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Azarkin M, Kirakosyan M, Ryabov V. Microdosimetric Simulation of Gold-Nanoparticle-Enhanced Radiotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:9525. [PMID: 39273472 PMCID: PMC11395083 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25179525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2024] [Revised: 08/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Conventional X-ray therapy (XRT) is commonly applied to suppress cancerous tumors; however, it often inflicts collateral damage to nearby healthy tissue. In order to provide a better conformity of the dose distribution in the irradiated tumor, proton therapy (PT) is increasingly being used to treat solid tumors. Furthermore, radiosensitization with gold nanoparticles (GNPs) has been extensively studied to increase the therapeutic ratio. The mechanism of radiosensitization is assumed to be connected to an enhancement of the absorbed dose due to huge photoelectric cross-sections with gold. Nevertheless, numerous theoretical studies, mostly based on Monte Carlo (MC) simulations, did not provide a consistent and thorough picture of dose enhancement and, therefore, the radiosensitization effect. Radiosensitization by nanoparticles in PT is even less studied than in XRT. Therefore, we investigate the physics picture of GNP-enhanced RT using an MC simulation with Geant4 equipped with the most recent physics models, taking into account a wide range of physics processes relevant for realistic PT and XRT. Namely, we measured dose enhancement factors in the vicinity of GNP, with diameters ranging from 10 nm to 80 nm. The dose enhancement in the vicinity of GNP reaches high values for XRT, while it is very modest for PT. The macroscopic dose enhancement factors for realistic therapeutic GNP concentrations are rather low for all RT scenarios; therefore, other physico-chemical and biological mechanisms should be additionally invoked for an explanation of the radiosensitization effect observed in many experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim Azarkin
- P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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Liu J, Wu J, Chen T, Yang B, Liu X, Xi J, Zhang Z, Gao Y, Li Z. Enhancing X-Ray Sensitization with Multifunctional Nanoparticles. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2400954. [PMID: 38676336 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202400954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
In the progression of X-ray-based radiotherapy for the treatment of cancer, the incorporation of nanoparticles (NPs) has a transformative impact. This study investigates the potential of NPs, particularly those comprised of high atomic number elements, as radiosensitizers. This aims to optimize localized radiation doses within tumors, thereby maximizing therapeutic efficacy while preserving surrounding tissues. The multifaceted applications of NPs in radiotherapy encompass collaborative interactions with chemotherapeutic, immunotherapeutic, and targeted pharmaceuticals, along with contributions to photodynamic/photothermal therapy, imaging enhancement, and the integration of artificial intelligence technology. Despite promising preclinical outcomes, the paper acknowledges challenges in the clinical translation of these findings. The conclusion maintains an optimistic stance, emphasizing ongoing trials and technological advancements that bolster personalized treatment approaches. The paper advocates for continuous research and clinical validation, envisioning the integration of NPs as a revolutionary paradigm in cancer therapy, ultimately enhancing patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Liu
- Department of Oncology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410011, China
| | - JunYong Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410011, China
| | - Taili Chen
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410008, China
| | - Bin Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shaodong People's Hospital, Shaoyang, Hunan Province, 422800, China
| | - XiangPing Liu
- Department of Neurology, Shaodong People's Hospital, Shaoyang, Hunan Province, 422800, China
| | - Jing Xi
- Department of Nephrology, Changde Hospital, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University (The First People's Hospital of Changde City), Changde, Hunan Province, 415000, China
| | - Ziyang Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119276, Singapore
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117544, Singapore
| | - Yawen Gao
- Department of Oncology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410011, China
| | - ZhiHong Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410011, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Tumor Models and Individualized Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410011, China
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Moloudi K, Khani A, Najafi M, Azmoonfar R, Azizi M, Nekounam H, Sobhani M, Laurent S, Samadian H. Critical parameters to translate gold nanoparticles as radiosensitizing agents into the clinic. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 15:e1886. [PMID: 36987630 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Radiotherapy is an inevitable choice for cancer treatment that is applied as combinatorial therapy along with surgery and chemotherapy. Nevertheless, radiotherapy at high doses kills normal and tumor cells at the same time. In addition, some tumor cells are resistant to radiotherapy. Recently, many researchers have focused on high-Z nanomaterials as radiosensitizers for radiotherapy. Among them, gold nanoparticles (GNPs) have shown remarkable potential due to their promising physical, chemical, and biological properties. Although few clinical trial studies have been performed on drug delivery and photosensitization with lasers, GNPs have not yet received Food and Drug Administration approval for use in radiotherapy. The sensitization effects of GNPs are dependent on their concentration in cells and x-ray energy deposition during radiotherapy. Notably, some limitations related to the properties of the GNPs, including their size, shape, surface charge, and ligands, and the radiation source energy should be resolved. At the first, this review focuses on some of the challenges of using GNPs as radiosensitizers and some biases among in vitro/in vivo, Monte Carlo, and clinical studies. Then, we discuss the challenges in the clinical translation of GNPs as radiosensitizers for radiotherapy and proposes feasible solutions. And finally, we suggest that certain areas be considered in future research. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > NA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kave Moloudi
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Alley School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- Department of Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Ali Khani
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Alley School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Najafi
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Alley School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Rasool Azmoonfar
- Department of Radiology, School of Paramedical Sciences, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mehdi Azizi
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Dental Implants Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Houra Nekounam
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mahsa Sobhani
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sophie Laurent
- Department of General, Organic and Biomedical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, NMR and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | - Hadi Samadian
- Dental Implants Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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Tarantino S, Capomolla C, Carlà A, Giotta L, Cascione M, Ingrosso C, Scarpa E, Rizzello L, Caricato AP, Rinaldi R, De Matteis V. Shape-Driven Response of Gold Nanoparticles to X-rays. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2719. [PMID: 37836360 PMCID: PMC10574111 DOI: 10.3390/nano13192719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Radiotherapy (RT) involves delivering X-ray beams to the tumor site to trigger DNA damage. In this approach, it is fundamental to preserve healthy cells and to confine the X-ray beam only to the malignant cells. The integration of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) in the X-ray methodology could be considered a powerful tool to improve the efficacy of RT. Indeed, AuNPs have proven to be excellent allies in contrasting tumor pathology upon RT due to their high photoelectric absorption coefficient and unique physiochemical properties. However, an analysis of their physical and morphological reaction to X-ray exposure is necessary to fully understand the AuNPs' behavior upon irradiation before treating the cells, since there are currently no studies on the evaluation of potential NP morphological changes upon specific irradiations. In this work, we synthesized two differently shaped AuNPs adopting two different techniques to achieve either spherical or star-shaped AuNPs. The spherical AuNPs were obtained with the Turkevich-Frens method, while the star-shaped AuNPs (AuNSs) involved a seed-mediated approach. We then characterized all AuNPs with Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Uv-Vis spectroscopy, Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), zeta potential and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The next step involved the treatment of AuNPs with two different doses of X-radiation commonly used in RT, namely 1.8 Gy and 2 Gy, respectively. Following the X-rays' exposure, the AuNPs were further characterized to investigate their possible physicochemical and morphological alterations induced with the X-rays. We found that AuNPs do not undergo any alteration, concluding that they can be safely used in RT treatments. Lastly, the actin rearrangements of THP-1 monocytes treated with AuNPs were also assessed in terms of coherency. This is a key proof to evaluate the possible activation of an immune response, which still represents a big limitation for the clinical translation of NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Tarantino
- Department of Mathematics and Physics “E. De Giorgi”, University of Salento, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (S.T.); (M.C.); (A.P.C.)
| | - Caterina Capomolla
- Oncological Center, “Vito Fazzi” Hospital of Lecce, Piazza Filippo Muratore 1, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (C.C.)
| | - Alessandra Carlà
- Oncological Center, “Vito Fazzi” Hospital of Lecce, Piazza Filippo Muratore 1, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (C.C.)
| | - Livia Giotta
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy;
| | - Mariafrancesca Cascione
- Department of Mathematics and Physics “E. De Giorgi”, University of Salento, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (S.T.); (M.C.); (A.P.C.)
- Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems (IMM), National Research Council (CNR), Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Chiara Ingrosso
- CNR-IPCF S.S. Bari, c/o Department of Chemistry, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy;
| | - Edoardo Scarpa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (E.S.); (L.R.)
- The National Institute of Molecular Genetics (INGM), 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Loris Rizzello
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (E.S.); (L.R.)
- The National Institute of Molecular Genetics (INGM), 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Paola Caricato
- Department of Mathematics and Physics “E. De Giorgi”, University of Salento, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (S.T.); (M.C.); (A.P.C.)
- National Institute of Nuclear Physics (INFN), Section of Lecce, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Rosaria Rinaldi
- Department of Mathematics and Physics “E. De Giorgi”, University of Salento, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (S.T.); (M.C.); (A.P.C.)
- Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems (IMM), National Research Council (CNR), Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Valeria De Matteis
- Department of Mathematics and Physics “E. De Giorgi”, University of Salento, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (S.T.); (M.C.); (A.P.C.)
- Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems (IMM), National Research Council (CNR), Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
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Soares S, Faria I, Aires F, Monteiro A, Pinto G, Sales MG, Correa-Duarte MA, Guerreiro SG, Fernandes R. Application of Gold Nanoparticles as Radiosensitizer for Metastatic Prostate Cancer Cell Lines. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24044122. [PMID: 36835538 PMCID: PMC9964626 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
More than 50% of all prostate cancer (PCa) patients are treated by radiotherapy (RT). Radioresistance and cancer recurrence are two consequences of the therapy and are related to dose heterogeneity and non-selectivity between normal and tumoral cells. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) could be used as potential radiosensitizers to overcome these therapeutic limitations of RT. This study assessed the biological interaction of different morphologies of AuNPs with ionizing radiation (IR) in PCa cells. To achieve that aim, three different amine-pegylated AuNPs were synthesized with distinct sizes and shapes (spherical, AuNPsp-PEG, star, AuNPst-PEG, and rods, AuNPr-PEG) and viability, injury and colony assays were used to analyze their biological effect on PCa cells (PC3, DU145, and LNCaP) when submitted to the accumulative fraction of RT. The combinatory effect of AuNPs with IR decreased cell viability and increased apoptosis compared to cells treated only with IR or untreated cells. Additionally, our results showed an increase in the sensitization enhancement ratio by cells treated with AuNPs and IR, and this effect is cell line dependent. Our findings support that the design of AuNPs modulated their cellular behavior and suggested that AuNPs could improve the RT efficacy in PCa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia Soares
- ICBAS—School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- FP-I3ID, FP-BHS, Universidade Fernando Pessoa (UFP), 4249-004 Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
- CEB, Centre of Biological Engineering of Minho University, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- BioMark@ISEP/CEB—Center of Biological Engineering of Minho University, School of Engineering, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal
| | - Isabel Faria
- School of Health, Polytechnic of Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Fátima Aires
- Radiotherapy Service, São João Hospital Center, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Armanda Monteiro
- Radiotherapy Service, São João Hospital Center, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Gabriela Pinto
- Radiotherapy Service, São João Hospital Center, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Goreti Sales
- ICBAS—School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- CEB, Centre of Biological Engineering of Minho University, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- Biomark@UC/CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering of Minho University, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Coimbra University, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Miguel A. Correa-Duarte
- CINBIO, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
- Southern Galicia Institute of Health Research (IISGS), and Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health (CIBERSAM), 36310 Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana G. Guerreiro
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Molecular Pathology, Immunology of the University of Porto-IPATIMUP, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Biomedicine, Biochemistry Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: (S.G.G.); (R.F.)
| | - Rúben Fernandes
- FP-I3ID, FP-BHS, Universidade Fernando Pessoa (UFP), 4249-004 Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Health Sciences (FCS) & Hospital Escola Fernando Pessoa (HEFP), University Fernando Pessoa (UFP), 4249-004 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: (S.G.G.); (R.F.)
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