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Smirnova GV, Tyulenev AV, Bezmaternykh KV, Muzyka NG, Ushakov VY, Oktyabrsky ON. Phosphate starvation is accompanied by disturbance of intracellular cysteine homeostasis in Escherichia coli. Res Microbiol 2023; 174:104108. [PMID: 37516155 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2023.104108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic rearrangements that occur during depletion of essential nutrients can lead to accumulation of potentially dangerous metabolites. Here we showed that depletion of phosphate (Pi), accompanied by a sharp inhibition of growth and respiration, caused a transient excess of intracellular cysteine due to a decrease in the rate of protein synthesis. High cysteine level can be dangerous due to its ability to produce ROS and reduce Fe3+ to Fenton-reactive Fe2+. To prevent these negative effects, excess cysteine was mainly incorporated into glutathione (GSH), the intracellular level of which increased by 3 times, and was also exported to the medium and partially degraded to form H2S with participation of 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfotransferase (3MST). The addition of Pi to starving cells led to a sharp recovery of respiration and growth, GSH efflux into the medium and K+ influx into the cells. A pronounced coupling of Pi, GSH, and K+ fluxes was shown upon Pi depletion and addition, which may be necessary to maintain the ionic balance in the cytoplasm. We suggest that processes aimed at restoring cysteine homeostasis may be an integral part of the universal response to stress under different types of stress and for different types of bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina V Smirnova
- Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Perm Federal Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Goleva 13, Perm, 614081, Russia.
| | - Aleksey V Tyulenev
- Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Perm Federal Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Goleva 13, Perm, 614081, Russia.
| | - Kseniya V Bezmaternykh
- Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Perm Federal Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Goleva 13, Perm, 614081, Russia.
| | - Nadezda G Muzyka
- Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Perm Federal Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Goleva 13, Perm, 614081, Russia.
| | - Vadim Y Ushakov
- Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Perm Federal Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Goleva 13, Perm, 614081, Russia.
| | - Oleg N Oktyabrsky
- Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Perm Federal Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Goleva 13, Perm, 614081, Russia.
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Smirnova G, Tyulenev A, Muzyka N, Ushakov V, Samoilova Z, Oktyabrsky O. Influence of Growth Medium Composition on Physiological Responses of Escherichia coli to the Action of Chloramphenicol and Ciprofloxacin. BIOTECH 2023; 12:43. [PMID: 37366791 DOI: 10.3390/biotech12020043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) to protect bacteria from bactericidal antibiotics has previously been described. The main source of H2S is the desulfurization of cysteine, which is either synthesized by cells from sulfate or transported from the medium, depending on its composition. Applying electrochemical sensors and a complex of biochemical and microbiological methods, changes in growth, respiration, membrane potential, SOS response, H2S production and bacterial survival under the action of bactericidal ciprofloxacin and bacteriostatic chloramphenicol in commonly used media were studied. Chloramphenicol caused a sharp inhibition of metabolism in all studied media. The physiological response of bacteria to ciprofloxacin strongly depended on its dose. In rich LB medium, cells retained metabolic activity at higher concentrations of ciprofloxacin than in minimal M9 medium. This decreased number of surviving cells (CFU) by 2-3 orders of magnitude in LB compared to M9 medium, and shifted optimal bactericidal concentration (OBC) from 0.3 µg/mL in M9 to 3 µg/mL in LB. Both drugs induced transient production of H2S in M9 medium. In media containing cystine, H2S was produced independently of antibiotics. Thus, medium composition significantly modifies physiological response of E. coli to bactericidal antibiotic, which should be taken into account when interpreting data and developing drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina Smirnova
- Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Perm Federal Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Goleva 13, 614081 Perm, Russia
| | - Aleksey Tyulenev
- Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Perm Federal Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Goleva 13, 614081 Perm, Russia
| | - Nadezda Muzyka
- Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Perm Federal Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Goleva 13, 614081 Perm, Russia
| | - Vadim Ushakov
- Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Perm Federal Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Goleva 13, 614081 Perm, Russia
| | - Zoya Samoilova
- Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Perm Federal Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Goleva 13, 614081 Perm, Russia
| | - Oleg Oktyabrsky
- Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Perm Federal Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Goleva 13, 614081 Perm, Russia
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Sanmukh SG, Admella J, Moya-Andérico L, Fehér T, Arévalo-Jaimes BV, Blanco-Cabra N, Torrents E. Accessing the In Vivo Efficiency of Clinically Isolated Phages against Uropathogenic and Invasive Biofilm-Forming Escherichia coli Strains for Phage Therapy. Cells 2023; 12:cells12030344. [PMID: 36766686 PMCID: PMC9913540 DOI: 10.3390/cells12030344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli is one of the most common members of the intestinal microbiota. Many of its strains are associated with various inflammatory infections, including urinary or gut infections, especially when displaying antibiotic resistance or in patients with suppressed immune systems. According to recent reports, the biofilm-forming potential of E. coli is a crucial factor for its increased resistance against antibiotics. To overcome the limitations of using antibiotics against resistant E. coli strains, the world is turning once more towards bacteriophage therapy, which is becoming a promising candidate amongst the current personalized approaches to target different bacterial infections. Although matured and persistent biofilms pose a serious challenge to phage therapy, they can still become an effective alternative to antibiotic treatment. Here, we assess the efficiency of clinically isolated phages in phage therapy against representative clinical uropathogenic and invasive biofilm-forming E. coli strains. Our results demonstrate that irrespective of host specificity, bacteriophages producing clear plaques with a high burst size, and exhibiting depolymerizing activity, are good candidates against biofilm-producing E. coli pathogens as verified from our in vitro and in vivo experiments using Galleria mellonella where survival was significantly increased for phage-therapy-treated larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapnil Ganesh Sanmukh
- Bacterial Infections: Antimicrobial Therapies Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri Reixac, 15-21, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre of the Eötvös Lóránd Research Network, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
- Correspondence: or (S.G.S.); or (E.T.)
| | - Joana Admella
- Bacterial Infections: Antimicrobial Therapies Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri Reixac, 15-21, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Moya-Andérico
- Bacterial Infections: Antimicrobial Therapies Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri Reixac, 15-21, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tamás Fehér
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre of the Eötvös Lóránd Research Network, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Betsy Verónica Arévalo-Jaimes
- Bacterial Infections: Antimicrobial Therapies Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri Reixac, 15-21, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Blanco-Cabra
- Bacterial Infections: Antimicrobial Therapies Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri Reixac, 15-21, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Microbiology Section, Department of Genetics, Microbiology, and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduard Torrents
- Bacterial Infections: Antimicrobial Therapies Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri Reixac, 15-21, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Microbiology Section, Department of Genetics, Microbiology, and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: or (S.G.S.); or (E.T.)
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Fernandez R, Colás-Ruiz NR, Martínez-Rodríguez G, Lara-Martín PA, Mancera JM, Trombini C, Blasco J, Hampel M. The antibacterials ciprofloxacin, trimethoprim and sulfadiazine modulate gene expression, biomarkers and metabolites associated with stress and growth in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 250:106243. [PMID: 35872527 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2022.106243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The high consumption and subsequent input of antibacterial compounds in marine ecosystems has become a worldwide problem. Their continuous presence in these ecosystems allows a direct interaction with aquatic organisms and can cause negative effects over time. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of exposure to three antibacterial compounds of high consumption and presence in marine ecosystems (Ciprofloxacin CIP, Sulfadiazine SULF and Trimethoprim TRIM) on the physiology of the gilthead sea bream, Sparus aurata. Plasma parameters, enzymatic biomarkers of oxidative stress and damage and expression of genes related to stress and growth were assessed in exposed S. aurata specimens. For this purpose, sea bream specimens were exposed to individual compounds at concentrations of 5.2 ± 2.1 μg L-1 for CIP, 3.8 ± 2.7 μg L-1 for SULF and 25.7 ± 10.8 μg L-1 for TRIM during 21 days. Exposure to CIP up-regulated transcription of genes associated with the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) (thyrotropin-releasing hormone, trh) and hypothalamic-pituitary-interrenal (HPI) axes (corticotropin-releasing hormone-binding protein, crhbp) in the brain, as well as altering several hepatic stress biomarkers (catalase, CAT; glutathione reductase, GR; and lipid peroxidation, LPO). Similar alterations at the hepatic level were observed after exposure to TRIM. Overall, our study indicates that S. aurata is vulnerable to environmentally relevant concentrations of CIP and TRIM and that their exposure could lead to a stress situation, altering the activity of antioxidant defense mechanisms as well as the activity of HPT and HPI axes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronield Fernandez
- Microbiology Research Laboratory, University Simon Bolivar, Carrera 59 No. 59-65 Barranquilla, Colombia.
| | - Nieves R Colás-Ruiz
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cadiz, University Institute for Marine Research (INMAR), 11510 Puerto Real, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Martínez-Rodríguez
- Institute of Marine Sciences of Andalusia (ICMAN), Department of Marine Biology and Aquaculture, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Puerto Real, 11519, Spain
| | - Pablo A Lara-Martín
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cadiz, University Institute for Marine Research (INMAR), 11510 Puerto Real, Spain
| | - Juan Miguel Mancera
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University Institute for Marine Research (INMAR), International Excellence Campus of the Sea (CEI-MAR), University of Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain
| | - Chiara Trombini
- Institute of Marine Sciences of Andalusia (ICMAN), Department of Marine Biology and Aquaculture, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Puerto Real, 11519, Spain
| | - Julián Blasco
- Institute of Marine Sciences of Andalusia (ICMAN), Department of Marine Biology and Aquaculture, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Puerto Real, 11519, Spain
| | - Miriam Hampel
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cadiz, University Institute for Marine Research (INMAR), 11510 Puerto Real, Spain
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