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Kita K, Gawinowska M, Chełmińska M, Niedoszytko M. The Role of Exhaled Breath Condensate in Chronic Inflammatory and Neoplastic Diseases of the Respiratory Tract. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7395. [PMID: 39000502 PMCID: PMC11242091 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are among the most common chronic respiratory diseases. Chronic inflammation of the airways leads to an increased production of inflammatory markers by the effector cells of the respiratory tract and lung tissue. These biomarkers allow the assessment of physiological and pathological processes and responses to therapeutic interventions. Lung cancer, which is characterized by high mortality, is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers worldwide. Current screening methods and tissue biopsies have limitations that highlight the need for rapid diagnosis, patient differentiation, and effective management and monitoring. One promising non-invasive diagnostic method for respiratory diseases is the assessment of exhaled breath condensate (EBC). EBC contains a mixture of volatile and non-volatile biomarkers such as cytokines, leukotrienes, oxidative stress markers, and molecular biomarkers, providing significant information about inflammatory and neoplastic states in the lungs. This article summarizes the research on the application and development of EBC assessment in diagnosing and monitoring respiratory diseases, focusing on asthma, COPD, and lung cancer. The process of collecting condensate, potential issues, and selected groups of markers for detailed disease assessment in the future are discussed. Further research may contribute to the development of more precise and personalized diagnostic and treatment methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Kita
- Department of Allergology, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Marika Gawinowska
- Department of Allergology, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Marta Chełmińska
- Department of Allergology, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Marek Niedoszytko
- Department of Allergology, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland
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Seyfinejad B, Nemutlu E, Taghizadieh A, Khoubnasabjafari M, Ozkan SA, Jouyban A. Biomarkers in exhaled breath condensate as fingerprints of asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma-chronic obstructive pulmonary disease overlap: a critical review. Biomark Med 2023; 17:811-837. [PMID: 38179966 DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2023-0420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma-COPD overlap are the third leading cause of mortality around the world. They share some common features, which can lead to misdiagnosis. To properly manage these conditions, reliable markers for early and accurate diagnosis are needed. Over the past 20 years, many molecules have been investigated in the exhaled breath condensate to better understand inflammation pathways and mechanisms related to these disorders. Recently, more advanced techniques, such as sensitive metabolomic and proteomic profiling, have been used to obtain a more comprehensive understanding. This article reviews the use of targeted and untargeted metabolomic methodology to study asthma, COPD and asthma-COPD overlap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behrouz Seyfinejad
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center & Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Emirhan Nemutlu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, 06100, Turkiye
| | - Ali Taghizadieh
- Tuberculosis & Lung Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maryam Khoubnasabjafari
- Tuberculosis & Lung Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Anesthesiology & Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sibel A Ozkan
- Ankara University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Ankara, 06560, Turkiye
| | - Abolghasem Jouyban
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center & Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Near East University, PO Box 99138 Nicosia, North Cyprus, Mersin 10, Turkiye
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Ghelli F, Panizzolo M, Garzaro G, Squillacioti G, Bellisario V, Colombi N, Bergamaschi E, Guseva Canu I, Bono R. Inflammatory Biomarkers in Exhaled Breath Condensate: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179820. [PMID: 36077213 PMCID: PMC9456215 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a comprehensive set of physiological processes that an organism undertakes in response to a wide variety of foreign stimuli, such as viruses, bacteria, and inorganic particles. A key role is played by cytokines, protein-based chemical mediators produced by a broad range of cells, including the immune cells recruited in the inflammation site. The aim of this systematic review is to compare baseline values of pro/anti-inflammatory biomarkers measured in Exhaled Breath Condensate (EBC) in healthy, non-smoking adults to provide a summary of the concentrations reported in the literature. We focused on: interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and C reactive protein (CRP). Eligible articles were identified in PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane CENTRAL. Due to the wide differences in methodologies employed in the included articles concerning EBC sampling, storage, and analyses, research protocols were assessed specifically to test their adherence to the ATS/ERS Task Force guidelines on EBC. The development of reference intervals for these biomarkers can result in their introduction and use in both research and clinical settings, not only for monitoring purposes but also, in the perspective of future longitudinal studies, as predictive parameters for the onset and development of chronic diseases with inflammatory aetiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Ghelli
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Marco Panizzolo
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Giacomo Garzaro
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Giulia Squillacioti
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Valeria Bellisario
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Colombi
- Federated Library of Medicine “F. Rossi”, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Enrico Bergamaschi
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Irina Guseva Canu
- Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, 1066 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Roberto Bono
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
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The health effects of wearing facemasks on cardiopulmonary system of healthy young adults: A double-blinded, randomized crossover trial. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2021; 236:113806. [PMID: 34265631 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2021.113806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Facemask had increasingly been utilized as a personal protective measure to reduce exposure to ambient particulate matter (PM) during heavily-polluted days and routine life. However, evidence on the potential effects on cardiovascular system by wearing particulate-filtering facemask was limited. METHODS We conducted a double-blinded randomized crossover trial (RCT) to evaluate the effects of wearing N95 facemasks on the molecular responses of cardiopulmonary system among 52 healthy college students in Beijing, China. We measured cardiopulmonary health indicators and collected biological samples before and after (up to 5 h at multiple time points) a 2-h walk to examine the changes in lung function, biomarkers of respiratory and systemic oxidative stress/inflammation. We applied linear mixed-effect models to evaluate the effect of the facemask-intervention on the health of cardio-pulmonary system. RESULTS In the trial wearing real facemasks, FEV1 increased by 2.05% (95% CI: 0.27%-3.87%), 2.80% (95% CI: 1.00%-4.63%), and 2.87% (95% CI: 1.07%-4.70%) at V1 (30-min), V2 (3-h), and V3 (5-h) after the 2-h walk outsides, respectively. Compared with participants wearing the sham mask, the percentage change of nitrate in EBC was lower among those wearing the real mask. After the 2-h exposure, urinary MDA levels increased compared to the baseline in both trials. Real trial was lower than sham trial for 6 cytokines (i.e., IL-6, IL-10, IL-13, IL-17A, IFN-γ and TNF-α) in serum at 5-h post-exposure. Wearing facemasks on polluted days produced better improvement, however, on cleaner days, the improvement was weaker. CONCLUSIONS Short-term use of N95 facemasks appeared to effectively reduce the levels of lung function declines, the respiratory oxidative stress, and the systemic inflammation/oxidative stress which may be induced by short-term exposure to PM. Wearing facemasks on polluted days (PM2.5 > 75 μg/m3) presented larger beneficial effects on the cardiopulmonary health than in clean days (PM2.5 < 75 μg/m3).
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Lin X, Fan Y, Wang X, Chi M, Li X, Zhang X, Sun D. Correlation Between Tumor Necrosis Factor-α and Interleukin-1β in Exhaled Breath Condensate and Pulmonary Function. Am J Med Sci 2017; 354:388-394. [PMID: 29078843 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjms.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Pirozzi C, Sturrock A, Carey P, Whipple S, Haymond H, Baker J, Weng HY, Greene T, Scholand MB, Kanner R, Paine R. Respiratory effects of particulate air pollution episodes in former smokers with and without chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a panel study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1186/s40749-015-0004-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Pirozzi C, Sturrock A, Weng HY, Greene T, Scholand MB, Kanner R, Paine R. Effect of naturally occurring ozone air pollution episodes on pulmonary oxidative stress and inflammation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:5061-75. [PMID: 25985308 PMCID: PMC4454954 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120505061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine if naturally occurring episodes of ozone air pollution in the Salt Lake Valley in Utah, USA, during the summer are associated with increased pulmonary inflammation and oxidative stress, increased respiratory symptoms, and decreased lung function in individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) compared to controls. We measured biomarkers (nitrite/nitrate (NOx), 8-isoprostane) in exhaled breath condensate (EBC), spirometry, and respiratory symptoms in 11 former smokers with moderate-to-severe COPD and nine former smokers without airflow obstruction during periods of low and high ozone air pollution. High ozone levels were associated with increased NOx in EBC in both COPD (8.7 (±8.5) vs. 28.6 (±17.6) μmol/L on clean air vs. pollution days, respectively, p < 0.01) and control participants (7.6 (±16.5) vs. 28.5 (±15.6) μmol/L on clean air vs. pollution days, respectively, p = 0.02). There was no difference in pollution effect between COPD and control groups, and no difference in EBC 8-isoprostane, pulmonary function, or respiratory symptoms between clean air and pollution days in either group. Former smokers both with and without airflow obstruction developed airway oxidative stress and inflammation in association with ozone air pollution episodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl Pirozzi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Utah, 26 North 1900 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA.
| | - Anne Sturrock
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Utah, 26 North 1900 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA.
| | - Hsin-Yi Weng
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA.
| | - Tom Greene
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Epidemiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA.
| | - Mary Beth Scholand
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Utah, 26 North 1900 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA.
| | - Richard Kanner
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Utah, 26 North 1900 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA.
| | - Robert Paine
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Utah, 26 North 1900 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA.
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Hengerics Szabó A, Podolec P, Ferenczy V, Kubinec R, Blaško J, Soják L, Górová R, Addová G, Ostrovský I, Višňovský J, Bierhanzl V, Čabala R, Amann A. The analysis of linear and monomethylalkanes in exhaled breath samples by GC×GC-FID and GC–MS/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 978-979:62-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Early effect of tidal volume on lung injury biomarkers in surgical patients with healthy lungs. Anesthesiology 2014; 121:469-81. [PMID: 24809976 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000000301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The early biological impact of short-term mechanical ventilation on healthy lungs is unknown. The authors aimed to characterize the immediate tidal volume (VT)-related changes on lung injury biomarkers in patients with healthy lungs and low risk of pulmonary complications. METHODS Twenty-eight healthy patients for knee replacement surgery were prospectively randomized to volume-controlled ventilation with VT 6 (VT6) or 10 (VT10) ml/kg predicted body weight. General anesthesia and other ventilatory parameters (positive end-expiratory pressure, 5 cm H2O, FIO2, 0.5, respiratory rate titrated for normocapnia) were managed similarly in the two groups. Exhaled breath condensate and blood samples were collected for nitrite, nitrate, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukins-1β, -6, -8, -10, -11, neutrophil elastase, and Clara Cell protein 16 measurements, at the onset of ventilation and 60 min later. RESULTS No significant differences in biomarkers were detected between the VT groups at any time. The coefficient of variation of exhaled breath condensate nitrite and nitrate decreased in the VT6 but increased in the VT10 group after 60-min ventilation. Sixty-minute ventilation significantly increased plasma neutrophil elastase levels in the VT6 (35.2 ± 30.4 vs. 56.4 ± 51.7 ng/ml, P = 0.008) and Clara Cell protein 16 levels in the VT10 group (16.4 ± 8.8 vs. 18.7 ± 9.5 ng/ml, P = 0.015). Exhaled breath condensate nitrite correlated with plateau pressure (r = 0.27, P = 0.042) and plasma neutrophil elastase (r = 0.44, P = 0.001). Plasma Clara Cell protein 16 correlated with compliance (r = 0.34, P = 0.014). CONCLUSIONS No tidal volume-related changes were observed in the selected lung injury biomarkers of patients with healthy lungs after 60-min ventilation. Plasma neutrophil elastase and plasma Clara Cell protein 16 might indicate atelectrauma and lung distention, respectively.
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Hackett TL, Shaheen F, Zhou S, Wright JL, Churg A. Fibroblast Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 4 Drives Cigarette Smoke–Induced Airway Fibrosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2014; 51:830-9. [DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2013-0369oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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Laumbach RJ, Kipen HM, Ko S, Kelly-McNeil K, Cepeda C, Pettit A, Ohman-Strickland P, Zhang L, Zhang J, Gong J, Veleeparambil M, Gow AJ. A controlled trial of acute effects of human exposure to traffic particles on pulmonary oxidative stress and heart rate variability. Part Fibre Toxicol 2014; 11:45. [PMID: 25361615 PMCID: PMC4236446 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-014-0045-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background For many individuals, daily commuting activities on roadways account for a substantial proportion of total exposure, as well as peak-level exposures, to traffic-related air pollutants (TRAPS) including ultrafine particles, but the health impacts of these exposures are not well-understood. We sought to determine if exposure to TRAPs particles during commuting causes acute oxidative stress in the respiratory tract or changes in heart rate variability (HRV), a measure of autonomic activity. Methods We conducted a randomized, cross-over trial in which twenty-one young adults took two 1.5-hr rides in a passenger vehicle in morning rush-hour traffic. The subjects wore a powered-air-purifying respirator, and were blinded to high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filtration during one of the rides. At time points before and after the rides, we measured HRV and markers of oxidative stress in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) including nitrite, the sum of nitrite and nitrate, malondialdehyde, and 8-isoprostane. We used mixed linear models to evaluate the effect of exposure on EBC and HRV outcomes, adjusting for pre-exposure response levels. We used linear models to examine the effects of particle concentrations on EBC outcomes at post-exposure time points. Results Mean EBC nitrite and the sum of nitrite and nitrate were increased from baseline at immediately post-exposure comparing unfiltered to filtered rides (2.11 μM vs 1.70 μM, p = 0.02 and 19.1 μM vs 10.0 μM, p = 0.02, respectively). Mean EBC malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations were about 10% greater following the unfiltered vs. filtered exposures, although this result was not statistically significant. We found no significant associations between exposure to traffic particles and HRV outcomes at any of the time points. At immediately post-exposure, an interquartile range increase in particle number concentration was associated with statistically significant increases in nitrite (99.4%, 95% CI 32.1% to 166.7%) and nitrite + nitrate (75.7%, 95% CI 21.5% to 130.0%). Conclusions Increases in markers of oxidative stress in EBC may represent early biological responses to widespread exposures to TRAPs particles that affect passengers in vehicles on heavily trafficked roadways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Laumbach
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine and the Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 170 Frelinghuysen Rd, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
| | - Howard M Kipen
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine and the Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 170 Frelinghuysen Rd, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
| | - Susan Ko
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine and the Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 170 Frelinghuysen Rd, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
| | - Kathie Kelly-McNeil
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine and the Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 170 Frelinghuysen Rd, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
| | - Clarimel Cepeda
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine and the Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 170 Frelinghuysen Rd, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
| | - Ashley Pettit
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine and the Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 170 Frelinghuysen Rd, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
| | | | - Lin Zhang
- Nicholas School of the Environment and Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, 450 Research Dr, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.
| | - Junfeng Zhang
- Nicholas School of the Environment and Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, 450 Research Dr, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.
| | - Jicheng Gong
- Nicholas School of the Environment and Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, 450 Research Dr, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.
| | - Manoj Veleeparambil
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.
| | - Andrew J Gow
- Pharmacy and Toxicology, Rutgers University, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
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Abstract
Over the past three decades, the goal of many researchers is analysis of exhaled breath condensate (EBC) as noninvasively obtained sample. A total quality in laboratory diagnostic processes in EBC analysis was investigated: pre-analytical (formation, collection, storage of EBC), analytical (sensitivity of applied methods, standardization) and post-analytical (interpretation of results) phases. EBC analysis is still used as a research tool. Limitations referred to pre-analytical, analytical, and post-analytical phases of EBC analysis are numerous, e.g. low concentrations of EBC constituents, single-analyte methods lack in sensitivity, and multi-analyte has not been fully explored, and reference values are not established. When all, pre-analytical, analytical and post-analytical requirements are met, EBC biomarkers as well as biomarker patterns can be selected and EBC analysis can hopefully be used in clinical practice, in both, the diagnosis and in the longitudinal follow-up of patients, resulting in better outcome of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slavica Dodig
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis, Srebrnjak Children's Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia.
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Breath tests in respiratory and critical care medicine: from research to practice in current perspectives. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:702896. [PMID: 24151617 PMCID: PMC3789325 DOI: 10.1155/2013/702896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Today, exhaled nitric oxide has been studied the most, and most researches have now focused on asthma. More than a thousand different volatile organic compounds have been observed in low concentrations in normal human breath. Alkanes and methylalkanes, the majority of breath volatile organic compounds, have been increasingly used by physicians as a novel method to diagnose many diseases without discomforts of invasive procedures. None of the individual exhaled volatile organic compound alone is specific for disease. Exhaled breath analysis techniques may be available to diagnose and monitor the diseases in home setting when their sensitivity and specificity are improved in the future.
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Biomarkers in Exhaled Breath Condensate and Serum of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. Int J Chronic Dis 2013; 2013:578613. [PMID: 26464846 PMCID: PMC4590922 DOI: 10.1155/2013/578613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung cancer are leading causes of deaths worldwide which are associated with chronic inflammation and oxidative stress. Lung cancer, in particular, has a very high mortality rate due to the characteristically late diagnosis. As such, identification of novel biomarkers which allow for early diagnosis of these diseases could improve outcome and survival rate. Markers of oxidative stress in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) are examples of potential diagnostic markers for both COPD and non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). They may even be useful in monitoring treatment response. In the serum, S100A8, S100A9, and S100A12 of the S100 proteins are proinflammatory markers. They have been indicated in several inflammatory diseases and cancers including secondary metastasis into the lung. It is highly likely that they not only have the potential to be diagnostic biomarkers for NSCLC but also prognostic indicators and therapeutic targets.
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Stefanska J, Sarniak A, Wlodarczyk A, Sokolowska M, Doniec Z, Bialasiewicz P, Nowak D, Pawliczak R. Hydrogen peroxide and nitrite reduction in exhaled breath condensate of COPD patients. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2012; 25:343-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Revised: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Papaioannou AI, Loukides S, Minas M, Kontogianni K, Bakakos P, Gourgoulianis KI, Alchanatis M, Papiris S, Kostikas K. Exhaled breath condensate pH as a biomarker of COPD severity in ex-smokers. Respir Res 2011; 12:67. [PMID: 21600044 PMCID: PMC3120669 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-12-67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Accepted: 05/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Endogenous airway acidification, as assessed by exhaled breath condensate (EBC) pH, is present in patients with stable COPD. The aim of this study was to measure EBC pH levels in a large cohort of COPD patients and to evaluate associations with functional parameters according to their smoking status.EBC was collected from 161 patients with stable COPD and 112 controls (current and ex-smokers). EBC pH was measured after Argon deaeration and all subjects underwent pulmonary function testing.EBC pH was lower in COPD patients compared to controls [7.21 (7.02, 7.44) vs. 7.50 (7.40, 7.66); p < 0.001] and ex-smokers with COPD had lower EBC pH compared to current smokers [7.16 (6.89, 7.36) vs 7.24 (7.09, 7.54), p = 0.03]. In ex-smokers with COPD, EBC pH was lower in patients with GOLD stage III and IV compared to patients with stage I disease (p = 0.026 and 0.004 respectively). No differences were observed among current smokers with different disease severity. EBC pH levels in ex-smokers were associated with static hyperinflation (as expressed by IC/TLC ratio), air trapping (as expressed by RV/TLC ratio) and diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide, whereas no associations were observed in current smokers.Endogenous airway acidification is related to disease severity and to parameters expressing hyperinflation and air trapping in ex-smokers with COPD. The possible role of EBC pH in COPD needs to be further evaluated in longitudinal studies.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The collection of exhaled breath condensate (EBC) is a noninvasive method for evaluation of airway inflammation. This article reviews recent data concerning the ability of EBC markers to reflect alterations in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or environment and occupation-induced changes. RECENT FINDINGS The recovery of biomarkers in EBC is affected by physical characteristics of the condensing device and collecting circumstances as well as environmental conditions or exercise. The complexities of nitrogen oxide chemistry make assessment of nitric oxide metabolites in EBC and exhaled nitric oxide complementary. Analysing of EBC markers is valuable in asthma, as changes were reported irrespective of current anti-inflammatory treatment or atopic status as well as in monitoring cigarette smoking-related airway inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. Hyperinflation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease might be a potential confounder for the level of inflammation markers in EBC. In general, patterns of markers are likely to more accurately reflect the complex pathophysiological processes and therefore should be evaluated rather than a single marker. SUMMARY EBC might be of particular interest in preventive medicine as inflammatory processes triggered may precede changes in lung function. Robust and easy-to-handle condensing devices and analytical methods are warranted to spread the use of EBC.
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Current world literature. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2009; 9:79-85. [PMID: 19106700 DOI: 10.1097/aci.0b013e328323adb4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Bibliography. Current world literature. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2009; 15:170-7. [PMID: 19225311 DOI: 10.1097/mcp.0b013e3283276f69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This bibliography is compiled by clinicians from the journals listed at the end of this publication. It is based on literature entered into our database between 1 November 2007 and 31 October 2008 (articles are generally added to the database about two and a half months after publication). In addition, the bibliography contains every paper annotated by reviewers; these references were obtained from a variety of bibliographic databases and published between the beginning of the review period and the time of going to press. The bibliography has been grouped into topics that relate to the reviews in this issue.
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Grob NM, Aytekin M, Dweik RA. Biomarkers in exhaled breath condensate: a review of collection, processing and analysis. J Breath Res 2008; 2:037004. [PMID: 21386165 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/2/3/037004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) is a potential rich source for countless biomarkers that can provide valuable information about respiratory as well as systemic diseases. EBC has been studied in a variety of diseases including allergic rhinitis, asthma, chronic obstructive lung disease, cystic fibrosis, lung cancer, and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Although numerous biomarkers have been discovered and studied in EBC, the methods of collection and biomarker detection have not been fully standardized. While leaving standardization methods up to individual labs for the present time is optimal for the continued discovery of new biomarkers in EBC, this decreases the reproducibility and generalizability of the findings. In this review we will discuss specific biomarkers studied in specific diseases as well as some of the related technical issues including collection, processing and analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Grob
- Department of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine/Respiratory Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA. Pathobiology/Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA. Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Owens RL, Stigler WS, Hess DR. Do newer monitors of exhaled gases, mechanics, and esophageal pressure add value? Clin Chest Med 2008; 29:297-312, vi-vii. [PMID: 18440438 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccm.2008.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The current understanding of lung mechanics and ventilator-induced lung injury suggests that patients who have acute respiratory distress syndrome should be ventilated in such a way as to minimize alveolar over-distension and repeated alveolar collapse. Clinical trials have used such lung protective strategies and shown a reduction in mortality; however, there is data that these "one-size fits all" strategies do not work equally well in all patients. This article reviews other methods that may prove useful in monitoring for potential lung injury: exhaled breath condensate, pressure-volume curves, and esophageal manometry. The authors explore the concepts, benefits, difficulties, and relevant clinical trials of each.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Owens
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Unit, Cox 2, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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