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Müller TD, Clemmensen C, Finan B, DiMarchi RD, Tschöp MH. Anti-Obesity Therapy: from Rainbow Pills to Polyagonists. Pharmacol Rev 2019; 70:712-746. [PMID: 30087160 DOI: 10.1124/pr.117.014803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
With their ever-growing prevalence, obesity and diabetes represent major health threats of our society. Based on estimations by the World Health Organization, approximately 300 million people will be obese in 2035. In 2015 alone there were more than 1.6 million fatalities attributable to hyperglycemia and diabetes. In addition, treatment of these diseases places an enormous burden on our health care system. As a result, the development of pharmacotherapies to tackle this life-threatening pandemic is of utmost importance. Since the beginning of the 19th century, a variety of drugs have been evaluated for their ability to decrease body weight and/or to improve deranged glycemic control. The list of evaluated drugs includes, among many others, sheep-derived thyroid extracts, mitochondrial uncouplers, amphetamines, serotonergics, lipase inhibitors, and a variety of hormones produced and secreted by the gastrointestinal tract or adipose tissue. Unfortunately, when used as a single hormone therapy, most of these drugs are underwhelming in their efficacy or safety, and placebo-subtracted weight loss attributed to such therapy is typically not more than 10%. In 2009, the generation of a single molecule with agonism at the receptors for glucagon and the glucagon-like peptide 1 broke new ground in obesity pharmacology. This molecule combined the beneficial anorectic and glycemic effects of glucagon-like peptide 1 with the thermogenic effect of glucagon into a single molecule with enhanced potency and sustained action. Several other unimolecular dual agonists have subsequently been developed, and, based on their preclinical success, these molecules illuminate the path to a new and more fruitful era in obesity pharmacology. In this review, we focus on the historical pharmacological approaches to treat obesity and glucose intolerance and describe how the knowledge obtained by these studies led to the discovery of unimolecular polypharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- T D Müller
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany (T.D.M., C.C., M.H.T.); German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany (T.D.M., C.C., M.H.T.); Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana (B.F., R.D.D.); and Division of Metabolic Diseases, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany (M.H.T.)
| | - C Clemmensen
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany (T.D.M., C.C., M.H.T.); German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany (T.D.M., C.C., M.H.T.); Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana (B.F., R.D.D.); and Division of Metabolic Diseases, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany (M.H.T.)
| | - B Finan
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany (T.D.M., C.C., M.H.T.); German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany (T.D.M., C.C., M.H.T.); Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana (B.F., R.D.D.); and Division of Metabolic Diseases, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany (M.H.T.)
| | - R D DiMarchi
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany (T.D.M., C.C., M.H.T.); German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany (T.D.M., C.C., M.H.T.); Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana (B.F., R.D.D.); and Division of Metabolic Diseases, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany (M.H.T.)
| | - M H Tschöp
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany (T.D.M., C.C., M.H.T.); German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany (T.D.M., C.C., M.H.T.); Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana (B.F., R.D.D.); and Division of Metabolic Diseases, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany (M.H.T.)
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Shareghi Brojeni M, Salimi M, Mirmohammadsadeghi Z, Haghparast A, Eliassi A. Comparison of Effects of Light Anesthetics, Diethyl Ether and Carbon Dioxide, on Hypothalamic Paraventricular Nucleus D 1 and D 2 Dopamine Receptors- and Glucosensitive Neurons-Induced Food Intake in Fasted Conscious Rats. Basic Clin Neurosci 2018; 9:269-274. [PMID: 30519385 PMCID: PMC6276533 DOI: 10.32598/bcn.9.4.269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Carbon Dioxide (CO2) and diethyl ether are used as light anesthetics. However, experimental data about their side effects are scarce. In addition, in all our previous works on regulatory mechanisms of hypothalamus during food intake, including the effect of Paraventricular Nucleus (PVN) D1 and D2 dopamine receptors and glucosensitive neurons, the drug injections were performed under brief diethyl ether anesthesia. In the current study, we tested the hypothesis which postulates that CO2 and diethyl ether as light anesthetic agents affect the stimulatory effect of PVN dopamine receptors and glucosensitive neurons in feeding behavior. Methods Male Wistar rats were implanted with guide cannula directed to their PVN. Glucose (0.8 μg), SKF38393 (D1 agonist, 0.5 μg), quinpirole (D2 agonist, 0.3 μg) and saline (0.3 μL) were microinjected into the PVN and food intake was measured over 1 hour. Results Our results showed that CO2 but not diethyl ether decreased food intake compared to intact animals. The PVN injections of glucose, SKF38393, and quinpirole increased food intake under brief diethyl ether anesthesia. In contrast, the PVN microinjected glucose-induced and dopamine receptor agonists-induced food intake were inhibited under light CO2 anesthesia. Conclusion Our results suggest that brief exposure to CO2 and diethyl ether as light anesthetic agents may affect PVN glucosensing neurons-induced and dopamine receptors-induced food intake in fasted rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Shareghi Brojeni
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Morteza Salimi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Mirmohammadsadeghi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Haghparast
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Afsaneh Eliassi
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Mirmohammadsadeghi Z, Shareghi Brojeni M, Haghparast A, Eliassi A. Role of paraventricular hypothalamic dopaminergic D 1 receptors in food intake regulation of food-deprived rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 818:43-49. [PMID: 29056523 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Dopaminergic neurons play an important role on central regulatory mechanisms of feeding behavior. Dopamine receptors are distributed within the hypothalamus and densely localized in the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN). From these ideas we postulated that PVN D1 receptors may play a role in regulating the food intake behavioral process. In this paper, we considered the effects of SKF38393, a D1 receptor agonist, and the D1 receptor antagonist (SCH23390), on food intake of conscious rats deprived of food for 24h. Our findings revealed that intraparaventricular injections of SKF383993 (0.3-5µg) stimulated food intake behavior in a dose dependent manner. This stimulatory effect of SKF3833 persisted over 2h of the monitoring period. The PVN injections of D1 receptor antagonist were associated with dose-dependent inhibition of food intake. SCH23390 (0.01µg) was also administered 5min before intraparaventricular injection of SKF3833. The results showed that SCH23390 suppressed stimulated food intake induced by SKF38393 (1.2µg). In conclusion, endogenous dopamine impact PVN D1 receptors and may be a factor in regulating the food intake behavioral process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Masoud Shareghi Brojeni
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Haghparast
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Afsaneh Eliassi
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Physiology, Medical School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Chu SC, Chen PN, Hsieh YS, Yu CH, Lin MH, Lin YH, Kuo DY. Involvement of hypothalamic PI3K-STAT3 signalling in regulating appetite suppression mediated by amphetamine. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 171:3223-33. [PMID: 24597972 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Appetite suppression induced by amphetamine has been attributed to its inhibition of neuropeptide Y (NPY) neurons and activation of pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons in the hypothalamus. This study examined whether STAT3 was involved in these actions of amphetamine. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Rats were given amphetamine daily for 4 days. Changes in the expression of NPY, POMC, melanocortin MC3 receptors, PI3K and STAT3 in the hypothalamus were assessed by RT-PCR and Western blotting. Antisense oligonucleotides to STAT3 were also used. KEY RESULTS Expression of NPY decreased with a maximum effect day 2 of amphetamine treatment. Expression of POMC, MC3 receptors, PI3K and STAT3 increased with a maximum response on day 2. Moreover, phosphorylation of STAT3 and its DNA binding activity increased and was expressed in a similar pattern. Infusion (i.c.v.) of STAT3 antisense at 60 min before amphetamine treatment, partly blocked amphetamine-induced anorexia and modulated expression of NPY, POMC, MC3 receptors and PI3K, indicating the involvement of STAT3 in amphetamine-treated rats. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Hypothalamic PI3K-STAT3 signalling participated in the regulation of NPY- and POMC-mediated appetite suppression. These findings may contribute to a better understanding of anorectic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Chen Chu
- Department of Food Science, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung City, Taiwan
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Chu SC, Chen PN, Ho YJ, Yu CH, Hsieh YS, Kuo DY. Both neuropeptide Y knockdown and Y1 receptor inhibition modulate CART-mediated appetite control. Horm Behav 2015; 67:38-47. [PMID: 25461972 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2014.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Amphetamine (AMPH)-induced appetite suppression has been attributed to its inhibition of neuropeptide Y (NPY)-containing neurons in the hypothalamus. This study examined whether hypothalamic cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART)-containing neurons and NPY Y1 receptor (Y1R) were involved in the action of AMPH. Rats were treated daily with AMPH for four days, and changes in feeding behavior and expression levels of NPY, CART, and POMC were assessed and compared. The results showed that both feeding behavior and NPY expression decreased during AMPH treatment, with the biggest reduction occurring on Day 2. By contrast, the expression of CART and melanocortin 3 receptor (MC3R), a member of the POMC neurotransmission, increased with the maximum response on Day 2, directly opposite to the NPY expression results. The intracerebroventricular infusion of NPY antisense or Y1R inhibitor both modulated AMPH-induced anorexia and the expression levels of MC3R and CART. The results suggest that in the hypothalamus both POMC- and CART-containing neurons participate in regulating NPY-mediated appetite control during AMPH treatment. These results may advance the knowledge of molecular mechanism of anorectic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Chen Chu
- Department of Food Science, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung City 406, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Pei-Ni Chen
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University and Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City 40201, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ying-Jui Ho
- School of Psychology, Chung Shan Medical University and Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City 40201, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ching-Han Yu
- Department of Physiology, Chung Shan Medical University and Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City 40201, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yih-Shou Hsieh
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University and Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City 40201, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Dong-Yih Kuo
- Department of Physiology, Chung Shan Medical University and Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City 40201, Taiwan, ROC.
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Stimulation of dopamine D4 receptors in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus of male rats induces hyperphagia: Involvement of glutamate. Physiol Behav 2014; 133:272-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Volkoff H. The effects of amphetamine injections on feeding behavior and the brain expression of orexin, CART, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) in goldfish (Carassius auratus). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2013; 39:979-991. [PMID: 23229307 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-012-9756-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 12/01/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the effects of peripheral (intraperitoneal) injections of D-amphetamine on feeding behavior were assessed in goldfish. Compared with the saline-injected group, amphetamine injections decreased food intake at doses ranging from 1 to 75 μg/g, but not 0.5 μg/g, but increased locomotor behavior, as indicated by the increased number of total feeding and non-feeding acts, at doses ranging from 2.5 to 25 μg/g. Amphetamine at high doses inhibited both food intake (at 25, 50 and 75 μg/g) and feeding behavior (at 75 μg/g). In the hypothalamus, the expression of orexin was down-regulated, and both CART 1 and CART 2 expressions were up-regulated in amphetamine-treated fish (50 μg/g) as compared to saline-injected fish, but amphetamine treatment had no effect on either hypothalamic TH or TRH expression. In the telencephalon, amphetamine treatment (50 μg/g) up-regulated CART 1, CART 2 and TH mRNA expressions but had no effect on either orexin or TRH. Our results suggest that, as in mammals, the orexin, CART and TH systems might be involved in amphetamine-induced feeding/locomotor responses in goldfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Volkoff
- Departments of Biology and Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1B 3X9, Canada.
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Kuo DY, Chen PN, Yu CH, Kuo MH, Hsieh YS, Chu SC. Involvement of neuropeptide Y Y1 receptor in the regulation of amphetamine-mediated appetite suppression. Neuropharmacology 2012; 63:842-50. [PMID: 22732442 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2012] [Revised: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we reported that an initial decrease followed by recovery of food intake was observed during four days of amphetamine (AMPH) treatment and suggested that these changes in response were mediated by changes in neuropeptide Y (NPY) and proopiomelanocortin (POMC). Here we investigated if Y1 receptor (Y1R) and/or Y5 receptor (Y5R) might be involved in this regulation. Rats were treated daily with AMPH for four days. Changes in the expression levels of Y1R, Y5R, melanocortin receptor 3 (MC3R), and NPY were assessed and compared. Results showed that Y1R and MC3R increased, with a maximal increase of about 210% on Day 2 but with a restoration to the normal level on Day 4. In contrast, NPY decreased with a biggest reduction of about 45% on Day 2 and the pattern of expression during AMPH treatment was opposite to those of Y1R and MC3R, while the expression of Y5R was not changed. Central inhibitions of NPY formation or Y1R activity modulated the anorectic response of AMPH and the reciprocal regulation of NPY and MC3R, revealing a crucial role of Y1R in this action. It is suggested that Y1R participates in the reciprocal regulation of NPY- and MC3R-containing neurons in the hypothalamus during the anorectic effect of AMPH. These results may further the understanding of Y1R in the control of eating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Yih Kuo
- Department of Physiology, Chung Shan Medical University and Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City 40201, Taiwan, ROC.
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Kuo DY, Chen PN, Kuo MH, Chen CH, Hsieh YS, Chu SC. NF-κB knockdown can modulate amphetamine-mediated feeding response. Neuropharmacology 2011; 62:1684-94. [PMID: 22182781 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Revised: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This study determined if transcription factor NF-κB is involved in the effect of amphetamine (AMPH)-mediated feeding response. Moreover, possible roles of hypothalamic neuropeptide Y (NPY) and proopiomelanocortin (POMC) were also investigated. AMPH was administered daily to rats for four days. Changes in NF-κB, NPY and POMC expression were assessed and compared. The NPY gene was down-regulated with maximal response on Day 2 during AMPH treatment, which was consistent with the response to feeding behavior. In contrast, NF-κB and POMC genes were up-regulated, and their expression was increased by about 200% and 450%, respectively, with maximal response on Day 2. Moreover, NF-κB DNA binding ability and expression were increased similar to that of POMC. To examine further if NF-κB was involved, intracerebroventricular infusion of NF-κB antisense oligonucleotide was performed 1 h before the daily AMPH dosing in freely moving rats. Results showed that NF-κB knockdown could modify AMPH anorexia as well as NPY and POMC expression. The present findings prove that cerebral NF-κB participates in AMPH-mediated appetite suppression, possibly by modulating NPY and POMC expression. These results may aid in therapeutic research on AMPH and AMPH-like anti-obesity drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Yih Kuo
- Department of Physiology, Chung Shan Medical University and Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City 40201, Taiwan, ROC.
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Hsieh YS, Yang SF, Chen PN, Chu SC, Chen CH, Kuo DY. Knocking down the transcript of protein kinase C-lambda modulates hypothalamic glutathione peroxidase, melanocortin receptor and neuropeptide Y gene expression in amphetamine-treated rats. J Psychopharmacol 2011; 25:982-94. [PMID: 20817751 DOI: 10.1177/0269881110376692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
It has been reported that neuropeptide Y (NPY) contributes to the behavioral response of amphetamine (AMPH), a psychostimulant. The present study examined whether protein kinase C (PKC)-λ signaling was involved in this action. Moreover, possible roles of glutathione peroxidase (GP) and melanocortin receptor 4 (MC4R) were also examined. Rats were given AMPH daily for 4 days. Hypothalamic NPY, PKCλ, GP and MC4R were determined and compared. Pretreatment with α-methyl-para-tyrosine could block AMPH-induced anorexia, revealing that endogenous catecholamine was involved in regulating AMPH anorexia. PKCλ, GP and MC4R were increased with maximal response on Day 2 during AMPH treatment, which were concomitant with the decreases in NPY. cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) DNA binding activity was increased during AMPH treatment, revealing the involvement of CREB-dependent gene transcription. An interruption of cerebral PKCλ transcript could partly block AMPH-induced anorexia and partly reverse NPY, MC4R and GP mRNA levels to normal. These results suggest that PKCλ participates in regulating AMPH-induced anorexia via a modulation of hypothalamic NPY gene expression and that increases of GP and MC4R may contribute to this modulation. Our results provided molecular evidence for the regulation of AMPH-induced behavioral response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yih-Shou Hsieh
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taiwan, R.O.C
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Lin JC, Bangs N, Lee H, Kydd RR, Russell BR. Determining the subjective and physiological effects of BZP on human females. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2009; 207:439-46. [PMID: 19777213 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-009-1669-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2009] [Accepted: 09/07/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND "Party pills" containing benzylpiperazine (BZP) used to be widely and legally available as recreational drugs in New Zealand. There are only two published trials on human subjects (1973), which suggested that 100 mg of BZP produced subjective and physiological effects similar to 10 mg of dexamphetamine. The purpose of this study is to further investigate the subjective and physiological responses to BZP in females. METHODS/STUDY DESIGN In a randomised, double blind, placebo-controlled study, the subjective and physiological effects of BZP were investigated in 27 healthy, right-handed non-smoking females (mean age 22 +/- 3 years). Two groups were tested before and approximately 120 minutes after administration of a single oral dose of either 200 mg BZP (n = 14) or placebo (n = 13). Participants were required to comment on the subjective effects of BZP using three rating scales-the Addiction Centre for Research Inventory, the Profile of Mood States and the Visual Analogue Scale. Participants' blood pressure, heart rate and temperature were also measured. RESULTS/FINDINGS Statistical analysis using a split-plot analysis of variance and t tests revealed that BZP significantly increases blood pressure and heart rate (p < 0.05) Likewise, the subjective reports revealed that BZP has significant stimulant effects, increases euphoria and dysphoria and increases sociability and drug liking (p < 0.05). DISCUSSION/INTERPRETATION Physiological and subjective data reflected a clear similarity between the effects of BZP and those of other commonly known stimulants such as amphetamine and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne C Lin
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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Amphetamine-evoked changes of oxidative stress and neuropeptide Y gene expression in hypothalamus: Regulation by the protein kinase C-δ signaling. Chem Biol Interact 2009; 180:193-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2009.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2008] [Revised: 02/27/2009] [Accepted: 03/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Hsieh YS, Yang SF, Kuo DY. Intracerebral administration of protein kinase A or cAMP response element-binding protein antisense oligonucleotide can modulate amphetamine-mediated appetite suppression in free-moving rats. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2007; 292:E123-31. [PMID: 16896163 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00195.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Although amphetamine (AMPH)-induced appetite suppression has been attributed to its inhibitory action on neuropeptide Y (NPY), an appetite neurotransmitter abundant in the brain, molecular mechanisms underlying this effect are not well known. This study examined the possible role of protein kinase A (PKA) and cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) signaling in this anorectic effect, and the results showed that both PKA and CREB mRNA levels in hypothalamus were increased following AMPH treatment, which was relevant to a reduction of NPY mRNA level. To determine whether PKA or CREB was involved in the anorectic response, intracerebroventricular infusions of antisense oligonucleotide (or missense control) were performed 60 min before daily AMPH treatment in conscious rats, and results showed that either PKA or CREB knockdown could block AMPH-induced anorexia as well as restore NPY mRNA level, indicating the respective involvement of PKA and CREB signaling in the regulation of NPY gene expression. It is suggested that hypothalamic PKA and CREB signaling may involve the central regulation of AMPH-mediated feeding suppression via the modulation of NPY gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yih-Shou Hsieh
- Dept. of Physiology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City 40201, Taiwan
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14
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Kuo DY. Hypothalamic neuropeptide Y (NPY) and the attenuation of hyperphagia in streptozotocin diabetic rats treated with dopamine D1/D2 agonists. Br J Pharmacol 2006; 148:640-7. [PMID: 16702993 PMCID: PMC1751870 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2006] [Accepted: 03/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
1. Dopamine is an appetite suppressant, while neuropeptide Y (NPY), an appetite stimulant in the brain, is reported to be involved in anorectic action induced by a combined administration of D1/D2 agonists in normal rats. In diabetic rats, however, these factors have not been studied. 2. Rats (including normal, diabetic and insulin-treated diabetic rats) were given daily injections of saline or D1/D2 agonists for 6 days. Changes in food intake and hypothalamic NPY content of these rats were assessed and compared. 3. The D1/D2 agonist-induced anorectic responses were altered in diabetic rats compared to normal rats treated similarly. Both the anorectic response on the first day of dosing and the tolerant response on the subsequent days were attenuated. 4. This alteration was independent of the neuroendocrine disturbance on feeding behavior since the basic pattern of food intake during the time course of a 24-h day/night cycle was similar in normal and diabetic rats; the decrease of food intake following drug treatment was only shown at the initial interval of 0-6 h in both groups of rats. 5. However, this alteration coincided with changes in NPY content following D1/D2 coadministration. The replacement of insulin in diabetic rats could normalize both NPY content and D1/D2 agonist-induced anorexia. 6. It is demonstrated that the response of D1/D2 agonist-induced appetite suppression is attenuated in diabetic rats compared to normal rats and that elevated hypothalamic NPY content may contribute to this alteration.
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MESH Headings
- 2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepine/administration & dosage
- 2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepine/therapeutic use
- Animals
- Appetite Depressants/therapeutic use
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/drug therapy
- Dopamine Agonists/administration & dosage
- Dopamine Agonists/therapeutic use
- Drug Administration Routes
- Drug Therapy, Combination
- Eating/drug effects
- Feeding Behavior/drug effects
- Hormone Replacement Therapy
- Hyperphagia/drug therapy
- Hypothalamus/physiology
- Injections
- Insulin/therapeutic use
- Male
- Neuropeptide Y/metabolism
- Neuropeptide Y/physiology
- Quinpirole/administration & dosage
- Quinpirole/therapeutic use
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptors, Dopamine D1/agonists
- Receptors, Dopamine D2/agonists
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Yih Kuo
- Department of Physiology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan 40201, ROC.
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