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Karpe AV, Beale DJ, Tran CD. Intelligent Biological Networks: Improving Anti-Microbial Resistance Resilience through Nutritional Interventions to Understand Protozoal Gut Infections. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1800. [PMID: 37512972 PMCID: PMC10383877 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11071800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteric protozoan pathogenic infections significantly contribute to the global burden of gastrointestinal illnesses. Their occurrence is considerable within remote and indigenous communities and regions due to reduced access to clean water and adequate sanitation. The robustness of these pathogens leads to a requirement of harsh treatment methods, such as medicinal drugs or antibiotics. However, in addition to protozoal infection itself, these treatments impact the gut microbiome and create dysbiosis. This often leads to opportunistic pathogen invasion, anti-microbial resistance, or functional gastrointestinal disorders, such as irritable bowel syndrome. Moreover, these impacts do not remain confined to the gut and are reflected across the gut-brain, gut-liver, and gut-lung axes, among others. Therefore, apart from medicinal treatment, nutritional supplementation is also a key aspect of providing recovery from this dysbiosis. Future proteins, prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics, and food formulations offer a good solution to remedy this dysbiosis. Furthermore, nutritional supplementation also helps to build resilience against opportunistic pathogens and potential future infections and disorders that may arise due to the dysbiosis. Systems biology techniques have shown to be highly effective tools to understand the biochemistry of these processes. Systems biology techniques characterize the fundamental host-pathogen interaction biochemical pathways at various infection and recovery stages. This same mechanism also allows the impact of the abovementioned treatment methods of gut microbiome remediation to be tracked. This manuscript discusses system biology approaches, analytical techniques, and interaction and association networks, to understand (1) infection mechanisms and current global status; (2) cross-organ impacts of dysbiosis, particularly within the gut-liver and gut-lung axes; and (3) nutritional interventions. This study highlights the impact of anti-microbial resistance and multi-drug resistance from the perspective of protozoal infections. It also highlights the role of nutritional interventions to add resilience against the chronic problems caused by these phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash V Karpe
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Black Mountain Science and Innovation Park, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia
- Socio-Eternal Thinking for Unity (SETU), Melbourne, VIC 3805, Australia
| | - David J Beale
- Environment, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Ecosciences Precinct, Dutton Park, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Cuong D Tran
- Health and Biosecurity, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Gate 13 Kintore Ave., Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
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Changes in the Th9 cell population and related cytokines in the peripheral blood of infants with recurrent wheezing. Cent Eur J Immunol 2020; 45:60-68. [PMID: 32425681 PMCID: PMC7226556 DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2020.94683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction T helper type 9 (Th9) cells have been shown to play a key role in initiating allergic reactions and promoting airway inflammation. However, to the best of our knowledge, their role has not been analyzed in infants with recurrent wheezing. Material and methods We performed a case-control study including 34 infants with recurrent wheezing and the same number of healthy infants as controls; all subjects were aged 1- to 3-years-old. The Th9 cell populations in the peripheral blood of these subjects were analyzed using flow cytometry, along with the assessment of Th9- and Th2-related plasma cytokine levels, including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, IL-10, IL-13, IL-17A, and IL-33, and transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) using a Luminex 200 immunoassay. Results Our results indicatedthat infants with recurrent wheezing had higher percentages of Th9 cells (median, 0.69%; range, 0.46-1.08%) as compared to healthy infants (median, 0.25%, range, 0.13-0.36%; p < 0.05). In addition, infants with recurrent wheezing also exhibited higher plasma levels of cytokines IL-4, IL-9, IL-10, IL-33, and TGF-β1. Furthermore, the percentage of Th9 cells was positively correlated with the levels of IL-4 (r = 0.408, p < 0.05) and IL-9 (r = 0.644, p < 0.05) in the peripheral blood of wheezing infants. Conclusions Our findings suggest that the percentage of Th9 cells is increased in infants with recurrent wheezing; thus, Th9 cells may play an important role in the pathogenesis of recurrent wheezing.
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Burgess SL, Oka A, Liu B, Bolick DT, Oakland DN, Guerrant RL, Bartelt L. Intestinal parasitic infection alters bone marrow derived dendritic cell inflammatory cytokine production in response to bacterial endotoxin in a diet-dependent manner. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007515. [PMID: 31260452 PMCID: PMC6602177 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Giardia lamblia is a common intestinal parasitic infection that although often acutely asymptomatic, is associated with debilitating chronic intestinal and extra-intestinal sequelae. In previously healthy adults, a primary sporadic Giardia infection can lead to gut dysfunction and fatigue. These symptoms correlate with markers of inflammation that persist well after the infection is cleared. In contrast, in endemic settings, first exposure occurs in children who are frequently malnourished and also co-infected with other enteropathogens. In these children, Giardia rarely causes symptoms and associates with several decreased markers of inflammation. Mechanisms underlying these disparate and potentially enduring outcomes following Giardia infection are not presently well understood. A body of work suggests that the outcome of experimental Giardia infection is influenced by the nutritional status of the host. Here, we explore the consequences of experimental Giardia infection under conditions of protein sufficiency or deficiency on cytokine responses of ex vivo bone marrow derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) to endotoxin stimulation. We show that BMDCs from Giardia- challenged mice on a protein sufficient diet produce more IL-23 when compared to uninfected controls whereas BMDCs from Giardia challenged mice fed a protein deficient diet do not. Further, in vivo co-infection with Giardia attenuates robust IL-23 responses in endotoxin-stimulated BMDCs from protein deficient mice harboring enteroaggregative Escherichia coli. These results suggest that intestinal Giardia infection may have extra-intestinal effects on BMDC inflammatory cytokine production in a diet dependent manner, and that Giardia may influence the severity of the innate immune response to other enteropathogens. This work supports recent findings that intestinal microbial exposure may have lasting influences on systemic inflammatory responses, and may provide better understanding of potential mechanisms of post-infectious sequelae and clinical variation during Giardia and enteropathogen co-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey L. Burgess
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Akihiko Oka
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease and the Departments of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Bo Liu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - David T. Bolick
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - David Noah Oakland
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Richard L. Guerrant
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Luther Bartelt
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease and the Departments of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
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Rahman Fink N, Chawes BL, Thorsen J, Stokholm J, Krogfelt KA, Schjørring S, Kragh M, Bønnelykke K, Brix S, Bisgaard H. Neonates colonized with pathogenic bacteria in the airways have a low-grade systemic inflammation. Allergy 2018; 73:2150-2159. [PMID: 29672858 DOI: 10.1111/all.13461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The development of childhood asthma is associated with neonatal colonization with pathogenic bacteria in hypopharynx. Furthermore, established asthma is associated with systemic low-grade inflammation. We here report on the association between neonatal colonization with pathogenic bacteria in hypopharynx and the development of systemic low-grade inflammation. METHODS Bacterial colonization of the hypopharynx with Moraxella catharralis, Haemophilus influenzae, and/or Streptococcus pneumoniae was assessed in asymptomatic children from the Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood2000 (COPSAC2000 ) cohort at age 1 month by culturing technique (N = 238) and by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) technique (N = 249) and in the COPSAC2010 cohort by culturing at age 1 month (N = 622) and again at age 3 months (N = 613). Systemic low-grade inflammation was determined in both cohorts at age 6 months by measuring plasma levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (lL-6). RESULTS In both cohorts, bacterial colonization was associated with increased levels of hs-CRP: COPSAC2000 , 1 month culturing (geometric mean ratio of colonized/noncolonized [95% CI]), 1.39 [0.97-2.01], P = .08; 1 month qPCR, 1.55 [1.14-2.10], P < .01; COPSAC2010 , 1 month, 1.52 [1.23-1.87], P < .01; and 3 month, 1.57 [1.30-1.90], P < .01. A multiparametric principal component analysis incorporating hs-CRP, TNF-α, and IL-6 confirmed a systemic inflammatory profile in children colonized with M. catharralis, H. influenzae. and/or S. pneumoniae in the hypopharynx compared to noncolonized children (P-values < .05). CONCLUSION The composition of the upper airway microbiome in early life may cause systemic low-grade inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Rahman Fink
- COPSAC; Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood; Herlev and Gentofte Hospital; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - B. L. Chawes
- COPSAC; Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood; Herlev and Gentofte Hospital; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - J. Thorsen
- COPSAC; Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood; Herlev and Gentofte Hospital; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - J. Stokholm
- COPSAC; Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood; Herlev and Gentofte Hospital; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - K. A. Krogfelt
- Bacterial Infections; Department of Bacteria; Parasites and Fungi; Statens Serum Institut; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - S. Schjørring
- Bacterial Infections; Department of Bacteria; Parasites and Fungi; Statens Serum Institut; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - M. Kragh
- Disease Systems Immunology; Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine; Technical University of Denmark; Lyngby Denmark
| | - K. Bønnelykke
- COPSAC; Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood; Herlev and Gentofte Hospital; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - S. Brix
- Disease Systems Immunology; Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine; Technical University of Denmark; Lyngby Denmark
| | - H. Bisgaard
- COPSAC; Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood; Herlev and Gentofte Hospital; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
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Shores DR, Everett AD. Children as Biomarker Orphans: Progress in the Field of Pediatric Biomarkers. J Pediatr 2018; 193:14-20.e31. [PMID: 29031860 PMCID: PMC5794519 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2017.08.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Darla R Shores
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.
| | - Allen D Everett
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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Pre-pregnancy exposure to diesel exhaust predisposes offspring to asthma through IL-1β and IL-17A. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 141:1118-1122.e3. [PMID: 28943469 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Lu M, Zhou J, Naylor C, Kirkpatrick BD, Haque R, Petri WA, Ma JZ. Application of penalized linear regression methods to the selection of environmental enteropathy biomarkers. Biomark Res 2017; 5:9. [PMID: 28293424 PMCID: PMC5345248 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-017-0089-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Environmental Enteropathy (EE) is a subclinical condition caused by constant fecal-oral contamination and resulting in blunting of intestinal villi and intestinal inflammation. Of primary interest in the clinical research is to evaluate the association between non-invasive EE biomarkers and malnutrition in a cohort of Bangladeshi children. The challenges are that the number of biomarkers/covariates is relatively large, and some of them are highly correlated. METHODS Many variable selection methods are available in the literature, but which are most appropriate for EE biomarker selection remains unclear. In this study, different variable selection approaches were applied and the performance of these methods was assessed numerically through simulation studies, assuming the correlations among covariates were similar to those in the Bangladesh cohort. The suggested methods from simulations were applied to the Bangladesh cohort to select the most relevant biomarkers for the growth response, and bootstrapping methods were used to evaluate the consistency of selection results. RESULTS Through simulation studies, SCAD (Smoothly Clipped Absolute Deviation), Adaptive LASSO (Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator) and MCP (Minimax Concave Penalty) are the suggested variable selection methods, compared to traditional stepwise regression method. In the Bangladesh data, predictors such as mother weight, height-for-age z-score (HAZ) at week 18, and inflammation markers (Myeloperoxidase (MPO) at week 12 and soluable CD14 at week 18) are informative biomarkers associated with children's growth. CONCLUSIONS Penalized linear regression methods are plausible alternatives to traditional variable selection methods, and the suggested methods are applicable to other biomedical studies. The selected early-stage biomarkers offer a potential explanation for the burden of malnutrition problems in low-income countries, allow early identification of infants at risk, and suggest pathways for intervention. TRIAL REGISTRATION This study was retrospectively registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01375647, on June 3, 2011.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Lu
- Department of Statistics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA
| | - Jianhui Zhou
- Department of Statistics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA
| | - Caitlin Naylor
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA
| | - Beth D. Kirkpatrick
- Department of Medicine and Vaccine Testing Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, USA
| | - Rashidul Haque
- The International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - William A. Petri
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA
| | - Jennie Z. Ma
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA
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