1
|
Kurosaki H, Ninomiya S, Sasaki K, Yasuda Y. Risk assessment of electric shock to the general public without Personal Protective Equipment during defibrillation shock delivery: A simulation study. Resusc Plus 2024; 19:100734. [PMID: 39188893 PMCID: PMC11345396 DOI: 10.1016/j.resplu.2024.100734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Aim This study aimed to elucidate the risk of electric shock when the general public, not wearing Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), is in contact with a patient, and a defibrillation shock is inadvertently delivered. Methods A simulation study was conducted simulating the following scenarios. 1) Both the rescuer and the patient were isolated from the ground, with the rescuer making single-point contact with the patient. 2) Both the rescuer and the patient were in contact with the common ground, and the rescuer made single-point contact with the patient. 3) The rescuer made contact at two different points to the patient. A mannequin with a towel saturated with 3% saline solution placed on the chest was used. Defibrillation shocks were delivered using a defibrillator three times at each of three energies: 150 J, 200 J, and 360 J. The voltage across the simulated rescuer was measured with an oscilloscope. Results In Scenario 1, all measurements were below the detection limit. In Scenario 2, the voltage and current across the rescuer increased with higher defibrillation shock energy, averaging 156.8 V and 156.8 mA at 360 J. In Scenario 3, voltage peaked at 326.0 V and current at 326.0 mA at 360 J. Conclusion In a simulated setting of defibrillation, over 300 mA of current could pass through the rescuer without PPE when having two contact points between the manikin and the rescuer. However, due to the brief duration and low energy, immediate danger to the rescuer is considered low.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hisanori Kurosaki
- Department of Emergency Medical Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Kyoto Tachibana University, 34 Yamada-cho Oyake, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8175, Japan
| | - Shinji Ninomiya
- Department of Medical Science and Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hiroshima International University, 555-36 Kurose-gakuendai, Higashi-hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-2695, Japan
- Unit for Medical Safety System Engineering Revolution, Department of Medical Science and Technology, Course of Emergency Medical Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hiroshima International University, 555-36 Kurose-gakuendai, Higashi-hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-2695, Japan
| | - Koichi Sasaki
- Department of Prehospital Emergency Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hiroshima International University, 555-36 Kurose-gakuendai, Higashi-hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-2695, Japan
| | - Yasuharu Yasuda
- Department of Prehospital Emergency Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hiroshima International University, 555-36 Kurose-gakuendai, Higashi-hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-2695, Japan
- Laboratory of Prehospital Activities, Department of Prehospital Emergency Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hiroshima International University, 555-36 Kurose-gakuendai, Higashi-hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-2695, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Stephens AF, Šeman M, Nehme Z, Voskoboinik A, Smith K, Gregory SD, Stub D. Ex vivo evaluation of personal protective equipment in hands-on defibrillation. Resusc Plus 2022; 11:100284. [PMID: 35942482 PMCID: PMC9356271 DOI: 10.1016/j.resplu.2022.100284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew F. Stephens
- Cardio-Respiratory Engineering and Technology Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Corresponding author at: Lab 2, Level 3, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, 75 Commercial Rd, 3004, Australia.
| | - Michael Šeman
- Cardio-Respiratory Engineering and Technology Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Cardiology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ziad Nehme
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Centre for Research and Evaluation, Ambulance Victoria, Melbourne, AU
- Faculty of Medicine, Nursing, and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Aleksandr Voskoboinik
- Department of Cardiology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, Nursing, and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Electrophysiology Research, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Karen Smith
- Centre for Research and Evaluation, Ambulance Victoria, Melbourne, AU
| | - Shaun D. Gregory
- Cardio-Respiratory Engineering and Technology Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Dion Stub
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Cardiology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Australia
- Centre for Research and Evaluation, Ambulance Victoria, Melbourne, AU
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kwak J, Brady WJ. The safety and efficacy of hands-on defibrillation in the management of adult cardiac arrest: A systematic review. Am J Emerg Med 2020; 38:1233-1236. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2020.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
|
4
|
Petley GW, Albon B, Banks P, Roberts PR, Deakin CD. Leakage current from transvenous and subcutaneous implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs): A risk to the rescuer? Resuscitation 2019; 137:148-153. [PMID: 30794831 DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2019.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) are a well-established therapy for patients at risk of life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias. With rising implant rates, the risk of a rescuer performing chest compressions during discharge is increasing, leading to concerns over rescuer safety from the resultant leakage current. More recently, subcutaneous ICDs (S-ICD) have been developed, which utilise a higher energy and more superficial electrodes compared with transvenous ICDs (T-ICD), raising safety concerns further. OBJECTIVE We measured the current a rescuer would potentially receive from T-ICDs and S-ICDs if they were in contact with the patient at the time of ICD discharge to assess its magnitude in relation to international safety standards. METHODS Surface voltages adjacent to ICD electrodes were measured on patients undergoing defibrillation threshold checks. Rescuer current was then calculated assuming a total rescuer circuit impedance of 1696 Ω. RESULTS Twenty-five patients were recruited. Rescuer current from S-ICDs was significantly higher than those from T-ICDs (S-ICD: Median RMS 135 mA range 91 mA-164 mA, T-ICD: Median RMS 31 mA, range 9 mA-75 mA, P < 0.0001). Surface voltages (median RMS) to which the rescuer is likely to be exposed are higher when performing chest compressions from the patient's left side compared with the right (127 V vs 67 V respectively, 95% CI of difference -34 V to -67 V, P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Rescuers performing chest compressions on ICD patients are at risk from leakage current, particularly from S-ICDs. Chest compressions should be performed from the opposite side to the ICD to reduce rescuer risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Graham W Petley
- Faculty of Healthcare Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
| | - Beth Albon
- Medical School, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
| | - Phil Banks
- Cardiac Rhythm Management Unit, University Hospital Southampton, UK.
| | - Paul R Roberts
- Cardiac Rhythm Management Unit, University Hospital Southampton, UK.
| | - Charles D Deakin
- NIHR Respiratory BRU, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Team-focused Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: Prehospital Principles Adapted for Emergency Department Cardiac Arrest Resuscitation. J Emerg Med 2018; 54:54-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2017.08.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
6
|
Vindigni SM, Lessing JN, Carlbom DJ. Hospital resuscitation teams: a review of the risks to the healthcare worker. J Intensive Care 2017; 5:59. [PMID: 29046809 PMCID: PMC5637256 DOI: 10.1186/s40560-017-0253-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background “Code blue” events and related resuscitation efforts involve multidisciplinary bedside teams that implement specialized interventions aimed at patient revival. Activities include performing effective chest compressions, assessing and restoring a perfusing cardiac rhythm, stabilizing the airway, and treating the underlying cause of the arrest. While the existing critical care literature has appropriately focused on the patient, there has been a dearth of information discussing the various stresses to the healthcare team. This review summarizes the available literature regarding occupational risks to medical emergency teams, characterizes these risks, offers preventive strategies to healthcare workers, and highlights further research needs. Methods We performed a literature search of PubMed for English articles of all types (randomized controlled trials, case-control and cohort studies, case reports and series, editorials and commentaries) through September 22, 2016, discussing potential occupational hazards during resuscitation scenarios. Of the 6266 articles reviewed, 73 relevant articles were included. Results The literature search identified six potential occupational risk categories to members of the resuscitation team—infectious, electrical, musculoskeletal, chemical, irradiative, and psychological. Retrieved articles were reviewed in detail by the authors. Conclusion Overall, we found there is limited evidence detailing the risks to healthcare workers performing resuscitation. We identify these risks and offer potential solutions. There are clearly numerous opportunities for further study in this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Vindigni
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Box 356424, Seattle, WA 98195-6424 USA
| | - Juan N Lessing
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, 13001 E 17th Place, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
| | - David J Carlbom
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195-6424 USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Perkins G, Handley A, Koster R, Castrén M, Smyth M, Olasveengen T, Monsieurs K, Raffay V, Gräsner JT, Wenzel V, Ristagno G, Soar J. [Adult basic life support and automated external defibrillation.]. Notf Rett Med 2017; 20:3-24. [PMID: 32214897 PMCID: PMC7087749 DOI: 10.1007/s10049-017-0328-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G.D. Perkins
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
- Critical Care Unit, Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - R.W. Koster
- Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Niederlande
| | - M. Castrén
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Services, Helsinki University Hospital and Helsinki University, Helsinki, Finnland
| | - M.A. Smyth
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
- West Midlands Ambulance Service NHS Foundation Trust, Dudley, UK
| | - T. Olasveengen
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Prehospital Emergency Medicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norwegen
| | - K.G. Monsieurs
- Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgien
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgien
| | - V. Raffay
- Municipal Institute for Emergency Medicine Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbien
| | - J.-T. Gräsner
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Deutschland
| | - V. Wenzel
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Österreich
| | - G. Ristagno
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche „Mario Negri“, Milan, Italien
| | - J. Soar
- Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Brady W, Berlat JA. Hands-on defibrillation during active chest compressions: eliminating another interruption. Am J Emerg Med 2016; 34:2172-2176. [PMID: 27645811 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2016.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
After decades of research, effective chest compressions have emerged as a key component of high-quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) for cardiac arrest patients. Minimizing interruptions in chest compressions is garnering increasing attention as a method to improve CPR quality and outcomes. Hands-on defibrillation has been suggested as both a safe and effective means of reducing interruptions in chest compressions. This article discusses the safety and efficacy of a novel and controversial method to reduce interruptions: hands-on defibrillation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William Brady
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908.
| | - Joshua A Berlat
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Deakin CD, Petley GW. Re: Wampler D, Kharod C, Bolleter S, Burkett A, Gabehart C, Manifold C. A randomized control hands-on defibrillation study – Barrier use evaluation. Resuscitation. 2016. Resuscitation 2016; 105:e13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2016.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
10
|
Perkins G, Handley A, Koster R, Castrén M, Smyth M, Olasveengen T, Monsieurs K, Raffay V, Gräsner JT, Wenzel V, Ristagno G, Soar J. [Adult basic life support and automated external defibrillation.]. Notf Rett Med 2015; 18:748-769. [PMID: 32214896 PMCID: PMC7088113 DOI: 10.1007/s10049-015-0081-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G.D. Perkins
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
- Critical Care Unit, Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - R.W. Koster
- Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Niederlande
| | - M. Castrén
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Services, Helsinki University Hospital and Helsinki University, Helsinki, Finnland
| | - M.A. Smyth
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
- West Midlands Ambulance Service NHS Foundation Trust, Dudley, UK
| | - T. Olasveengen
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Prehospital Emergency Medicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norwegen
| | - K.G. Monsieurs
- Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgien
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgien
| | - V. Raffay
- Municipal Institute for Emergency Medicine Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbien
| | - J.-T. Gräsner
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Deutschland
| | - V. Wenzel
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Österreich
| | - G. Ristagno
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche „Mario Negri“, Milan, Italien
| | - J. Soar
- Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2015: Section 2. Adult basic life support and automated external defibrillation. Resuscitation 2015; 95:81-99. [PMID: 26477420 DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2015.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 709] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
12
|
Kerber RE. Hands-on defibrillation: "Gloves as sweet as damask roses" (William Shakespeare: The winter's tale). Resuscitation 2015; 90:A6-7. [PMID: 25769510 DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2015.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard E Kerber
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Esibov A, Banville I, Chapman FW, Boomars R, Box M, Rubertsson S. Mechanical chest compressions improved aspects of CPR in the LINC trial. Resuscitation 2015; 91:116-21. [PMID: 25766094 DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2015.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
AIM We studied resuscitation process metrics in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest enrolled in a randomized trial comparing one protocol designed to best use a mechanical CPR device, with another based on the 2005 European Resuscitation Council guidelines for manual CPR. METHODS We analyzed clinical data, ECG signals, and transthoracic impedance signals for a subset of the patients in the LUCAS in Cardiac Arrest (LINC) trial, including 124 patients randomized to mechanical and 82 to manual CPR. Chest compression fraction (CCF) was defined as the fraction of time during cardiac arrest that chest compressions were administered. RESULTS Patients in the mechanical CPR group had a higher CCF than those in the manual CPR group [0.84 (0.78, 0.91) vs. 0.79 (0.70, 0.86), p < 0.001]. The median duration of their pauses for defibrillation was also shorter [0 s (0, 6.0) vs. 10.0 s (7.0, 14.3), p < 0.001]. Compressions were interrupted for a median of 36.0 s to apply the compression device. There was no difference between groups in duration of the longest pause in compressions [32.5s vs. 26.0 s, p = 0.24], number of compressions received per minute [86.5 vs. 88.3, p = 0.47], defibrillation success rate [73.2% vs. 81.0%, p = 0.15], or refibrillation rate [74% vs. 77%, p = 0.79]. CONCLUSIONS A protocol using mechanical chest compression devices reduced interruptions in chest compressions, and enabled defibrillation during ongoing compressions, without adversely affecting other resuscitation process metrics. Future emphasis on optimizing device deployment may be beneficial.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Esibov
- Physio-Control, Inc., 11811 Willows Road NE, Redmond, WA 98052, USA.
| | | | - Fred W Chapman
- Physio-Control, Inc., 11811 Willows Road NE, Redmond, WA 98052, USA
| | - René Boomars
- Regional Ambulance Service Utrecht, Jan van Eyck Lane 6, 3723 BC Bilthoven, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Martyn Box
- South Western Ambulance Service NHS Foundation Trust, Abbey Ct, Exeter EX2 7HY, England, United Kingdom
| | - Sten Rubertsson
- Department of Surgical Sciences/Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University, Akademiska sjukhuset entrence 70, 1 tr, Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Deakin CD. Re: Editorial ‘Keep your hands on the chest’. Resuscitation 2015; 88:e11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2014.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
15
|
Achieving safe hands-on defibrillation using electrical safety gloves--a clinical evaluation. Resuscitation 2015; 90:163-7. [PMID: 25725295 DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2014.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Safe hands-on defibrillation (HOD) will allow uninterrupted chest compression during defibrillation and may improve resuscitation success. We tested the ability of electrical insulating gloves to protect the rescuer during HOD using a 'worst case' electrical scenario. MATERIALS AND METHOD Leakage current flowing from the patient to the 'rescuer' during antero-lateral defibrillation of patients undergoing elective cardioversion was measured. The 'rescuer' maintained firm (20 kgf) contact with the patient during defibrillation, wearing Class 1 electrical insulating gloves while simulating an inadvertent contact with the patient, through an additional wired contact between 'rescuer' and patient. RESULTS Data from 61 shocks from 43 different patients were recorded. The median leakage current from all defibrillations was 20.0 μA, (range: 2.0-38.5). In total, 18 of the shocks were delivered at 360 J and had a median leakage current of 27.0 μA (range: 14.3-38.5). CONCLUSION When using Class 1 electrical insulating gloves for hands-on defibrillation, rescuer leakage current is significantly below the 1 mA safe threshold, allowing safe hands-on defibrillation if the rescuer makes only one other point of contact with the patient.
Collapse
|
16
|
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Haig
- Emergency Department, Great Western Hospital, Marlborough Road, Swindon SN3 6BB, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Thomsen JE, Petley GW, Deakin CD. Risk of injury to rescuers who use hands-on defibrillation. Resuscitation 2013; 84:e131-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2013.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
18
|
Kerber RE. Gloves to protect hands – and heart. Resuscitation 2013; 84:859-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2013.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
19
|
Petley GW, Deakin CD. Do clinical examination gloves provide adequate electrical insulation for safe hands-on defibrillation? II: Material integrity following exposure to defibrillation waveforms. Resuscitation 2013; 84:900-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2013.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2012] [Revised: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
20
|
Deakin CD, Lee-Shrewsbury V, Hogg K, Petley GW. Do clinical examination gloves provide adequate electrical insulation for safe hands-on defibrillation? I: Resistive properties of nitrile gloves. Resuscitation 2013; 84:895-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2013.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2012] [Revised: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
21
|
Weingart SD. A note of caution on the performance of hands-on biphasic defibrillation. Resuscitation 2013; 84:e53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2012.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
22
|
Deakin CD. Clinical examination gloves – Fit only for their intended purpose. Resuscitation 2012; 83:1421-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2012.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2012] [Accepted: 09/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|