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Salyha N, Oliynyk I. Hypoxia modeling techniques: A review. Heliyon 2023; 9:e13238. [PMID: 36718422 PMCID: PMC9877323 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is the main cause and effect of a large number of diseases, including the most recent one facing the world, the coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Hypoxia is divided into short-term, long-term, and periodic, it can be the result of diseases, climate change, or living and traveling in the high mountain regions of the world. Since each type of hypoxia can be a cause and a consequence of various physiological changes, the methods for modeling these hypoxias are also different. There are many techniques for modeling hypoxia under experimental conditions. The most common animal for modeling hypoxia is a rat. Hypoxia models (hypoxia simulations) in rats are a tool to study the effect of various conditions on the oxygen supply of the body. These models can provide a necessary information to understand hypoxia and also provide effective treatment, highlighting the importance of various reactions of the body to hypoxia. The main parameters when choosing a model should be reproducibility and the goal that the scientist wants to achieve. Hypoxia in rats can be reproduced both ways exogenously and endogenously. The reason for writing this review was the aim to systematize the models of rats available in the literature in order to facilitate their selection by scientists. The relative strengths and limitations of each model need to be identified and understood in order to evaluate the information obtained from these models and extrapolate these results to humans to develop the necessary generalizations. Despite these problems, animal models have been and remain vital to understanding the mechanisms involved in the development and progression of hypoxia. The eligibility criteria for the selected studies was a comprehensive review of the methods and results obtained from the studies. This made it possible to make generalizations and give recommendations on the application of these methods. The review will assist scientists in choosing an appropriate hypoxia simulation method, as well as assist in interpreting the results obtained with these methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataliya Salyha
- Institute of Animal Biology NAAS, Lviv, Ukraine,Corresponding author
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Bavis RW, Dirstine T, Lachance AD, Jareno A, Reynoso Williams M. Recovery of the biphasic hypoxic ventilatory response in neonatal rats after chronic hyperoxia. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2023; 307:103973. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2022.103973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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3
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Jia H, Liu C, Li D, Huang Q, Liu D, Zhang Y, Ye C, Zhou D, Wang Y, Tan Y, Li K, Lin F, Zhang H, Lin J, Xu Y, Liu J, Zeng Q, Hong J, Chen G, Zhang H, Zheng L, Deng X, Ke C, Gao Y, Fan J, Di B, Liang H. Metabolomic analyses reveal new stage-specific features of COVID-19. Eur Respir J 2022; 59:2100284. [PMID: 34289974 PMCID: PMC8311281 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00284-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The current pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has affected >160 million individuals to date, and has caused millions of deaths worldwide, at least in part due to the unclarified pathophysiology of this disease. Identifying the underlying molecular mechanisms of COVID-19 is critical to overcome this pandemic. Metabolites mirror the disease progression of an individual and can provide extensive insights into their pathophysiological significance at each stage of disease. We provide a comprehensive view of metabolic characterisation of sera from COVID-19 patients at all stages using untargeted and targeted metabolomic analysis. As compared with the healthy controls, we observed different alteration patterns of circulating metabolites from the mild, severe and recovery stages, in both the discovery cohort and the validation cohort, which suggests that metabolic reprogramming of glucose metabolism and the urea cycle are potential pathological mechanisms for COVID-19 progression. Our findings suggest that targeting glucose metabolism and the urea cycle may be a viable approach to fight COVID-19 at various stages along the disease course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongling Jia
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
- Dept of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- These authors contributed equally to this study
| | - Chaowu Liu
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangzhou, China
- These authors contributed equally to this study
| | - Dantong Li
- Clinical Data Center, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital/Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- These authors contributed equally to this study
| | - Qingsheng Huang
- Clinical Data Center, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- These authors contributed equally to this study
| | - Dong Liu
- Big Data and Machine Learning Laboratory, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, China
- These authors contributed equally to this study
| | - Ying Zhang
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
- These authors contributed equally to this study
| | - Chang Ye
- Clinical Data Center, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Di Zhou
- Metabo-Profile Biotechnology (Shanghai) Co. Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Metabo-Profile Biotechnology (Shanghai) Co. Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanlian Tan
- Dept of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kuibiao Li
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fangqin Lin
- Clinical Data Center, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haiqing Zhang
- Dept of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingchao Lin
- Metabo-Profile Biotechnology (Shanghai) Co. Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingwen Liu
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing Zeng
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Hong
- Dept of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guobing Chen
- Institute of Geriatric Immunology, Dept of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Dept of Neurology, Affiliated Huaqiao Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Institute of Precision Cancer Medicine and Pathology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lingling Zheng
- Clinical Data Center, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xilong Deng
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Changwen Ke
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunfei Gao
- Zhuhai Precision Medical Center, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Jinan University, Zhuhai, China
- The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Jinan University Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Yunfei Gao, Jun Fan, Biao Di and Huiying Liang are joint lead authors
| | - Jun Fan
- Dept of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Yunfei Gao, Jun Fan, Biao Di and Huiying Liang are joint lead authors
| | - Biao Di
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
- Yunfei Gao, Jun Fan, Biao Di and Huiying Liang are joint lead authors
| | - Huiying Liang
- Clinical Data Center, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital/Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Yunfei Gao, Jun Fan, Biao Di and Huiying Liang are joint lead authors
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4
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Experimental Setting for Applying Mechanical Stimuli to Study the Endothelial Response of Ex Vivo Vessels under Realistic Pathophysiological Environments. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11070671. [PMID: 34357043 PMCID: PMC8306098 DOI: 10.3390/life11070671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper describes the design, construction and testing of an experimental setting, making it possible to study the endothelium under different pathophysiological conditions. This novel experimental approach allows the application of the following stimuli to an ex vivo vessel in a physiological bath: (a) a realistic intravascular pressure waveform defined by the user; (b) shear stress in the endothelial layer since, in addition to the pressure waveform, the flow through the vessel can be independently controlled by the user; (c) conditions of hypo/hyperoxia and hypo/hypercapnia in an intravascular circulating medium. These stimuli can be applied alone or in different combinations to study possible synergistic or antagonistic effects. The setting performance is illustrated by a proof of concept in an ex vivo rabbit aorta. The experimental setting is easy to build by using very low-cost materials widely available. Online Supplement files provide all the technical information (e.g., circuits, codes, 3D printer drivers) following an open-source hardware approach for free replication.
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Di Fiore JM, Raffay TM. The relationship between intermittent hypoxemia events and neural outcomes in neonates. Exp Neurol 2021; 342:113753. [PMID: 33984336 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This brief review examines 1) patterns of intermittent hypoxemia in extremely preterm infants during early postnatal life, 2) the relationship between neonatal intermittent hypoxemia exposure and outcomes in both human and animal models, 3) potential mechanistic pathways, and 4) future alterations in clinical care that may reduce morbidity. Intermittent hypoxemia events are pervasive in extremely preterm infants (<28 weeks gestation at birth) during early postnatal life. An increased frequency of intermittent hypoxemia events has been associated with a range of poor neural outcomes including language and cognitive delays, motor impairment, retinopathy of prematurity, impaired control of breathing, and intraventricular hemorrhage. Neonatal rodent models have shown that exposure to short repetitive cycles of hypoxia induce a pathophysiological cascade. However, not all patterns of intermittent hypoxia are deleterious and some may even improve neurodevelopmental outcomes. Therapeutic interventions include supplemental oxygen, pressure support and pharmacologic drugs but prolonged hyperoxia and pressure exposure have been associated with cardiopulmonary morbidity. Therefore, it becomes imperative to distinguish high risk from neutral and/or even beneficial patterns of intermittent hypoxemia during early postnatal life. Identification of such patterns could improve clinical care with targeted interventions for high-risk patterns and minimal or no exposure to treatment modalities for low-risk patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliann M Di Fiore
- Division of Neonatology, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States of America.
| | - Thomas M Raffay
- Division of Neonatology, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
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6
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Stocco E, Sfriso MM, Borile G, Contran M, Barbon S, Romanato F, Macchi V, Guidolin D, De Caro R, Porzionato A. Experimental Evidence of A 2A-D 2 Receptor-Receptor Interactions in the Rat and Human Carotid Body. Front Physiol 2021; 12:645723. [PMID: 33935801 PMCID: PMC8082109 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.645723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine A2A receptors (A2AR) and dopamine D2 receptors (D2R) are known to be involved in the physiological response to hypoxia, and their expression/activity may be modulated by chronic sustained or intermittent hypoxia. To date, A2AR and D2R can form transient physical receptor–receptor interactions (RRIs) giving rise to a dynamic equilibrium able to influence ligand binding and signaling, as demonstrated in different native tissues and transfected mammalian cell systems. Given the presence of A2AR and D2R in type I cells, type II cells, and afferent nerve terminals of the carotid body (CB), the aim of this work was to demonstrate here, for the first time, the existence of A2AR–D2R heterodimers by in situ proximity ligation assay (PLA). Our data by PLA analysis and tyrosine hydroxylase/S100 colocalization indicated the formation of A2AR–D2R heterodimers in type I and II cells of the CB; the presence of A2AR–D2R heterodimers also in afferent terminals is also suggested by PLA signal distribution. RRIs could play a role in CB dynamic modifications and plasticity in response to development/aging and environmental stimuli, including chronic intermittent/sustained hypoxia. Exploring other RRIs will allow for a broad comprehension of the regulative mechanisms these interactions preside over, with also possible clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Stocco
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Human Anatomy, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Maria Martina Sfriso
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Human Anatomy, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Giulia Borile
- Department of Physics and Astronomy "G. Galilei," University of Padova, Padua, Italy.,Institute of Pediatric Research Città della Speranza, Padua, Italy
| | - Martina Contran
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Human Anatomy, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Silvia Barbon
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Human Anatomy, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Filippo Romanato
- Department of Physics and Astronomy "G. Galilei," University of Padova, Padua, Italy.,Institute of Pediatric Research Città della Speranza, Padua, Italy
| | - Veronica Macchi
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Human Anatomy, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Diego Guidolin
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Human Anatomy, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Raffaele De Caro
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Human Anatomy, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Andrea Porzionato
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Human Anatomy, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
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Tretter V, Zach ML, Böhme S, Ullrich R, Markstaller K, Klein KU. Investigating Disturbances of Oxygen Homeostasis: From Cellular Mechanisms to the Clinical Practice. Front Physiol 2020; 11:947. [PMID: 32848874 PMCID: PMC7417655 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Soon after its discovery in the 18th century, oxygen was applied as a therapeutic agent to treat severely ill patients. Lack of oxygen, commonly termed as hypoxia, is frequently encountered in different disease states and is detrimental to human life. However, at the end of the 19th century, Paul Bert and James Lorrain Smith identified what is known as oxygen toxicity. The molecular basis of this phenomenon is oxygen's readiness to accept electrons and to form different variants of aggressive radicals that interfere with normal cell functions. The human body has evolved to maintain oxygen homeostasis by different molecular systems that are either activated in the case of oxygen under-supply, or to scavenge and to transform oxygen radicals when excess amounts are encountered. Research has provided insights into cellular mechanisms of oxygen homeostasis and is still called upon in order to better understand related diseases. Oxygen therapy is one of the prime clinical interventions, as it is life saving, readily available, easy to apply and economically affordable. However, the current state of research also implicates a reconsidering of the liberal application of oxygen causing hyperoxia. Increasing evidence from preclinical and clinical studies suggest detrimental outcomes as a consequence of liberal oxygen therapy. In this review, we summarize concepts of cellular mechanisms regarding different forms of disturbed cellular oxygen homeostasis that may help to better define safe clinical application of oxygen therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Tretter
- Department of Anaesthesia, General Intensive Care and Pain Therapy, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Abstract
Air-breathing animals do not experience hyperoxia (inspired O2 > 21%) in nature, but preterm and full-term infants often experience hyperoxia/hyperoxemia in clinical settings. This article focuses on the effects of normobaric hyperoxia during the perinatal period on breathing in humans and other mammals, with an emphasis on the neural control of breathing during hyperoxia, after return to normoxia, and in response to subsequent hypoxic and hypercapnic challenges. Acute hyperoxia typically evokes an immediate ventilatory depression that is often, but not always, followed by hyperpnea. The hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR) is enhanced by brief periods of hyperoxia in adult mammals, but the limited data available suggest that this may not be the case for newborns. Chronic exposure to mild-to-moderate levels of hyperoxia (e.g., 30-60% O2 for several days to a few weeks) elicits several changes in breathing in nonhuman animals, some of which are unique to perinatal exposures (i.e., developmental plasticity). Examples of this developmental plasticity include hypoventilation after return to normoxia and long-lasting attenuation of the HVR. Although both peripheral and CNS mechanisms are implicated in hyperoxia-induced plasticity, it is particularly clear that perinatal hyperoxia affects carotid body development. Some of these effects may be transient (e.g., decreased O2 sensitivity of carotid body glomus cells) while others may be permanent (e.g., carotid body hypoplasia, loss of chemoafferent neurons). Whether the hyperoxic exposures routinely experienced by human infants in clinical settings are sufficient to alter respiratory control development remains an open question and requires further research. © 2020 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 10:597-636, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan W Bavis
- Department of Biology, Bates College, Lewiston, Maine, USA
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Mitchell L, MacFarlane PM. Mechanistic actions of oxygen and methylxanthines on respiratory neural control and for the treatment of neonatal apnea. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2020; 273:103318. [PMID: 31626973 PMCID: PMC6986994 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2019.103318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Apnea remains one of the most concerning and prevalent respiratory disorders spanning all ages from infants (particularly those born preterm) to adults. Although the pathophysiological consequences of apnea are fairly well described, the neural mechanisms underlying the etiology of the different types of apnea (central, obstructive, and mixed) still remain incompletely understood. From a developmental perspective, however, research into the respiratory neural control system of immature animals has shed light on both central and peripheral neural pathways underlying apnea of prematurity (AOP), a highly prevalent respiratory disorder of preterm infants. Animal studies have also been fundamental in furthering our understanding of how clinical interventions (e.g. pharmacological and mechanical) exert their beneficial effects in the clinical treatment of apnea. Although current clinical interventions such as supplemental O2 and positive pressure respiratory support are critically important for the infant in respiratory distress, they are not fully effective and can also come with unfortunate, unintended (and long-term) side-effects. In this review, we have chosen AOP as one of the most common clinical scenarios involving apnea to highlight the mechanistic basis behind how some of the interventions could be both beneficial and also deleterious to the respiratory neural control system. We have included a section on infants with critical congenital heart diseases (CCHD), in whom apnea can be a clinical concern due to treatment with prostaglandin, and who may benefit from some of the treatments used for AOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Mitchell
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Peter M MacFarlane
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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Beyeler SA, Hodges MR, Huxtable AG. Impact of inflammation on developing respiratory control networks: rhythm generation, chemoreception and plasticity. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2020; 274:103357. [PMID: 31899353 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2019.103357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The respiratory control network in the central nervous system undergoes critical developmental events early in life to ensure adequate breathing at birth. There are at least three "critical windows" in development of respiratory control networks: 1) in utero, 2) newborn (postnatal day 0-4 in rodents), and 3) neonatal (P10-13 in rodents, 2-4 months in humans). During these critical windows, developmental processes required for normal maturation of the respiratory control network occur, thereby increasing vulnerability of the network to insults, such as inflammation. Early life inflammation (induced by LPS, chronic intermittent hypoxia, sustained hypoxia, or neonatal maternal separation) acutely impairs respiratory rhythm generation, chemoreception and increases neonatal risk of mortality. These early life impairments are also greater in young males, suggesting sex-specific impairments in respiratory control. Further, neonatal inflammation has a lasting impact on respiratory control by impairing adult respiratory plasticity. This review focuses on how inflammation alters respiratory rhythm generation, chemoreception and plasticity during each of the three critical windows. We also highlight the need for additional mechanistic studies and increased investigation into how glia (such as microglia and astrocytes) play a role in impaired respiratory control after inflammation. Understanding how inflammation during critical windows of development disrupt respiratory control networks is essential for developing better treatments for vulnerable neonates and preventing adult ventilatory control disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Beyeler
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, United States
| | - Matthew R Hodges
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States
| | - Adrianne G Huxtable
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, United States.
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11
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Postnatal changes in O2 and CO2 sensitivity in rodents. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2020; 272:103313. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2019.103313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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12
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McDonald FB, Dempsey EM, O'Halloran KD. The impact of preterm adversity on cardiorespiratory function. Exp Physiol 2019; 105:17-43. [PMID: 31626357 DOI: 10.1113/ep087490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the topic of this review? We review the influence of prematurity on the cardiorespiratory system and examine the common sequel of alterations in oxygen tension, and immune activation in preterm infants. What advances does it highlight? The review highlights neonatal animal models of intermittent hypoxia, hyperoxia and infection that contribute to our understanding of the effect of stress on neurodevelopment and cardiorespiratory homeostasis. We also focus on some of the important physiological pathways that have a modulatory role on the cardiorespiratory system in early life. ABSTRACT Preterm birth is one of the leading causes of neonatal mortality. Babies that survive early-life stress associated with immaturity have significant prevailing short- and long-term morbidities. Oxygen dysregulation in the first few days and weeks after birth is a primary concern as the cardiorespiratory system slowly adjusts to extrauterine life. Infants exposed to rapid alterations in oxygen tension, including exposures to hypoxia and hyperoxia, have altered redox balance and active immune signalling, leading to altered stress responses that impinge on neurodevelopment and cardiorespiratory homeostasis. In this review, we explore the clinical challenges posed by preterm birth, followed by an examination of the literature on animal models of oxygen dysregulation and immune activation in the context of early-life stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona B McDonald
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine & Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Irish Centre for Fetal and Neonatal Translational Research (INFANT) Research Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Eugene M Dempsey
- Irish Centre for Fetal and Neonatal Translational Research (INFANT) Research Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Paediatrics & Child Health, School of Medicine, College of Medicine & Health, Cork University Hospital, Wilton, Cork, Ireland
| | - Ken D O'Halloran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine & Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Irish Centre for Fetal and Neonatal Translational Research (INFANT) Research Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Dylag AM, Raffay TM. Rodent models of respiratory control and respiratory system development-Clinical significance. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2019; 268:103249. [PMID: 31315068 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2019.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The newborn infant's respiratory system must rapidly adapt to extra-uterine life. Neonatal rat and mouse models have been used to investigate early development of respiratory control and reactivity in both health and disease. This review highlights several rodent models of control of breathing and respiratory system development (including pulmonary function), discusses their translational strengths and limitations, and underscores the importance of creating clinically relevant models applicable to the human infant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Dylag
- Division of Neonatology, Golisano Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Thomas M Raffay
- Division of Neonatology, Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States.
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