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Iwai S, Kaji K, Nishimura N, Kubo T, Tomooka F, Shibamoto A, Suzuki J, Tsuji Y, Fujinaga Y, Kitagawa K, Namisaki T, Akahane T, Yoshiji H. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, semaglutide attenuates chronic liver disease-induced skeletal muscle atrophy in diabetic mice. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2023:166770. [PMID: 37276988 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) has recently been established as a pharmacological option for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Recent studies have demonstrated the molecular role of GLP-1R in skeletal muscle homeostasis; however, the therapeutic efficacy of semaglutide, a GLP-1RA, on skeletal muscle atrophy in chronic liver disease (CLD) under diabetic conditions remains unclear. In the present study, semaglutide effectively inhibited psoas muscle atrophy and suppressed declines in grip strength in a diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine (DDC) diet-fed diabetic KK-Ay mouse model. Moreover, semaglutide inhibited ubiquitin-proteosome-mediated skeletal muscle proteolysis and promoted myogenesis in palmitic acid (PA)-stimulated C2C12 murine myocytes. Mechanistically, this effect of semaglutide on skeletal muscle atrophy was mediated by multiple functional pathways. First, semaglutide protected against hepatic injury in mice accompanied by increased production of insulin-like growth factor 1 and reduced accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). These effects were associated with decreased proinflammatory cytokines and ROS accumulation, leading to the suppression of ubiquitin-proteosome muscle degradation. Moreover, semaglutide inhibited the amino acid starvation-related stress signaling that was activated under chronic liver injury, resulting in the recovery of the mammalian target of rapamycin activity in the skeletal muscle of DDC-diet fed KK-Ay mice. Second, semaglutide improved skeletal muscle atrophy by directly stimulating GLP-1R in myocytes. Semaglutide induced cAMP-mediated activation of PKA and AKT, enhanced mitochondrial biogenesis, and reduced ROS accumulation, thereby resulting in inhibition of NF-κB/myostatin-mediated ubiquitin-proteosome degradation and the augmentation of heat-shock factor-1-mediated myogenesis. Collectively, semaglutide may have potential as a new therapeutic strategy for CLD-related skeletal muscle wasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Iwai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan
| | - Kosuke Kaji
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan.
| | - Norihisa Nishimura
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kubo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan
| | - Fumimasa Tomooka
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan
| | - Akihiko Shibamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan
| | - Junya Suzuki
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan
| | - Yuki Tsuji
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan
| | - Yukihisa Fujinaga
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan
| | - Koh Kitagawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan
| | - Tadashi Namisaki
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan
| | - Takemi Akahane
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Yoshiji
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan
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van Deuren T, Smolders L, Hartog A, Bouwman FG, Holst JJ, Venema K, Blaak EE, Canfora EE. Butyrate and hexanoate-enriched triglycerides increase postprandrial systemic butyrate and hexanoate in men with overweight/obesity: A double-blind placebo-controlled randomized crossover trial. Front Nutr 2023; 9:1066950. [PMID: 36687671 PMCID: PMC9846253 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1066950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Short chain fatty acids (SCFA) are increasingly recognized for their potential ability to alleviate obesity-associated chronic low-grade inflammation and disturbed energy homeostasis. Evidence suggests that an increase in circulating SCFA might be necessary to induce beneficial alterations in energy metabolism. Objective To compare the bioaccessibility of two different SCFA-enriched triglycerides: Akovita SCT (butyrate and hexanoate esterified with long chain fatty acids) and tributyrin/caproin (solely butyrate and hexanoate) and investigate whether the SCFA from orally administrated Akovita SCT reach the circulation and affect postprandial metabolism in men with overweight/obesity. Methods The site, speed, and amount of SCFA release from Akovita SCT and tributyrin/caproin were assessed in a validated In vitro Model of the stomach and small intestine (TIM-1). Subsequently, a double-blind placebo-controlled randomized crossover study was conducted at Maastricht University with fourteen men with overweight/obesity (BMI 25-35 kg/m2) of which twelve men finished all testdays and were included for analysis. The participants received a liquid high fat mixed meal test containing either a low (650 mg), medium (1,325 mg), or high dose (2,000 mg) of Akovita SCT or a placebo (sunflower oil) in randomized order. Blood was sampled at baseline and after ingestion for 6 h for the primary outcome plasma butyrate and hexanoate concentration. Secondary outcomes included hydrogen breath, appetite, gastrointestinal complaints, circulating glucagon-like peptide 1, free fatty acids, glucose, triglycerides, insulin, and cytokines concentrations. Results In TIM-1, tributyrin/caproin was rapidly cleaved in the gastric compartment whereas the release of SCFA from Akovita SCT occurred predominantly in the small intestine. In vivo, all doses were well-tolerated. The medium dose increased (P < 0.05) and the high dose tended to increase (P < 0.10) postprandial circulating butyrate and both doses increased circulating hexanoate (P < 0.05) compared to placebo. Nevertheless, Akovita SCT supplementation did not affect any secondary outcomes compared to placebo. Conclusion Esterifying SCFA-enriched triglycerides with long chain fatty acids delayed SCFA release from the glycerol backbone. Akovita SCT increased postprandial circulating butyrate and hexanoate without changing metabolic parameters in men with overweight/obesity. Future randomized clinical trials should investigate whether long-term Akovita SCT supplementation can aid in the treatment or prevention of metabolic disorders. Clinical trial registration www.ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier: NCT04662411.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thirza van Deuren
- Department of Human Biology, School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Lotte Smolders
- AAK, Department of Biotechnology and Nutrition, AAK Netherlands BV, Zaandijk, Netherlands
| | - Anita Hartog
- AAK, Department of Biotechnology and Nutrition, AAK Netherlands BV, Zaandijk, Netherlands
| | - Freek G. Bouwman
- Department of Human Biology, School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Jens J. Holst
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Koen Venema
- Centre for Healthy Eating and Food Innovation, Maastricht University, Venlo, Netherlands
| | - Ellen E. Blaak
- Department of Human Biology, School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Emanuel E. Canfora
- Department of Human Biology, School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, Netherlands,*Correspondence: Emanuel E. Canfora ✉
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van Deuren T, Blaak EE, Canfora EE. Butyrate to combat obesity and obesity-associated metabolic disorders: Current status and future implications for therapeutic use. Obes Rev 2022; 23:e13498. [PMID: 35856338 PMCID: PMC9541926 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Evidence is increasing that disturbances in the gut microbiome may play a significant role in the etiology of obesity and type 2 diabetes. The short chain fatty acid butyrate, a major end product of the bacterial fermentation of indigestible carbohydrates, is reputed to have anti-inflammatory properties and positive effects on body weight control and insulin sensitivity. However, whether butyrate has therapeutic potential for the treatment and prevention of obesity and obesity-related complications remains to be elucidated. Overall, animal studies strongly indicate that butyrate administered via various routes (e.g., orally) positively affects adipose tissue metabolism and functioning, energy and substrate metabolism, systemic and tissue-specific inflammation, and insulin sensitivity and body weight control. A limited number of human studies demonstrated interindividual differences in clinical effectiveness suggesting that outcomes may depend on the metabolic, microbial, and lifestyle-related characteristics of the target population. Hence, despite abundant evidence from animal data, support of human data is urgently required for the implementation of evidence-based oral and gut-derived butyrate interventions. To increase the efficacy of butyrate-focused interventions, future research should investigate which factors impact treatment outcomes including baseline gut microbial activity and functionality, thereby optimizing targeted-interventions and identifying individuals that merit most from such interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thirza van Deuren
- Department of Human Biology, School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen E Blaak
- Department of Human Biology, School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Emanuel E Canfora
- Department of Human Biology, School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Bocanegra A, Macho-González A, Garcimartín A, Benedí J, Sánchez-Muniz FJ. Whole Alga, Algal Extracts, and Compounds as Ingredients of Functional Foods: Composition and Action Mechanism Relationships in the Prevention and Treatment of Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3816. [PMID: 33917044 PMCID: PMC8067684 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22083816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major systemic disease which involves impaired pancreatic function and currently affects half a billion people worldwide. Diet is considered the cornerstone to reduce incidence and prevalence of this disease. Algae contains fiber, polyphenols, ω-3 PUFAs, and bioactive molecules with potential antidiabetic activity. This review delves into the applications of algae and their components in T2DM, as well as to ascertain the mechanism involved (e.g., glucose absorption, lipids metabolism, antioxidant properties, etc.). PubMed, and Google Scholar databases were used. Papers in which whole alga, algal extracts, or their isolated compounds were studied in in vitro conditions, T2DM experimental models, and humans were selected and discussed. This review also focuses on meat matrices or protein concentrate-based products in which different types of alga were included, aimed to modulate carbohydrate digestion and absorption, blood glucose, gastrointestinal neurohormones secretion, glycosylation products, and insulin resistance. As microbiota dysbiosis in T2DM and metabolic alterations in different organs are related, the review also delves on the effects of several bioactive algal compounds on the colon/microbiota-liver-pancreas-brain axis. As the responses to therapeutic diets vary dramatically among individuals due to genetic components, it seems a priority to identify major gene polymorphisms affecting potential positive effects of algal compounds on T2DM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aránzazu Bocanegra
- Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Botany Department, Pharmacy School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.G.); (J.B.)
| | - Adrián Macho-González
- Nutrition and Food Science Department (Nutrition), Pharmacy School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
- AFUSAN Group, Sanitary Research Institute of the San Carlos Clinical Hospital (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alba Garcimartín
- Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Botany Department, Pharmacy School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.G.); (J.B.)
- AFUSAN Group, Sanitary Research Institute of the San Carlos Clinical Hospital (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juana Benedí
- Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Botany Department, Pharmacy School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.G.); (J.B.)
- AFUSAN Group, Sanitary Research Institute of the San Carlos Clinical Hospital (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco José Sánchez-Muniz
- Nutrition and Food Science Department (Nutrition), Pharmacy School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
- AFUSAN Group, Sanitary Research Institute of the San Carlos Clinical Hospital (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Abdulla H, Phillips BE, Wilkinson DJ, Limb M, Jandova T, Bass JJ, Rankin D, Cegielski J, Sayda M, Crossland H, Williams JP, Smith K, Idris I, Atherton PJ. Glucagon-like peptide 1 infusions overcome anabolic resistance to feeding in older human muscle. Aging Cell 2020; 19:e13202. [PMID: 32744385 PMCID: PMC7511886 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite its known insulin‐independent effects, glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) role in muscle protein turnover has not been explored under fed‐state conditions or in the context of older age, when declines in insulin sensitivity and protein anabolism, as well as losses of muscle mass and function, occur. Methods Eight older‐aged men (71 ± 1 year, mean ± SEM) were studied in a crossover trial. Baseline measures were taken over 3 hr, prior to a 3 hr postprandial insulin (~30 mIU ml−1) and glucose (7–7.5 mM) clamp, alongside I.V. infusions of octreotide and Vamin 14 (±infusions of GLP‐1). Four muscle biopsies were taken, and muscle protein turnover was quantified via incorporation of 13C6 phenylalanine and arteriovenous balance kinetics, using mass spectrometry. Leg macro‐ and microvascular flow was assessed via ultrasound and anabolic signalling by immunoblotting. GLP‐1 and insulin were measured by ELISA. Results GLP‐1 augmented muscle protein synthesis (MPS; fasted: 0.058 ± 0.004% hr−1 vs. postprandial: 0.102 ± 0.005% hr−1, p < 0.01), in comparison with non‐GLP‐1 trials. Muscle protein breakdown (MPB) was reduced throughout clamp period, while net protein balance across the leg became positive in both groups. Total femoral leg blood flow was unchanged by the clamp; however, muscle microvascular blood flow (MBF) was significantly elevated in both groups, and to a significantly greater extent in the GLP‐1 group (MBF: 5 ± 2 vs. 1.9 ± 1 fold change +GLP‐1 and −GLP‐1, respectively, p < 0.01). Activation of the Akt‐mTOR signalling was similar across both trials. Conclusion GLP‐1 infusion markedly enhanced postprandial microvascular perfusion and further stimulated muscle protein metabolism, primarily through increased MPS, during a postprandial insulin hyperaminoacidaemic clamp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitham Abdulla
- MRC‐Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology Royal Derby Hospital Centre University of Nottingham Derby UK
- Diabetes and Endocrinology Centre University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust Heartlands Hospital Birmingham UK
| | - Bethan E. Phillips
- MRC‐Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology Royal Derby Hospital Centre University of Nottingham Derby UK
- NIHR Nottingham BRC University of Nottingham Nottingham UK
| | - Daniel J. Wilkinson
- MRC‐Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology Royal Derby Hospital Centre University of Nottingham Derby UK
| | - Marie Limb
- MRC‐Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology Royal Derby Hospital Centre University of Nottingham Derby UK
| | - Tereza Jandova
- MRC‐Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology Royal Derby Hospital Centre University of Nottingham Derby UK
| | - Joseph J. Bass
- MRC‐Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology Royal Derby Hospital Centre University of Nottingham Derby UK
| | - Debbie Rankin
- MRC‐Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology Royal Derby Hospital Centre University of Nottingham Derby UK
| | - Jessica Cegielski
- MRC‐Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology Royal Derby Hospital Centre University of Nottingham Derby UK
| | - Mariwan Sayda
- MRC‐Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology Royal Derby Hospital Centre University of Nottingham Derby UK
| | - Hannah Crossland
- MRC‐Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology Royal Derby Hospital Centre University of Nottingham Derby UK
| | - John P. Williams
- MRC‐Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology Royal Derby Hospital Centre University of Nottingham Derby UK
- Department of Anaesthesia University Hospitals Derby and Burton NHS Foundation Trust Derby UK
| | - Kenneth Smith
- MRC‐Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology Royal Derby Hospital Centre University of Nottingham Derby UK
- NIHR Nottingham BRC University of Nottingham Nottingham UK
| | - Iskandar Idris
- MRC‐Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology Royal Derby Hospital Centre University of Nottingham Derby UK
- NIHR Nottingham BRC University of Nottingham Nottingham UK
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes University Hospitals Derby and Burton NHS Foundation Trust Derby UK
| | - Philip J. Atherton
- MRC‐Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology Royal Derby Hospital Centre University of Nottingham Derby UK
- NIHR Nottingham BRC University of Nottingham Nottingham UK
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Frampton J, Murphy KG, Frost G, Chambers ES. Short-chain fatty acids as potential regulators of skeletal muscle metabolism and function. Nat Metab 2020; 2:840-848. [PMID: 32694821 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-020-0188-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A key metabolic activity of the gut microbiota is the fermentation of non-digestible carbohydrate, which generates short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) as the principal end products. SCFAs are absorbed from the gut lumen and modulate host metabolic responses at different organ sites. Evidence suggests that these organ sites include skeletal muscle, the largest organ in humans, which plays a pivotal role in whole-body energy metabolism. In this Review, we evaluate the evidence indicating that SCFAs mediate metabolic cross-talk between the gut microbiota and skeletal muscle. We discuss the effects of three primary SCFAs (acetate, propionate and butyrate) on lipid, carbohydrate and protein metabolism in skeletal muscle, and we consider the potential mechanisms involved. Furthermore, we highlight the emerging roles of these gut-derived metabolites in skeletal muscle function and exercise capacity, present limitations in current knowledge and provide suggestions for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Frampton
- Section for Nutrition Research, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Kevin G Murphy
- Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Gary Frost
- Section for Nutrition Research, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Edward S Chambers
- Section for Nutrition Research, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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Rowlands J, Heng J, Newsholme P, Carlessi R. Pleiotropic Effects of GLP-1 and Analogs on Cell Signaling, Metabolism, and Function. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:672. [PMID: 30532733 PMCID: PMC6266510 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The incretin hormone Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) is best known for its "incretin effect" in restoring glucose homeostasis in diabetics, however, it is now apparent that it has a broader range of physiological effects in the body. Both in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that GLP-1 mimetics alleviate endoplasmic reticulum stress, regulate autophagy, promote metabolic reprogramming, stimulate anti-inflammatory signaling, alter gene expression, and influence neuroprotective pathways. A substantial body of evidence has accumulated with respect to how GLP-1 and its analogs act to restore and maintain normal cellular functions. These findings have prompted several clinical trials which have reported GLP-1 analogs improve cardiac function, restore lung function and reduce mortality in patients with obstructive lung disease, influence blood pressure and lipid storage, and even prevent synaptic loss and neurodegeneration. Mechanistically, GLP-1 elicits its effects via acute elevation in cAMP levels, and subsequent protein kinase(s) activation, pathways well-defined in pancreatic β-cells which stimulate insulin secretion in conjunction with elevated Ca2+ and ATP. More recently, new studies have shed light on additional downstream pathways stimulated by chronic GLP-1 exposure, findings which have direct relevance to our understanding of the potential therapeutic effects of longer lasting analogs recently developed for clinical use. In this review, we provide a comprehensive description of the diverse roles for GLP-1 across multiple tissues, describe downstream pathways stimulated by acute and chronic exposure, and discuss novel pleiotropic applications of GLP-1 mimetics in the treatment of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Philip Newsholme
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Rodrigo Carlessi
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Perth, WA, Australia
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Syed I, Lee J, Moraes-Vieira PM, Donaldson CJ, Sontheimer A, Aryal P, Wellenstein K, Kolar MJ, Nelson AT, Siegel D, Mokrosinski J, Farooqi IS, Zhao JJ, Yore MM, Peroni OD, Saghatelian A, Kahn BB. Palmitic Acid Hydroxystearic Acids Activate GPR40, Which Is Involved in Their Beneficial Effects on Glucose Homeostasis. Cell Metab 2018; 27:419-427.e4. [PMID: 29414687 PMCID: PMC5807007 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Palmitic acid hydroxystearic acids (PAHSAs) are endogenous lipids with anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. PAHSA levels are reduced in serum and adipose tissue of insulin-resistant people and high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice. Here, we investigated whether chronic PAHSA treatment enhances insulin sensitivity and which receptors mediate PAHSA effects. Chronic PAHSA administration in chow- and HFD-fed mice raises serum and tissue PAHSA levels ∼1.4- to 3-fold. This improves insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance without altering body weight. PAHSA administration in chow-fed, but not HFD-fed, mice augments insulin and glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1) secretion. PAHSAs are selective agonists for GPR40, increasing Ca+2 flux, but not intracellular cyclic AMP. Blocking GPR40 reverses improvements in glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in PAHSA-treated chow- and HFD-fed mice and directly inhibits PAHSA augmentation of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in human islets. In contrast, GLP-1 receptor blockade in PAHSA-treated chow-fed mice reduces PAHSA effects on glucose tolerance, but not on insulin sensitivity. Thus, PAHSAs activate GPR40, which is involved in their beneficial metabolic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail Syed
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Center for Life Sciences, Room 747, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jennifer Lee
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Center for Life Sciences, Room 747, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Pedro M Moraes-Vieira
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Center for Life Sciences, Room 747, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Cynthia J Donaldson
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, Helmsley Center for Genomic Medicine, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Alexandra Sontheimer
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Center for Life Sciences, Room 747, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Pratik Aryal
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Center for Life Sciences, Room 747, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Kerry Wellenstein
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Center for Life Sciences, Room 747, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Matthew J Kolar
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, Helmsley Center for Genomic Medicine, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Andrew T Nelson
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Dionicio Siegel
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jacek Mokrosinski
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - I Sadaf Farooqi
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Juan Juan Zhao
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Center for Life Sciences, Room 747, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Mark M Yore
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Center for Life Sciences, Room 747, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Odile D Peroni
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Center for Life Sciences, Room 747, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Alan Saghatelian
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, Helmsley Center for Genomic Medicine, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Barbara B Kahn
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Center for Life Sciences, Room 747, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Cantini G, Mannucci E, Luconi M. Perspectives in GLP-1 Research: New Targets, New Receptors. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2016; 27:427-438. [PMID: 27091492 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2016.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) binds to and activates its G-protein-coupled-receptor GLP-1R to reduce glycaemia through the stimulation of insulin and suppression of pancreatic glucagon secretion. Recently, GLP-1 effects unrelated to glucose homeostasis have been discovered in myocardium, bone, adipose tissue, and other target organs, which appear to be mainly mediated by GLP-1R-independent pathways. Here, we summarize knowledge on GLP-1R agonists (GLP-1RAs) as they relate to the improvement of glucose control, and focus on the most recently described effects, discussing the preclinical evidence of the involvement of alternative receptors and signalling mechanisms. It is now evident that the universe of GLP-1RAs is expanding further from the initial incretin effect, opening new unforeseen avenues for research and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Cantini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, Endocrinology Unit, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
| | - Edoardo Mannucci
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, Endocrinology Unit, University of Florence, Florence, Italy; Diabetes Agency, Careggi Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Michaela Luconi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, Endocrinology Unit, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
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González N, Martín-Duce A, Martínez-Arrieta F, Moreno-Villegas Z, Portal-Núñez S, Sanz R, Egido J. Effect of bombesin receptor subtype-3 and its synthetic agonist on signaling, glucose transport and metabolism in myocytes from patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes. Int J Mol Med 2015; 35:925-31. [PMID: 25653074 PMCID: PMC4356436 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bombesin receptor subtype-3 (BRS-3) is an orphan G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) member of the bombesin receptor family. Several studies have suggested an association between obesity, alterations in glucose metabolism, diabetes and the BRS-3 receptor. In this study, we focused on patients simultaneously diagnosed with obesity and type 2 diabetes (OB/T2D). The analysis of BRS-3 expression in the skeletal muscle of these patients revealed a marked decrease in the expression of BRS-3 at the mRNA (23.6±1.3-fold downregulation, p<0.0001) and protein level (49±7% decrease, p<0.05) compared to the normal patients (no obesity and diabetes). Moreover, in cultured primary myocytes from patients with OB/T2D, the synthetic BRS-3 agonist, [D-Try6,β-Ala11,Phe13,Nle14]bombesin6–14, significantly increased the phosphorylation levels of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), p90RSK1, protein kinase B (PKB) and p70s6K. Specifically, the ligand at 10−11 M induced the maximal phosphorylation of MAPKs (p42, 159±15% of the control; p44, 166±11% of the control; p<0.0001) and p90RSK1 (148±2% of the control, p<0.0001). The basal phosphorylation levels of all kinases were reduced (p<0.05) in the patients with OB/T2D compared to the normal patients. Furthermore, the BRS-3 agonist stimulated glucose transport, which was already detected at 10−12 M (133±9% of the control), reached maximal levels at 10−11 M (160±9%, p<0.0001) and was maintained at up to 10−8 M (overall mean, 153±7%; p<0.007). This effect was less promiment than that attained with 10−8 M insulin (202±9%, p=0.009). The effect of the agonist on glycogen synthase a activity achieved the maximum effect at 10−11 M (165±16% of the control; p<0.0001), which did not differ from that observed with higher concentrations of the agonist. These results suggest that muscle cells isolated from patients with OB/T2D have extremely high sensitivity to the synthetic ligand, and the effects are particularly observed on MAPK and p90RSK1 phosphorylation, as well as glucose uptake. Moreover, our data indicate that BRS-3 may prove to be useful as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of patients with OB/T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nieves González
- Renal, Vascular and Diabetes Research Laboratory, IIS-Jiménez Díaz Foundation, The Autonomous University of Madrid, Spanish Biomedical Research Network in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Félix Martínez-Arrieta
- Department of General Surgery, Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda University Hospital, The Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Zaida Moreno-Villegas
- Renal, Vascular and Diabetes Research Laboratory, IIS-Jiménez Díaz Foundation, The Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Portal-Núñez
- Department of Bone and Mineral Metabolism, IIS-Jiménez Díaz Foundation, Cooperative Research Thematic Network on Aging and Frailty (RETICEF), Madrid, Spain
| | - Raúl Sanz
- Department of Neurology, IIS-Jiménez Díaz Foundation, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Egido
- Renal, Vascular and Diabetes Research Laboratory, IIS-Jiménez Díaz Foundation, The Autonomous University of Madrid, Spanish Biomedical Research Network in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
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11
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Ceperuelo-Mallafré V, Duran X, Pachón G, Roche K, Garrido-Sánchez L, Vilarrasa N, Tinahones FJ, Vicente V, Pujol J, Vendrell J, Fernández-Veledo S. Disruption of GIP/GIPR axis in human adipose tissue is linked to obesity and insulin resistance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99:E908-19. [PMID: 24512489 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2013-3350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) has a central role in glucose homeostasis through its amplification of insulin secretion; however, its physiological role in adipose tissue is unclear. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to define the function of GIP in human adipose tissue in relation to obesity and insulin resistance. DESIGN GIP receptor (GIPR) expression was analyzed in human sc adipose tissue (SAT) and visceral adipose (VAT) from lean and obese subjects in 3 independent cohorts. GIPR expression was associated with anthropometric and biochemical variables. GIP responsiveness on insulin sensitivity was analyzed in human adipocyte cell lines in normoxic and hypoxic environments as well as in adipose-derived stem cells obtained from lean and obese patients. RESULTS GIPR expression was downregulated in SAT from obese patients and correlated negatively with body mass index, waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, and glucose and triglyceride levels. Furthermore, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, glucose, and G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) emerged as variables strongly associated with GIPR expression in SAT. Glucose uptake studies and insulin signaling in human adipocytes revealed GIP as an insulin-sensitizer incretin. Immunoprecipitation experiments suggested that GIP promotes the interaction of GRK2 with GIPR and decreases the association of GRK2 to insulin receptor substrate 1. These effects of GIP observed under normoxia were lost in human fat cells cultured in hypoxia. In support of this, GIP increased insulin sensitivity in human adipose-derived stem cells from lean patients. GIP also induced GIPR expression, which was concomitant with a downregulation of the incretin-degrading enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase 4. None of the physiological effects of GIP were detected in human fat cells obtained from an obese environment with reduced levels of GIPR. CONCLUSIONS GIP/GIPR signaling is disrupted in insulin-resistant states, such as obesity, and normalizing this function might represent a potential therapy in the treatment of obesity-associated metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victòria Ceperuelo-Mallafré
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain) and Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria (V.C.-M., L.G.-S., F.J.T.), 29010 Málaga, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain) (X.D., G.P., K.R., N.V., J.V., S.F.-V.) and Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII-Institut d Investigació Sanitária Pere Virgili-Universitat Rovira i Virgili (G.P., K.R., V.V., J.V., S.F.-V.), 43007 Tarragona, Spain; and Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge (N.V., J.P.), 08907 Barcelona, Spain
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12
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McCarty MF. AMPK activation--protean potential for boosting healthspan. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 36:641-663. [PMID: 24248330 PMCID: PMC4039279 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-013-9595-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
AMP-activated kinase (AMPK) is activated when the cellular (AMP+ADP)/ATP ratio rises; it therefore serves as a detector of cellular "fuel deficiency." AMPK activation is suspected to mediate some of the health-protective effects of long-term calorie restriction. Several drugs and nutraceuticals which slightly and safely impede the efficiency of mitochondrial ATP generation-most notably metformin and berberine-can be employed as clinical AMPK activators and, hence, may have potential as calorie restriction mimetics for extending healthspan. Indeed, current evidence indicates that AMPK activators may reduce risk for atherosclerosis, heart attack, and stroke; help to prevent ventricular hypertrophy and manage congestive failure; ameliorate metabolic syndrome, reduce risk for type 2 diabetes, and aid glycemic control in diabetics; reduce risk for weight gain; decrease risk for a number of common cancers while improving prognosis in cancer therapy; decrease risk for dementia and possibly other neurodegenerative disorders; help to preserve the proper structure of bone and cartilage; and possibly aid in the prevention and control of autoimmunity. While metformin and berberine appear to have the greatest utility as clinical AMPK activators-as reflected by their efficacy in diabetes management-regular ingestion of vinegar, as well as moderate alcohol consumption, may also achieve a modest degree of health-protective AMPK activation. The activation of AMPK achievable with any of these measures may be potentiated by clinical doses of the drug salicylate, which can bind to AMPK and activate it allosterically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark F McCarty
- Catalytic Longevity, 7831 Rush Rose Dr., Apt. 316, Carlsbad, CA, 92009, USA,
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13
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Ramos-Álvarez I, Moreno-Villegas Z, Martín-Duce A, Sanz R, Aparicio C, Portal-Núñez S, Mantey SA, Jensen RT, González N. Human BRS-3 receptor: functions/role in cell signaling pathways and glucose metabolism in obese or diabetic myocytes. Peptides 2014; 51:91-9. [PMID: 24220502 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Revised: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Several studies showed that the orphan Bombesin Receptor Subtype-3 (BRS-3) - member of the bombesin receptor family - has an important role in glucose homeostasis (v.g.: BRS-3-KO mice developed mild obesity, and decreased levels of BRS-3 mRNA/protein have been described in muscle from obese (OB) and type 2 diabetic (T2D) patients). In this work, to gain insight into BRS-3 receptor cell signaling pathways, and its implication on glucose metabolism, primary cultured myocytes from normal subjects, OB or T2D patients were tested using high affinity ligand - [d-Tyr(6),β-Ala(11),Phe(13),Nle(14)]bombesin6-14. In muscle cells from all metabolic conditions, the compound significantly increased not only MAPKs, p90RSK1, PKB and p70s6K phosphorylation levels, but also PI3K activity; moreover, it produced a dose-response stimulation of glycogen synthase a activity and glycogen synthesis. Myocytes from OB and T2D patients were more sensitive to the ligand than normal, and T2D cells even more than obese myocytes. These results widen the knowledge of human BRS-3 cell signaling pathways induced by a BRS-3 agonist, described its insulin-mimetic effects on glucose metabolism, showed the role of BRS-3 receptor in glucose homeostasis, and also propose the employing of BRS-3/ligand system, as participant in the obese and diabetic therapies.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Bombesin/pharmacology
- Cells, Cultured
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/pathology
- Female
- Glucose/metabolism
- Glycogen/biosynthesis
- Glycogen Synthase/metabolism
- Homeostasis
- Humans
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/drug effects
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/metabolism
- Obesity/metabolism
- Obesity/pathology
- Peptide Fragments/pharmacology
- Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/metabolism
- Phosphorylation
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism
- Receptors, Bombesin/agonists
- Receptors, Bombesin/physiology
- Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases, 70-kDa/metabolism
- Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases, 90-kDa/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
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Affiliation(s)
- I Ramos-Álvarez
- Department of Metabolism, Nutrition and Hormones, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, CIBERDEM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Z Moreno-Villegas
- Department of Metabolism, Nutrition and Hormones, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, CIBERDEM, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Martín-Duce
- Department of Nursery, Unit of Surgery, Universidad de Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - R Sanz
- Department of Neurology, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - C Aparicio
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - S Portal-Núñez
- Department of Bone Mineral Metabolism, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - S A Mantey
- Digestive Diseases Branch, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, USA
| | - R T Jensen
- Digestive Diseases Branch, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, USA
| | - N González
- Department of Metabolism, Nutrition and Hormones, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, CIBERDEM, Madrid, Spain.
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14
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Ramos-Álvarez I, Martín-Duce A, Moreno-Villegas Z, Sanz R, Aparicio C, Portal-Núñez S, Mantey SA, Jensen RT, González N. Bombesin receptor subtype-3 (BRS-3), a novel candidate as therapeutic molecular target in obesity and diabetes. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 367:109-15. [PMID: 23291341 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2012.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BRS-3 KO-mice developed obesity and unbalanced glucose metabolism, suggesting an important role of BRS-3 receptor in glucose homeostasis. We explored BRS-3 expression in skeletal muscle from normal, obese or type-2 diabetic (T2D) patients, and the effect of [D-Phe(6), β-Ala(11),Phe(13),Nle(14)]bombesin(6-14)-BRS-3-agonist-peptide (BRS-3-AP) - on glucose-related effects, before or after BRS-3 gene silencing. In muscle tissue and primary cultured myocytes from altered metabolic states, BRS-3 gene/protein expressions were down-regulated. In normal, obese and T2D cells: A) BRS-3-AP as insulin enhanced BRS-3 and GLUT-4 mRNA/protein levels; improving glucotransporter translocation to plasma membrane, and B) BRS-3-AP caused a concentration-related-stimulation of glucose transport, being obese and T2D myocytes more sensitive to the ligand than normal. Wortmannin and PD98059, but not rapamycin, abolished the stimulatory action of BRS-3-AP on glucose transport. BRS-3 plays an important role in glucose metabolism, and could be use as a molecular target, and/or its ligand, as a therapeutic agent for obesity and diabetes treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Ramos-Álvarez
- Department of Metabolism, Nutrition and Hormones, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
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15
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Cornall LM, Mathai ML, Hryciw DH, McAinch AJ. Is GPR119 agonism an appropriate treatment modality for the safe amelioration of metabolic diseases? Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2013; 22:487-98. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2013.775245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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16
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Seghieri M, Rebelos E, Gastaldelli A, Astiarraga BD, Casolaro A, Barsotti E, Pocai A, Nauck M, Muscelli E, Ferrannini E. Direct effect of GLP-1 infusion on endogenous glucose production in humans. Diabetologia 2013; 56:156-61. [PMID: 23064290 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-012-2738-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) lowers glucose levels by potentiating glucose-induced insulin secretion and inhibiting glucagon release. The question of whether GLP-1 exerts direct effects on the liver, independently of the hormonal changes, is controversial. We tested whether an exogenous GLP-1 infusion, designed to achieve physiological postprandial levels, directly affects endogenous glucose production (EGP) under conditions mimicking the fasting state in diabetes. METHODS In 14 healthy volunteers, we applied the pancreatic clamp technique, whereby plasma insulin and glucagon levels are clamped using somatostatin and hormone replacement. The clamp was applied in paired, 4 h experiments, during which saline (control) or GLP-1(7-37)amide (0.4 pmol min⁻¹ kg⁻¹) was infused. RESULTS During the control study, plasma insulin and glucagon were maintained at basal levels and plasma C-peptide was suppressed, such that plasma glucose rose to a plateau of ~10.5 mmol/l and tracer-determined EGP increased by ~60%. During GLP-1 infusion at matched plasma glucose levels, the rise of EGP from baseline was fully prevented. Lipolysis (as indexed by NEFA concentrations and tracer-determined glycerol rate of appearance) and substrate utilisation (by indirect calorimetry) were similar between control and GLP-1 infusion. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION GLP-1 inhibits EGP under conditions where plasma insulin and glucagon are not allowed to change and glucose concentrations are matched, indicating either a direct effect on hepatocytes or neurally mediated inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Seghieri
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pisa School of Medicine, Via Roma, 67, 56100 Pisa, Italy
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17
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Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) lowers glucose levels by potentiating glucose-induced insulin secretion and inhibiting glucagon release. The question of whether GLP-1 exerts direct effects on the liver, independently of the hormonal changes, is controversial. We tested whether an exogenous GLP-1 infusion, designed to achieve physiological postprandial levels, directly affects endogenous glucose production (EGP) under conditions mimicking the fasting state in diabetes. METHODS In 14 healthy volunteers, we applied the pancreatic clamp technique, whereby plasma insulin and glucagon levels are clamped using somatostatin and hormone replacement. The clamp was applied in paired, 4 h experiments, during which saline (control) or GLP-1(7-37)amide (0.4 pmol min⁻¹ kg⁻¹) was infused. RESULTS During the control study, plasma insulin and glucagon were maintained at basal levels and plasma C-peptide was suppressed, such that plasma glucose rose to a plateau of ~10.5 mmol/l and tracer-determined EGP increased by ~60%. During GLP-1 infusion at matched plasma glucose levels, the rise of EGP from baseline was fully prevented. Lipolysis (as indexed by NEFA concentrations and tracer-determined glycerol rate of appearance) and substrate utilisation (by indirect calorimetry) were similar between control and GLP-1 infusion. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION GLP-1 inhibits EGP under conditions where plasma insulin and glucagon are not allowed to change and glucose concentrations are matched, indicating either a direct effect on hepatocytes or neurally mediated inhibition.
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