a specific focus on oxidative stress and redox signaling regulation, and it discusses its potential clinical applications.

Recent progress in Porphyra haitanensis polysaccharides: Extraction, purification, structural insights, and their impact on gastrointestinal health and oxidative stress management

Porphyra haitanensis, a red seaweed species, represents a bountiful and sustainable marine resource. P. haitanensis polysaccharide (PHP), has garnered considerable attention for its numerous health benefits. However, the comprehensive utilization of PHP on an industrial scale has been limited by the lack of comprehensive information. In this review, we endeavor to discuss and summarize recent advancements in PHP extraction, purification, and characterization. We emphasize the multifaceted mechanisms through which PHP promotes gastrointestinal health. Furthermore, we present a summary of compelling evidence supporting PHP's protective role against oxidative stress. This includes its demonstrated potent antioxidant properties, its ability to neutralize free radicals, and its capacity to enhance the activity of antioxidant enzymes. The information presented here also lays the theoretical groundwork for future research into the structural and functional aspects of PHP, as well as its potential applications in functional foods.

An insight into the concept of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease: targeting molecular approach Nrf2, NF-κB, and CREB

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a most prevalent neurologic disorder characterized by cognitive dysfunction, amyloid-β (Aβ) protein accumulation, and excessive neuroinflammation. It affects various life tasks and reduces thinking, memory, capability, reasoning and orientation ability, decision, and language. The major parts responsible for these abnormalities are the cerebral cortex, amygdala, and hippocampus. Excessive inflammatory markers release, and microglial activation affect post-synaptic neurotransmission. Various mechanisms of AD pathogenesis have been explored, but still, there is a need to debate the role of NF-κB, Nrf2, inflammatory markers, CREB signaling, etc. In this review, we have briefly discussed the signaling mechanisms and function of the NF-ĸB signaling pathway, inflammatory mediators, microglia activation, and alteration of autophagy. NF-κB inhibition is a current strategy to counter neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in the brain of individuals with AD. In clinical trials, numbers of NF-κB modulators are being examined. Recent reports revealed that molecular and cellular pathways initiate complex pathological competencies that cause AD. Moreover, this review will provide extensive knowledge of the cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) and how these nuclear proteins affect neuronal plasticity.

Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Effects of Marine Phlorotannins and Bromophenols Supportive of Their Anticancer Potential

Following the goal of optimizing nutrition, the food industry has been continuously working on food reformulation, nutritional patterns, functional foods development, and the general promotion of a healthy lifestyle. To this end, the scientific community has been increasingly investigating natural compounds that could prevent or treat chronic diseases. Phlorotannins and bromophenols are phenolic compounds particularly present in marine organisms. There is extensive evidence that shows their potential in the prevention of noncommunicable diseases, including cancer, the second cause of mortality worldwide. Numerous studies have demonstrated the anticarcinogenic activity of polyphenolic algae compounds both in cell culture and experimental animal models. Although recent reviews are also available, the present update focuses on the most recent findings related to the antioxidant/anti-inflammatory effect of seaweed phenolics, as well as their regulatory capacity for new molecular targets. Additionally, the review addresses and discusses the close link between inflammation and oxidative stress, along with their relationship with tumor onset and progression, including the most recent findings supporting this correlation. Although clinical studies are still needed to support this evidence, phlorotannins and bromophenols constitute an emerging bioactive group with high potential as chemopreventive agents and/or potential adjuvants for existing cancer therapies.

3D human stem-cell-derived neuronal spheroids for in vitro neurotoxicity testing of methylglyoxal, highly reactive glycolysis byproduct and potent glycating agent

Human-derived three-dimensional (3D) in vitro models are advanced human cell-based model for their complexity, relevance and application in toxicity testing. Intracellular accumulation of methylglyoxal (MGO), the most potent glycating agent in humans, mainly generated as a by-product of glycolysis, is associated with age-related diseases including neurodegenerative disorders. In our study, 3D human stem-cell-derived neuronal spheroids were set up and applied to evaluate cytotoxic effects after short-term (5 to 48 h) treatments with different MGO concentrations, including low levels, taking into consideration several biochemical endpoints. In MGO-treated neurospheroids, reduced cell growth proliferation and decreased cell viability occurred early from 5-10 μM, and their compactness diminished starting from 100 μM, apparently without affecting spheroid size. MGO markedly caused loss of the neuronal markers MAP-2 and NSE from 10-50 μM, decreased the detoxifying Glo1 enzyme from 50 μM, and activated NF-kB by nuclear translocation. The cytochemical evaluation of the 3D sections showed the presence of necrotic cells with loss of nuclei. Apoptotic cells were observed from 50 μM MGO after 48 h, and from 100 μM after 24 h. MGO (50-10 µM) also induced modifications of the cell-cell and cell-ECM interactions. These effects worsened at the higher concentrations (300-500 µM). In 3D neuronal spheroids, MGO tested concentrations comparable to human samples levels measured in MGO-associated diseases, altered neuronal key signalling endpoints relevant for the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases and aging. The findings also demonstrated that the use of 3D neuronal spheroids of human origin can be useful in a strategy in vitro for testing MGO and other dicarbonyls evaluation.

N-Cinnamoylpyrrole-derived alkaloids from the genus Piper as promising agents for ischemic stroke by targeting eEF1A1

BACKGROUND

Ischemic stroke (IS) is a serious cerebrovascular disease characterized by significantly elevated mortality and disability rates, and the treatments available for this disease are limited. Neuroinflammation and oxidative stress are deemed the major causes of cerebral ischemic injury. N-Cinnamoylpyrrole alkaloids form a small group of natural products from the genus Piper and have not been extensively analyzed pharmacologically. Thus, identifying the effect and mechanism of N-cinnamoylpyrrole-derived alkaloids on IS is worthwhile.

PURPOSE

The present research aimed to explore the antineuroinflammatory and antioxidative stress effects of N-cinnamoylpyrrole-derived alkaloids isolated from the genus Piper and to explain the effects and mechanism on IS.

METHODS

N-cinnamoylpyrrole-derived alkaloids were isolated from Piper boehmeriaefolium var. tonkinense and Piper sarmentosum and identified by various chromatographic methods. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced BV-2 microglia and a mouse model intracerebroventricularly injected with LPS were used to evaluate the antineuroinflammatory and antioxidative stress effects. Oxygen‒glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R) and transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) models were used to evaluate the effect of PB-1 on IS. To elucidate the fundamental mechanism, the functional target of PB-1 was identified by affinity-based protein profiling (ABPP) strategy and verified by cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA), drug affinity responsive target stability (DARTS), and circular dichroism (CD) analyses. The effect of PB-1 on the NF-κB and NRF2 signaling pathways was subsequently evaluated via western blotting and immunofluorescence staining.

RESULTS

The results showed that N-cinnamoylpyrrole-derived alkaloids significantly affected neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. The representative compound, PB-1 not only inhibited neuroinflammation and oxidative stress induced by LPS or OGD/R insult, but also alleviated cerebral ischemic injury induced by tMCAO. Further molecular mechanism research found that PB-1 promoted antineuroinflammatory and antioxidative stress activities via the NF-κB and NRF2 signaling pathways by targeting eEF1A1.

CONCLUSION

Our research initially unveiled that the therapeutic impact of PB-1 on cerebral ischemic injury might rely on its ability to target eEF1A1, leading to antineuroinflammatory and antioxidative stress effects. The novel discovery highlights eEF1A1 as a potential target for IS treatment and shows that PB-1, as a lead compound that targets eEF1A1, may be a promising therapeutic agent for IS.

The Protection of EGCG Against 6-OHDA-Induced Oxidative Damage by Regulating PPARγ and Nrf2/HO-1 Signaling

6-Hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) is a classic neurotoxin that has been widely used in Parkinson's disease research. 6-OHDA can increase intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and can cause cell damage, which can be attenuated with (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) treatment. However, the mechanism by which EGCG alters the 6-OHDA toxicity remains unclear; In this study, we found 6-OHDA (25 μM) alone increased intracellular ROS concentration in N27 cells, which was attenuated by pretreating with EGCG (100 μM). We evaluated the intracellular oxidative damage by determining the level of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and protein carbonyl content. 6-OHDA significantly increased TBARS by 82.7% (P < .05) and protein carbonyl content by 47.8 (P < .05), compared to the control. Pretreatment of EGCG decreased TBARS and protein carbonyls by 36.4% (P < .001) and 27.7% (P < .05), respectively, compared to 6-OHDA alone treatment. Antioxidant effect was tested with E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase-1(HO-1) and peroxisome-proliferator activator receptor γ (PPARγ) expression. 6-OHDA increased Nrf2 expression by 69.6% (P < .001), HO-1 by 173.3% (P < .001), and PPARγ by 122.7% (P < .001), compared with untreatment. EGCG pretreatment stabilized these alterations induced by 6-OHDA. Our results suggested that the neurotoxicity of 6-OHDA in N27 cells was associated with ROS pathway, whereas pretreatment of EGCG suppressed the ROS generation and deactivated the Nrf2/HO-1 and PPARγ expression.

Ischemic Brain Injury: Involvement of Lipids in the Pathophysiology of Stroke and Therapeutic Strategies

Stroke is a devastating neurological disorder that is characterized by the sudden disruption of blood flow to the brain. Lipids are essential components of brain structure and function and play pivotal roles in stroke pathophysiology. Dysregulation of lipid signaling pathways modulates key cellular processes such as apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress, exacerbating ischemic brain injury. In the present review, we summarize the roles of lipids in stroke pathology in different models (cell cultures, animal, and human studies). Additionally, the potential of lipids, especially polyunsaturated fatty acids, to promote neuroprotection and their use as biomarkers in stroke are discussed.

Identification of a novel oligopeptide from defatted walnut meal hydrolysate as a potential neuroprotective agent

Free radical damage and oxidative stress are thought to play a crucial role in the development of neurodegenerative diseases. Walnut peptides, especially walnut oligopeptides, have been shown to protect nerve cells from oxidative stress and inflammatory damage, as well as improve memory function. In this study, walnut peptides were obtained from walnut meal through enzymatic hydrolysis, ultrafiltration, and gel filtration chromatography. A novel oligopeptide called AQ was successfully isolated and its chemical structure was identified as AASCDQ using ESI-MS/MS. AQ demonstrated remarkable scavenging activity against O2- free radicals (81.00%), DPPH free radicals (79.40%), and ABTS free radicals (67.09%) at a concentration of 1 mg mL-1. Furthermore, AQ exhibited strong neuroprotective effects against hydrogen peroxide-induced damage in SH-SY5Y cells, reducing cell injury and apoptosis. AQ also effectively inhibited the secretion of pro-inflammatory factors NO (IC50 = 46.03 ± 0.32 μM) and suppressed the expression of IL-6 and TNF-α in RAW264.7 cells stimulated by LPS. In vivo experiments demonstrated that AQ promoted angiogenesis in the quail chick chorioallantoic membrane assay and reduced ROS accumulation in Caenorhabditis elegans, thereby extending its lifespan. The anti-inflammatory mechanism of AQ was further confirmed by western blotting. In summary, the novel oligopeptide AQ possesses potential neuroprotective effects, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, angiogenic, and anti-aging properties, making it a promising candidate for the development of functional foods and pharmaceutical products.

Possible Prophylactic Effects of Sulforaphane on LPS-Induced Recognition Memory Impairment Mediated by Regulating Oxidative Stress and Neuroinflammatory Proteins in the Prefrontal Cortex Region of the Brain

BACKGROUND

Alzheimer's disease (AD) presents a significant global health concern, characterized by neurodegeneration and cognitive decline. Neuroinflammation is a crucial factor in AD development and progression, yet effective pharmacotherapy remains elusive. Sulforaphane (SFN), derived from cruciferous vegetables and mainly from broccoli, has shown a promising effect via in vitro and in vivo studies as a potential treatment for AD. This study aims to investigate the possible prophylactic mechanisms of SFN against prefrontal cortex (PFC)-related recognition memory impairment induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration.

METHODOLOGY

Thirty-six Swiss (SWR/J) mice weighing 18-25 g were divided into three groups (n = 12 per group): a control group (vehicle), an LPS group (0.75 mg/kg of LPS), and an LPS + SFN group (25 mg/kg of SFN). The total duration of the study was 3 weeks, during which mice underwent treatments for the initial 2 weeks, with daily monitoring of body weight and temperature. Behavioral assessments via novel object recognition (NOR) and temporal order recognition (TOR) tasks were conducted in the final week of the study. Inflammatory markers (IL-6 and TNF), antioxidant enzymes (SOD, GSH, and CAT), and pro-oxidant (MDA) level, in addition to acetylcholine esterase (AChE) activity and active (caspase-3) and phosphorylated (AMPK) levels, were evaluated. Further, PFC neuronal degeneration, Aβ content, and microglial activation were also examined using H&E, Congo red staining, and Iba1 immunohistochemistry, respectively.

RESULTS

SFN pretreatment significantly improved recognition memory performance during the NOR and TOR tests. Moreover, SFN was protected from neuroinflammation and oxidative stress as well as neurodegeneration, Aβ accumulation, and microglial hyperactivity.

CONCLUSION

The obtained results suggested that SFN has a potential protective property to mitigate the behavioral and biochemical impairments induced by chronic LPS administration and suggested to be via an AMPK/caspase-3-dependent manner.

Decoction derived from Allium ascalonicum L. bulbs and Sojae Semen Praeparatum alleviates wind-cold-type common cold via Nrf2/HO-1 pathway and modulation of Lactobacillus murinus level

Background

Cong-Chi decoction (CCD) is made using Allium ascalonicum L. (shallot) bulbs and Sojae Semen Praeparatum (SSP). Shallot bulbs and SSP are both used regularly in traditional Chinese medicine; however, there are no recent pharmacological studies on their synergistic effects. Despite their roles in the treatment of the common cold for thousands of years, their pharmacological mechanisms of action against wind-cold-type common cold are yet to be explored comprehensively.

Methods

A mouse model was standardized using wind-cold modeling equipment to study the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antiapoptotic effects of CCD. Then, 16S rRNA sequencing was employed to analyze the association between Lactobacillus murinus and changes in body temperature. Additionally, the antipyretic effects of L. murinus were validated via animal experiments.

Results

The results indicate that CCD improves the symptoms of wind-cold by reducing fever, levels of pro-inflammatory factors, and cellular apoptosis, as well as increasing the blood leukocyte and lymphocyte counts, thereby alleviating lung tissue damage. The effects of CCD are mediated by upregulation of pulmonary Nrf2 and HO-1 expressions, thereby reducing oxidative damage in the lungs, in addition to other anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Furthermore, CCD increases the abundance of L. murinus in the intestinal tract. The animal experiments confirm that L. murinus ameliorates fever in mice.

Conclusion

CCD exhibits remarkable antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties for effectively treating wind-cold-type common cold. Furthermore, its regulatory effects on L. murinus represent a novel mechanism for product development.

Histone deacetylase 3-specific inhibitor RGFP966 attenuates oxidative stress and inflammation after traumatic brain injury by activating the Nrf2 pathway

Background

Oxidative stress (OS) and inflammatory reactions play pivotal roles in secondary brain injury after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) controls the acetylation of histones and non-histones, which has a significant impact on the central nervous system's reaction to damage. This research determined the implications of RGFP966, a new and specific inhibitor of HDAC3, for the antioxidant (AO) systems mediated by nuclear factor erythroid2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and the Nod-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome in TBI. The study also studied the underlying mechanisms of RGFP966's actions. Our objective was to examine the impacts and underlying RGFP966 mechanisms in TBI.

Methods

In vitro, a rat cortical neuron OS model was induced by H2O2, followed by the addition of RGFP966 to the culture medium. Neurons were collected after 24 h for western blot (WB), terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) and 2'-7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate staining. In vivo, RGFP966 (10 mg/kg) was administered post-TBI. Brain tissue water content and modified neurological severity scores were assessed 72 h post-injury. Cortical tissues surrounding the focal injury were subjected to western blot, TUNEL staining, Nissl staining and immunofluorescence/immunohistochemistry staining, and malondialdehyde level, hindered glutathione content and superoxide dismutase activity were measured. Serum was collected for the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Nrf2-specific shRNA lentivirus was injected into the lateral ventricle of rats for 7 days, and cerebral cortex tissue was analyzed by WB and real-time polymerase chain reaction.

Results

During in vitro and in vivo experiments, RGFP966 suppressed HDAC3 expression, promoted Nrf2 nuclear translocation, activated downstream AO enzymes, mitigated excessive reactive oxygen species production and alleviated nerve cell apoptosis. RGFP966 effectively reduced brain edema and histological damage and enhanced neurological and cognitive function in rats with TBI. RGFP966 markedly inhibited NLRP3 inflammasome activation mediated by high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1)/toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Nrf2 knockdown in TBI rats attenuated the AO and anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective impacts of RGFP966.

Conclusions

Overall, our findings demonstrate that RGFP966 can mitigate the first brain damage and neurological impairments in TBI. The underlying mechanism involves triggering the Nrf2-mediated AO system and negatively regulating the HMGB1/TLR4-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome pathway.

Social isolation initiated post-weaning augments ischemic brain injury by promoting pro-inflammatory responses

Social isolation is associated with poor stroke outcome, but the underlying molecular mechanisms were largely unknown. In male Balb/C mice exposed to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo), we examined the effects of social isolation initiated post-weaning on ischemic injury, cytokine/chemokine responses and cell signaling using a broad panel of techniques that involved immunocytochemistry, cytokine/chemokine array and Western blots. Social isolation initiated post-weaning elevated infarct size, brain edema and neuronal injury in the ischemic brain tissue 3 days after MCAo, and increased microglia/ macrophage and leukocyte accumulation. In line with the increased immune cell recruitment, levels of several proinflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-13, IL-17, TNF-α, IFN-γ), chemokines (e.g., CCL3, CCL4, CCL12, CXCL2, CXCL9, CXCL12) and adhesion molecules (i.e., ICAM-1) were increased in the ischemic brain tissue of socially isolated compared with paired housing mice, whereas levels of selected cytokines (IL-5, IL-6, IL-16) and colony-stimulating factors (G-CSF, GM-CSF) were reduced. The activity of the transcription factor nuclear factor-ĸB (NF-ĸB), which promotes cell injury via pro-inflammatory responses, was increased by social isolation, whereas that of nuclear factor erythroid related factor-2 (Nrf-2), which mediates anti-oxidative responses under oxidative stress conditions, was reduced. Our study shows that social isolation profoundly alters post-ischemic cell signaling in a way promoting pro-inflammatory responses. Our results highlight the importance of social support in preventing deleterious health effects of social isolation.

Trifluoperazine mitigates cyclophosphamide-induced hepatic oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in mice by modulating the AKT/mTOR-driven autophagy and Nrf2/HO-1 signaling cascades

AIM

This study aims to investigate the hepatoprotective effect of the antipsychotic drug trifluoperazine (TFP) against cyclophosphamide (CPA)-induced hepatic injury by exploring its effect on autophagy and the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway.

MAIN METHODS

The hepatotoxicity of CPA was assessed by biochemical analysis of the serum hepatotoxicity markers (ALT, AST, and direct bilirubin), histopathological examination, and ultrastructure analysis by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The ELISA technique was used to assess the hepatic content of oxidative stress (MDA and SOD) and inflammatory markers (IL-1β and TNF-α). Immunohistochemical assessment was used to investigate the hepatic expression of NF-κB, Nrf2, caspase-3, as well as autophagy flux markers (p62 and LC3B). The mRNA expression of HO-1 was assessed using RT-qPCR. Western blot assay was used to determine the expression of p-AKT and p-mTOR.

KEY FINDINGS

TFP improved CPA-induced hepatotoxicity by reducing the elevated hepatotoxicity markers, and alleviating the histopathological changes with improving ultrastructure alterations. It also reduced oxidative stress by reducing MDA content and upregulating SOD activity. In addition, it exhibited anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects by decreasing NF-κB expression, IL-1β, TNF-α levels, and caspase-3 expression. Furthermore, TFP-induced hepatoprotection was mediated by favoring Nrf2 expression and increasing the mRNA level of HO-1. As well, it improved autophagy by increasing LC3B expression concurrently with reducing p62 expression. Moreover, TFP modulated the AKT/mTOR pathway by reducing the expression of p-AKT and p-mTOR.

SIGNIFICANCE

TFP significantly protected against CPA-induced hepatotoxicity by upregulating Nrf2/HO-1 signaling along with enhancement of protective autophagy via inhibition of the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway.

Pretreatment with Liposome-Encapsulated Shrimp Shell Extract Attenuated Neuronal Damage and Death in Aβ1-42-Induced Memory Deficits in Rats

The accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptides is a crucial factor in the neuronal degeneration of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The current study investigated the underlying neuroprotective mechanisms of shrimp shell extract (SSE) and liposome-encapsulated SSE (SSE/L) against Aβ1-42-induced neuronal damage and death in rats. Intracerebroventricular infusion of Aβ1-42 effectively induced memory decline, as observed in a reduction of the rat's discriminating ability in the novel object recognition and novel object location tasks. Oral pretreatment with 100 mg/kg of SSE demonstrated no preventive effect on the memory decline induced by Aβ1-42 infusion. However, treatment with SSE/L 100 mg/kg BW effectively attenuated memory deficits in both behavioral assessments following two and four weeks after Aβ1-42 infusion. Moreover, SSE/L exerted neuroprotective effects by reducing lipid peroxidation and increasing Nrf2/HO-1 expression. There was a significant decrease in Iba1 and GFAP (biomarkers of microglia and astrocyte activity, respectively), as well as a decrease in the levels of NF-κB expression and the inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 in the cortical and hippocampal tissues. Treatment with SSE/L also reduced the pro-apoptotic proteins Bax and cleaved caspase-3 while raising the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl2. In addition, the beneficial effects of SSE/L were along with the effects of a positive control commercial astaxanthin (AST). The findings of this study indicated that SSE/L provided neuroprotective effects on Aβ1-42-induced AD rats by ameliorating oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and apoptotic cell death. Therefore, SSE/L might be employed to prevent and mitigate Aβ accumulation-induced neurotoxicity in AD.

Psammaplin A and Its Analogs Attenuate Oxidative Stress in Neuronal Cells through Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ Activation

Psammaplins are sulfur containing bromotyrosine alkaloids that have shown antitumor activity through the inhibition of class I histone deacetylases (HDACs). The cytotoxic properties of psammaplin A (1), the parent compound, are related to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) activation, but the mechanism of action of its analogs psammaplin K (2) and bisaprasin (3) has not been elucidated. In this study, the protective effects against oxidative stress of compounds 1-3, isolated from the sponge Aplysinella rhax, were evaluated in SH-SY5Y cells. The compounds improved cell survival, recovered glutathione (GSH) content, and reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) release at nanomolar concentrations. Psammaplins restored mitochondrial membrane potential by blocking mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening and reducing cyclophilin D expression. This effect was mediated by the capacity of 1-3 to activate PPARγ, enhancing gene expression of the antioxidant enzymes catalase, nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and glutathione peroxidase. Finally, HDAC3 activity was reduced by 1-3 under oxidative stress conditions. This work is the first description of the neuroprotective activity of 1 at low concentrations and the mechanism of action of 2 and 3. Moreover, it links for the first time the previously described effects of 1 in HDAC3 and PPARγ signaling, opening a new research field for the therapeutic potential of this compound family.

Research progress on the inhibition of oxidative stress by teriparatide in spinal cord injury

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is currently a highly disabling disease, which poses serious harm to patients and their families. Due to the fact that primary SCI is caused by direct external force, current research on SCI mainly focuses on the treatment and prevention of secondary SCI. Oxidative stress is one of the important pathogenic mechanisms of SCI, and intervention of oxidative stress may be a potential treatment option for SCI. Teriparatide is a drug that regulates bone metabolism, and recent studies have found that it has the ability to counteract oxidative stress and is closely related to SCI. This article summarizes the main pathological mechanisms of oxidative stress in SCI, as well as the relationship between them with teriparatide, and explores the therapeutic potential of teriparatide in SCI.

Gut microbiota-host lipid crosstalk in Alzheimer's disease: implications for disease progression and therapeutics

Trillions of intestinal bacteria in the human body undergo dynamic transformations in response to physiological and pathological changes. Alterations in their composition and metabolites collectively contribute to the progression of Alzheimer's disease. The role of gut microbiota in Alzheimer's disease is diverse and complex, evidence suggests lipid metabolism may be one of the potential pathways. However, the mechanisms that gut microbiota mediate lipid metabolism in Alzheimer's disease pathology remain unclear, necessitating further investigation for clarification. This review highlights the current understanding of how gut microbiota disrupts lipid metabolism and discusses the implications of these discoveries in guiding strategies for the prevention or treatment of Alzheimer's disease based on existing data.

Azilsartan Attenuates 3-Nitropropinoic Acid-Induced Neurotoxicity in Rats: The Role of IĸB/NF-ĸB and KEAP1/Nrf2 Signaling Pathways

Huntington's disease (HD) is an autosomal-dominant neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor, psychiatric and cognitive symptoms. Injection of 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP) is a widely used experimental model for induction of HD. The current study aimed to inspect the potential neuroprotective properties of azilsartan (Azil), an angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker (ATR1), in 3-NP-induced striatal neurotoxicity in rats. Rats were randomly allocated into five groups and treated for 14 days as follows: group I received normal saline; group II received Azil (10 mg/kg, p.o.); group III received 3-NP (10 mg/kg, i.p); group IV and V received Azil (5 or 10 mg/kg, p.o, respectively) 1 h prior to 3-NP injection. Both doses of Azil markedly attenuated motor and behavioural dysfunction as well as striatal histopathological alterations caused by 3-NP. In addition, Azil balanced striatal neurotransmitters levels as evidenced by the increase of striatal gamma-aminobutyric acid content and the decrease of glutamate content. Azil also amended neuroinflammation and oxidative stress via modulating IĸB/NF-ĸB and KEAP1/Nrf2 downstream signalling pathways, as well as reducing iNOS and COX2 levels. Moreover, Azil demonstrated an anti-apoptotic activity by reducing caspase-3 level and BAX/BCL2 ratio. In conclusion, the present study reveals the neuroprotective potential of Azil in 3-NP-induced behavioural, histopathological and biochemical changes in rats. These findings might be attributed to inhibition of ATR1/NF-κB signalling, modulation of Nrf2/KEAP1 signalling, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and anti-apoptotic properties.

Accelerated Aging Induced by an Unhealthy High-Fat Diet: Initial Evidence for the Role of Nrf2 Deficiency and Impaired Stress Resilience in Cellular Senescence

High-fat diets (HFDs) have pervaded modern dietary habits, characterized by their excessive saturated fat content and low nutritional value. Epidemiological studies have compellingly linked HFD consumption to obesity and the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Moreover, the synergistic interplay of HFD, obesity, and diabetes expedites the aging process and prematurely fosters age-related diseases. However, the underlying mechanisms driving these associations remain enigmatic. One of the most conspicuous hallmarks of aging is the accumulation of highly inflammatory senescent cells, with mounting evidence implicating increased cellular senescence in the pathogenesis of age-related diseases. Our hypothesis posits that HFD consumption amplifies senescence burden across multiple organs. To scrutinize this hypothesis, we subjected mice to a 6-month HFD regimen, assessing senescence biomarker expression in the liver, white adipose tissue, and the brain. Aging is intrinsically linked to impaired cellular stress resilience, driven by dysfunction in Nrf2-mediated cytoprotective pathways that safeguard cells against oxidative stress-induced senescence. To ascertain whether Nrf2-mediated pathways shield against senescence induction in response to HFD consumption, we explored senescence burden in a novel model of aging: Nrf2-deficient (Nrf2+/-) mice, emulating the aging phenotype. Our initial findings unveiled significant Nrf2 dysfunction in Nrf2+/- mice, mirroring aging-related alterations. HFD led to substantial obesity, hyperglycemia, and impaired insulin sensitivity in both Nrf2+/- and Nrf2+/+ mice. In control mice, HFD primarily heightened senescence burden in white adipose tissue, evidenced by increased Cdkn2a senescence biomarker expression. In Nrf2+/- mice, HFD elicited a significant surge in senescence burden across the liver, white adipose tissue, and the brain. We postulate that HFD-induced augmentation of senescence burden may be a pivotal contributor to accelerated organismal aging and the premature onset of age-related diseases.

Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation alleviates oxidative stress via mitophagy in Parkinson's disease

Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation (STN-DBS) has the potential to delay Parkinson's disease (PD) progression. Whether oxidative stress participates in the neuroprotective effects of DBS and related signaling pathways remains unknown. To address this, we applied STN-DBS to mice and monkey models of PD and collected brain tissue to evaluate mitophagy, oxidative stress, and related pathway. To confirm findings in animal experiments, a cohort of PD patients was recruited and oxidative stress was evaluated in cerebrospinal fluid. When PD mice received STN stimulation, the mTOR pathway was suppressed, accompanied by elevated LC3 II expression, increased mitophagosomes, and a decrease in p62 expression. The increase in mitophagy and balance of mitochondrial fission/fusion dynamics in the substantia nigra caused a marked enhancement of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase and glutathione levels. Subsequently, fewer mitochondrial apoptogenic factors were released to the cytoplasm, which resulted in a suppression of caspase activation and reservation of dopaminergic neurons. While interfaced with an mTOR activator, oxidative stress was no longer regulated by STN-DBS, with no neuroprotective effect. Similar results to those found in the rodent experiments were obtained in monkeys treated with chronic STN stimulation. Moreover, antioxidant enzymes in PD patients were increased after the operation, however, there was no relation between changes in antioxidant enzymes and motor impairment. Collectively, our study found that STN-DBS was able to increase mitophagy via an mTOR-dependent pathway, and oxidative stress was suppressed due to removal of damaged mitochondria, which was attributed to the dopaminergic neuroprotection of STN-DBS in PD.

Integrated Network Pharmacology and in vivo Experimental Validation Approach to Explore the Potential Antioxidant Effects of Annao Pingchong Decoction in Intracerebral Hemorrhage Rats

Background

Annao Pingchong decoction (ANPCD) is a traditional Chinese decoction which has definite effects on treating intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) validated through clinical and experimental studies. However, the impact of ANPCD on oxidative stress (OS) after ICH remains unclear and is worth further investigating.

Aim

To investigate whether the therapeutic effects of ANPCD on ICH are related to alleviating OS damage and seek potential targets for its antioxidant effects.

Materials and Methods

The therapeutic candidate genes of ANPCD on ICH were identified through a comparison of the target genes of ANPCD, target genes of ICH and differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis and functional enrichment analysis were combined with targets-related literature to select suitable antioxidant targets. The affinity between ANPCD and the selected target was verified using macromolecular docking. Subsequently, the effects of ANPCD on OS and the selected target were further investigated through in vivo experiments.

Results

Forty-eight candidate genes were screened, in which silent information regulator sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) is one of the core genes that has antioxidant effects and ICH significantly affected its expression. The good affinity between 6 compounds of ANPCD and SIRT1 was also demonstrated by macromolecular docking. The results of in vivo experiments demonstrated that ANPCD significantly decreased modified neurological severity scoring (mNSS) scores and serum MDA and 8-OHdG content in ICH rats, while significantly increasing serum SOD and CAT activity, complicated with the up-regulation of ANPCD on SIRT1, FOXO1, PGC-1α and Nrf2. Furthermore, ANPCD significantly decreased the apoptosis rate and the expression of apoptosis-related proteins (P53, cytochrome c and caspase-3).

Conclusion

ANPCD alleviates OS damage and apoptosis after ICH in rats. As a potential therapeutic target, SIRT1 can be effectively regulated by ANPCD, as are its downstream proteins.

NF-κB in biology and targeted therapy: new insights and translational implications

NF-κB signaling has been discovered for nearly 40 years. Initially, NF-κB signaling was identified as a pivotal pathway in mediating inflammatory responses. However, with extensive and in-depth investigations, researchers have discovered that its role can be expanded to a variety of signaling mechanisms, biological processes, human diseases, and treatment options. In this review, we first scrutinize the research process of NF-κB signaling, and summarize the composition, activation, and regulatory mechanism of NF-κB signaling. We investigate the interaction of NF-κB signaling with other important pathways, including PI3K/AKT, MAPK, JAK-STAT, TGF-β, Wnt, Notch, Hedgehog, and TLR signaling. The physiological and pathological states of NF-κB signaling, as well as its intricate involvement in inflammation, immune regulation, and tumor microenvironment, are also explicated. Additionally, we illustrate how NF-κB signaling is involved in a variety of human diseases, including cancers, inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic diseases, neurological diseases, and COVID-19. Further, we discuss the therapeutic approaches targeting NF-κB signaling, including IKK inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies, proteasome inhibitors, nuclear translocation inhibitors, DNA binding inhibitors, TKIs, non-coding RNAs, immunotherapy, and CAR-T. Finally, we provide an outlook for research in the field of NF-κB signaling. We hope to present a stereoscopic, comprehensive NF-κB signaling that will inform future research and clinical practice.

Phyto-therapeutic potential of Withania somnifera: Molecular mechanism and health implications

Withania somnifera, the plant named Indian ginseng, Ashwagandha, or winter cherry, has been used since ancient times to cure various health ailments. Withania somnifera is rich in constituents belonging to chemical classes like alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, phenolic acids, and withanolides. Several chemotypes were identified based on their phytochemical composition and credited for their multiple bioactivities. Besides, exhibiting neuroprotective, immunomodulatory, adaptogenic, anti-stress, bone health, plant has shown promising anti-cancer properties. Several withanolides have been reported to play a crucial role in cancer; they target cancer cells by different mechanisms such as modulating the expression of tumor suppressor genes, apoptosis, telomerase expression, and regulating cell signaling pathway. Though, many treatments are available for cancer; however, to date, no assured reliable cure for cancer is made available. Additionally, synthetic drugs may lead to development of resistance in time; therefore, focus on new and natural drugs for cancer therapeutics may prove a longtime effective alternative. This current report is a comprehensive combined analysis upto 2023 with articles focused on bio-activities of plant Withania somnifera from various sources, including national and international government sources. This review focuses on understanding of various mechanisms and pathways to inhibit uncontrolled cell growth by W. somnifera bioactives, as reported in literature. This review provides a recent updated status of the W. somnifera on pharmacological properties in general and anti-cancer in particular and may provide a guiding resource for researchers associated with natural product-based cancer research and healthcare management.

Crosstalk between Nrf2 signaling pathway and inflammation in ischemic stroke: Mechanisms of action and therapeutic implications

One of the major causes of long-term disability and mortality is ischemic stroke that enjoys limited treatment approaches. On the one hand, oxidative stress, induced by excessive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), plays a critical role in post-stroke inflammatory response. Increased ROS generation is one of the basic factors in the progression of stroke-induced neuroinflammation. Moreover, intravenous (IV) thrombolysis using recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) as the only medication approved for patients with acute ischemic stroke who suffer from some clinical restrictions it could not cover the complicated episodes that happen after stroke. Thus, identifying novel therapeutic targets is crucial for successful preparation of new medicines. Recent evidence indicates that the transcription factor Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) contributes significantly to regulating the antioxidant production in cytosol, which causes antiinflammatory effects on neurons. New findings have shown a relationship between activation of the Nrf2 and glial cells, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway, the nucleotide-binding domain (NOD)-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome signaling, and expression of inflammatory markers, suggesting induction of Nrf2 activation can represent a promising therapeutic alternative as the modulators of Nrf2 dependent pathways for targeting inflammatory responses in neural tissue. Hence, this review addresses the relationship of Nrf2 signaling with inflammation and Nrf2 activators' potential as therapeutic agents. This review helps to improve required knowledge for focused therapy and the creation of modern and improved treatment choices for patients with ischemic stroke.

Natural flavonoids as potential therapeutics in the management of Alzheimer's disease: a review

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-dependent neurodegenerative disorder which is associated with the accumulation of proteotoxic Aβ peptides, and pathologically characterized by the deposition of Aβ-enriched plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Given the social and economic burden caused by the rising frequency of AD, there is an urgent need for the development of appropriate therapeutics. Natural compounds are gaining popularity as alternatives to synthetic drugs due to their neuroprotective properties and higher biocompatibility. While natural compound's therapeutic effects for AD have been recently investigated in numerous in vitro and in vivo studies, only few have developed to clinical trials. The present review aims to provide a brief overview of the therapeutic effects, new insights, and upcoming perspectives of the preclinical and clinical trials of flavonoids for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

Xingnaojing injection alleviates cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury through regulating endoplasmic reticulum stress in Vivo and in Vitro

Background

Xingnaojing (XNJ) injection, an extract derived from traditional Chinese medicine, is commonly used to treat ischemic stroke (IS). Previous studies have shown that XNJ has the ability to alleviate apoptosis in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. However, the potential mechanisms have not been clarified.

Objective

To identify the neuroprotective effect of XNJ and explore whether XNJ inhibits cell apoptosis associated with endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) after IS.

Methods

In this study, cultured hippocampal neurons from mouse embryos and Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned randomly to four groups: sham, model, XNJ, and edaravone. The treatment groups were administered 2 h after modelling. Neurological deficit scores and motor performance tests were performed after 24 h of modelling. Additionally, pathomorphology, cell apoptosis and calcium content were evaluated. To ascertain the expression of ERS proteins, western blotting and polymerase chain reaction were employed.

Results

The results indicated that XNJ treatment resulted in a notable decrease in infarct volume, apoptosis and missteps compared with the model group. XNJ also exhibited improvements in neurological function, grip strength and motor time. The calcium content significantly reduced in XNJ group. The XNJ administration resulted in a reduction in the levels of proteins associated with ERS including CHOP, GRP78, Bax, caspase-12, caspase-9, and cleaved-caspase-3, but an increase of the Bcl-2/Bax ratio. Furthermore, the downregulation of mRNA expression of CHOP, GRP78, caspase-12, caspase-9, and caspase-3 was confirmed in both cultured neurons and rat model.

Conclusion

These findings suggest that XNJ may alleviate apoptosis by modulating the ERS-induced apoptosis pathway, making it a potential novel therapeutic approach for ischemic stroke.

Ferroptosis in early brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage: review of literature

Spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), mainly caused by ruptured intracranial aneurysms, is a serious acute cerebrovascular disease. Early brain injury (EBI) is all brain injury occurring within 72 h after SAH, mainly including increased intracranial pressure, decreased cerebral blood flow, disruption of the blood-brain barrier, brain edema, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation. It activates cell death pathways, leading to neuronal and glial cell death, and is significantly associated with poor prognosis. Ferroptosis is characterized by iron-dependent accumulation of lipid peroxides and is involved in the process of neuron and glial cell death in early brain injury. This paper reviews the research progress of ferroptosis in early brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage and provides new ideas for future research.

Urolithin B Attenuates Cerebral Ischemia-reperfusion Injury by Modulating Nrf2-regulated Anti-oxidation in Rats

Ischemia-reperfusion (IR) induces a wide range of irreversible injuries. Cerebral IR injury (IRI) refers to additional brain tissue damage that occurs after blood flow is restored following cerebral ischemia. Currently, no established methods exist for treating IRI. Oxidative stress is recognized as a primary mechanism initiating IRI and a crucial focal target for its treatment. Urolithin B, a metabolite derived from ellagitannins, antioxidant polyphenols, has demonstrated protective effects against oxidative stress in various disease conditions. However, the precise mechanism underlying UB's effect on IRI remains unclear. In our current investigation, we assessed UB's ability to mitigate neurological functional impairment induced by IR using a neurological deficit score. Additionally, we examined cerebral infarction following UB administration through TTC staining and neuron Nissl staining. UB's inhibition of neuronal apoptosis was demonstrated through the TUNEL assay and Caspase-3 measurement. Additionally, we examined UB's effect on oxidative stress levels by analyzing malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and immunohistochemistry analysis of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and 8-hydroxyl-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG). Notably, UB demonstrated a reduction in oxidative stress levels. Mechanistically, UB was found to stimulate the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway, as evidenced by the significant reduction in UB's neuroprotective effects upon administration of ATRA, an Nrf2 inhibitor. In summary, UB effectively inhibits oxidative stress induced by IR through the activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway. These findings suggest that UB holds promise as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of IRI.

The Effects of Housing on Growth, Immune Function and Antioxidant Status of Young Female Lambs in Cold Conditions

Cold conditions in northern China during winter may reduce sheep growth and affect their health, especially if they are young, unless housing is provided. We allocated 45 two-month-old female lambs to be housed in an enclosed building, a polytunnel, or kept outdoors, for 28 days. The daily weight gain and scalp and ear skin temperature of outdoor lambs were less than those of lambs that were housed in either a house or polytunnel; however, rectal temperature was unaffected by treatment. There was a progressive change in blood composition over time, and by the end of the experiment, outdoor lambs had reduced total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) and increased malondialdehyde compared to those in the house or polytunnel. In relation to immune responses in the lambs' serum, in the polytunnel, immunoglobulin A (IgA), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) were higher and immunoglobulin G (IgG) lower compared with the concentrations in lambs that were outdoors. Over the course of the experiment, genes expressing heat shock proteins and antioxidant enzymes increased in lambs in the outdoor treatment, whereas they decreased in lambs in the indoor treatments. It is concluded that although there were no treatment effects on core body temperature, the trends for progressive changes in blood composition and gene expression indicate that the outdoor lambs were not physiologically stable; hence, they should not be kept outdoors in these environmental conditions for long periods.