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Jensen MB, Franchi GA, Larsen M, Foldager L, Herskin MS. Effects of feed energy density, daily milking frequency, and a single injection of cabergoline on behavior and welfare in dairy cows at dry-off. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:9136-9149. [PMID: 37641242 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Drying off dairy cows may challenge animal welfare due to high milk yields. A total of 111 loose-housed Holstein cows yielding >15 kg/d of milk were included in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design during dry-off to investigate the effects of reduced feeding level (normal vs. reduced energy density), reduced milking frequency (twice vs. once daily), and administration of a dopamine agonist (saline i.m. injection vs. cabergoline i.m. injection) on behavior in the home pen. During the 7 d before dry-off, cows were fed and milked according to 1 of the 4 feeding level and milking frequency combinations. Within 3 h after the last milking, cows were injected i.m. with 5 mL of either saline or a dopamine agonist (5.6 mg of cabergoline; Velactis, Ceva Santé Animale, Libourne, France; labeled for use only with abrupt dry-off, i.e., no preceding reduction in feeding level or milking frequency before last milking). Cows' behavior during d -1, 0, and +1 relative to the last milking was recorded via video and leg-attached sensors. Cows on the reduced energy density diet spent more time feeding and showed more attempts to feed from other cows' bins on d -1. Throughout the period of observations, cows on the reduced diet spent a lower percentage of lying time with their head raised, a higher percentage of lying time with their legs bent, and less time standing in a vigilant posture than did cows on the normal lactation diet. Reducing the daily milking frequency from 2 to 1 did not result in any clear behavioral signs of discomfort. On d 0, cows injected with cabergoline lay down longer but had their head raised for a shorter percentage of time while lying, compared with cows injected with saline. Cows injected with cabergoline also spent less time feeding than cows injected with saline on d 0, and reduced the time spent drinking from d -1 to d 0. Finally, fewer cabergoline-injected cows used the brush for self-grooming, and, among cows that did use the brush, the cows injected with cabergoline reduced the time spent using the brush from d -1 to d 0. In conclusion, cows injected with cabergoline showed several behavioral changes compared with control cows injected with saline. The behavioral changes shown by cows injected with cabergoline may be indicative of malaise during the first 24 h after injection, raising concern for animal welfare. No behavioral evidence for reduced udder pain in cows injected with cabergoline compared with control cows injected with saline was found. Drying off by reducing the energy density of the diet caused behavioral changes indicative of hunger before dry-off, whereas reducing the milking frequency had no clear effects on behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margit Bak Jensen
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, 8830 Tjele, Denmark.
| | | | - Mogens Larsen
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Leslie Foldager
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, 8830 Tjele, Denmark; Bioinformatics Research Centre, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mette S Herskin
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
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2
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Santos MM, Costa TC, Mendes TAO, Dutra LL, Silva DNL, Araújo RD, Serão NVL, Rennó LN, Silva YFRS, Detmann E, Martín-Tereso J, Carvalho IP, Gionbelli MP, Duarte MS. Can the post-ruminal urea release impact liver metabolism, and nutritional status of beef cows at late gestation? PLoS One 2023; 18:e0293216. [PMID: 37856443 PMCID: PMC10586634 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
We aimed to evaluate the effects of post-ruminal supply of urea (PRU) on nutritional status, and liver metabolism of pregnant beef cows during late gestation. Twenty-four Brahman dams, pregnant from a single sire, and weighing 545 kg ± 23 kg were confined into individual pens at 174 ± 23 d of gestation, and randomly assigned into one of two dietary treatments up to 270 d of gestation: Control (CON, n = 12), consisting of a basal diet supplemented with conventional urea, where the cows were fed with diets containing 13.5 g conventional urea per kg dry matter; and PRU (PRU, n = 12), consisting of a basal diet supplemented with a urea coated to extensively prevent ruminal degradation while being intestinally digestible, where the cows were fed with diets containing 14,8 g urea protected from ruminal degradation per kg dry matter. Post-ruminal supply of urea reduced the urine levels of 3-methylhistidine (P = 0.02). There were no differences between treatments for dry matter intake (DMI; P = 0.76), total digestible nutrient (TDN) intake (P = 0.30), and in the body composition variables, such as, subcutaneous fat thickness (SFT; P = 0.72), and rib eye area (REA; P = 0.85). In addition, there were no differences between treatments for serum levels of glucose (P = 0.87), and serum levels of glucogenic (P = 0.28), ketogenic (P = 0.72), glucogenic, and ketogenic (P = 0.45) amino acids, neither for urea in urine (P = 0.51) as well as urea serum (P = 0.30). One the other hand, enriched pathways were differentiated related to carbohydrate digestion, and absorption, glycolysis, pyruvate metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation, pentose phosphate pathway, and biosynthesis of amino acids of the exclusively expressed proteins in PRU cows. Shifting urea supply from the rumen to post-ruminal compartments decreases muscle catabolism in cows during late gestation. Our findings indicate that post-ruminal urea supplementation for beef cows at late gestation may improve the energy metabolism to support maternal demands. In addition, the post-ruminal urea release seems to be able to trigger pathways to counterbalance the oxidative stress associated to the increase liver metabolic rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta M. Santos
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
- Muscle Biology, and Nutrigenomics Laboratory, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Thaís C. Costa
- Muscle Biology, and Nutrigenomics Laboratory, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | - Tiago A. O. Mendes
- Department of Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Luana L. Dutra
- Department of Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Davi N. L. Silva
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
- Muscle Biology, and Nutrigenomics Laboratory, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Renato D. Araújo
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
- Muscle Biology, and Nutrigenomics Laboratory, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Nick V. L. Serão
- StatsGaze Data Science Solutions, Liverpool, NY, United States of America
| | - Luciana N. Rennó
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Yamê F. R. S. Silva
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Edenio Detmann
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | - Mateus P. Gionbelli
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | - Marcio S. Duarte
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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3
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Castro MMD, DeVries TJ, Machado AF, Correa PVF, Marcondes MI. Expression of enzymes involved in the urea cycle and muscle and mammary gland development of Holstein × Gyr heifers in a rotational grazing system supplemented with increasing protein levels. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:6951-6960. [PMID: 37500437 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Studies evaluating the crude protein (CP) supplementation strategies across the year for grazing cattle and its association with the enzymes involved in the urea cycle and muscle and mammary gland developments are scarce. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the effect of supplementation with different levels of CP on the expression of genes involved in the urea cycle and muscle and mammary gland development of Holstein × Gyr crossbreed heifers grazing intensively managed Brachiaria decumbens throughout the year. Thirty-eight heifers with average initial BW of 172.5 ± 11.15 kg (mean ± SE) and 8.2 ± 0.54 mo of age were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments: 3 protein supplements (SUP) fed at 5g/kg of body weight, plus a control group (CON, non-supplemented animals). The supplement CP levels evaluated were: 12, 24, and 36%. The study was divided into 4 seasons: rainy, dry, rainy-dry transition (RDT), and dry-rainy transition (DRT). On the penultimate day of each season, ultrasound images of the carcass and mammary gland were taken. Five animals from each treatment were randomly chosen on the last day of each season, and liver and muscle tissue biopsies were performed. The target genes were the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in the muscle samples. Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase (CPS), ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC), argininosuccinate synthetase (ASS), arginosuccinate lyase (ASL), and arginase (ARG) were evaluated in the liver samples. Data were analyzed using PROC GLIMMIX of the SAS with repeated measures. We observed a greater rib eye area (cm2) and fat thickness (mm) in SUP animals than in non-supplemented animals. However, we did not observe differences among SUP levels for both variables. No effects of supplementation were detected on mammary gland development. Nevertheless, seasonal effects were observed, where the RDT and dry season had the most and least accumulated fat in the mammary gland. In muscle, we observed greater expression of AMPK in non-supplemented animals than SUP animals. On the other hand, no differences were observed in gene expression between SUP and non-supplemented animals and among SUP animals for mTOR. Season affected both AMPK and mTOR; heifers had a greater AMPK gene expression on rainy than RDT. For mTOR, we observed greater gene expression in RDT and DRT than in rainy. No differences were observed among RDT, dry, and DRT, and between dry and rainy seasons for mTOR. We observed greater CPS, ASL, and ARG gene expression in SUP animals than in non-supplemented animals. Among SUP animals, supplement CP linearly affected CPS. In conclusion, the supplementation strategy did not affect mammary gland development and mTOR expression in muscle tissue. However, we observed a seasonal effect on mammary gland development and AMPK and mTOR expression. The CP supplementation increased the rib eye area and fat thickness, directly affecting AMPK expression in the muscle. Moreover, the CP supplementation increased urea cycle enzyme expression, indicating greater urea production in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M D Castro
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - T J DeVries
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - A F Machado
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - P V F Correa
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - M I Marcondes
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164.
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Ginger L, Ledoux D, Bouchon M, Rautenbach I, Bagnard C, Lurier T, Foucras G, Germon P, Durand D, de Boyer des Roches A. Using behavioral observations in freestalls and at milking to improve pain detection in dairy cows after lipopolysaccharide-induced clinical mastitis. J Dairy Sci 2023:S0022-0302(23)00290-4. [PMID: 37268578 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the effect of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced mastitis with or without nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) on dairy cows' clinical, physiological, and behavioral responses in the milking parlor and freestalls as well as the specificity (Sp) and sensitivity (Se) of behavioral responses in detecting cows with LPS-induced mastitis. Twenty-seven cows received an intramammary infusion of 25 µg of Escherichia coli LPS in 1 healthy quarter. Following LPS infusion, 14 cows received a placebo (LPS cows), and 13 cows received 3 mg/kg of body weight of ketoprofen i.m. (LPS+NSAID cows). Cow response to the challenge was monitored at regular intervals from 24 h before to 48 h postinfusion (hpi) through direct clinical observations, markers of inflammation in milk, and via point-in-time direct behavioral observations in the barn and at milking. In LPS cows, infusion induced a significant increase of plasma cortisol levels at 3 and 8 hpi, milk cortisol levels at 8 hpi, somatic cell counts from 8 to 48 hpi, IL-6 and IL-8 at 8 hpi, milk amyloid A (mAA) and haptoglobin at 8 and 24 hpi, rectal temperature at 8 hpi, and respiratory rate at 8 hpi. Their rumen motility rate decreased at 8 and 32 hpi. Compared with before the challenge, significantly more LPS cows stopped feeding/ruminating and pressed their tail between their legs at 3 and 5 hpi, increased feeding/ruminating at 24 hpi, and had the tendency to be less responsive, dropping their head, and dropping their ears at 5 hpi. At milking, compared with before challenge, significantly more LPS cows lifted their hooves at forestripping at 8 hpi. The 2 groups showed similar patterns of response for milk cortisol, somatic cell count, respiratory rate, mAA, haptoglobin, and IL-6, IL-1β, and IL-8. Compared with LPS cows, LPS+NSAID cows had significantly lower plasma cortisol levels at 3 hpi, their rectal temperature decreased at 8 hpi, their rumen motility rate increased at 8 and 32 hpi, and their heart rate increased at 32 hpi. Compared with LPS cows, a significantly larger proportion of LPS+NSAID cows were feeding/ruminating, a lower proportion had ears down at 5 hpi, and a larger proportion lied down at 24 hpi. At milking, whatever the phase of milking, for "hoof to belly," 9 out of 14 cows did not show this behavior before infusion (Sp = 64%) and 14/14 did not kick during pre-infusion milking (Sp = 100%). Regarding sensitivity, at maximum, 5 cows out of 14 (Se = 36%) displayed "hoof to belly" after infusion. For "lifting hoof," 14/14 did not show hoof-lifting before infusion (Sp = 100%) and 6/14 displayed it after infusion (Se = 43%) at forestripping only. In the freestall barn, 9 behaviors had a Sp >75% (at minimum, 10/14 did not show the behavior) whatever the time point but Se < 60% (at maximum, 8/14 displayed the behavior). Finally, "absence of feeding and ruminating" had Sp of 86% (12/14 ate/ruminated) and Se of 71% (10/14 did not eat/ruminate) at 5 hpi. This study shows that feeding/ruminating, tail position, and reactivity at forestripping could be used as behavioral indictors for early detection of mastitis-related pain in dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ginger
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Herbivores, 63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - D Ledoux
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Herbivores, 63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - M Bouchon
- INRAE, Herbipôle, 63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - I Rautenbach
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Herbivores, 63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - C Bagnard
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Herbivores, 63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - T Lurier
- Université de Lyon, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR EPIA, 69280 Marcy-l'Etoile, France; Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR EPIA, 63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - G Foucras
- Université de Toulouse, ENVT, INRAE, IHAP, 31076 Toulouse, France
| | - P Germon
- INRAE, UMR ISP, Université François Rabelais de Tours, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - D Durand
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Herbivores, 63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - A de Boyer des Roches
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Herbivores, 63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France.
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Jensen MB, Franchi GA, Larsen M, Herskin MS. Effects of feeding level and milking frequency on behavior of dairy cows before dry-off. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:2739-2749. [PMID: 36797179 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Drying-off may challenge the welfare of especially high-yielding dairy cows. In this study, 119 loose-housed Holstein cows yielding ≥20 kg milk/d were enrolled in a 2 × 2 factorial design aiming to investigate effects of changes in diet energy density and daily milking frequency on behavior. The last 7 d before the dry-off day, cows were milked either twice or once daily, and were fed either a lactation diet or the same diet diluted with 30% barley straw, both offered in individual bins for ad libitum intake. All cows were fitted with sensors to record lying time and activity, and data from 109 of these cows were used together with behavioral observations obtained from video recordings of 52 of the cows. Data from activity sensors and video recordings were obtained during 24 h on d -6, -3, and -1 relative to the dry-off day (i.e., the day of the last milking). Across all days of observation, cows milked once daily spent more time feeding (149 vs. 130 min/d) than cows milked twice daily. Cows on the reduced diet and milked twice daily had a shorter lying time compared with cows on the normal diet and milked twice (759 vs. 837 min/d), whereas lying times of cows on the remaining 2 treatments were intermediate. Among cows on the lactation diet, reduced milking frequency increased time spent perching (from 11.1 to 28.7 min/d). Cows fed the energy-reduced diet spent more time feeding (154 vs. 124 min/d), showed more attempts to feed from unassigned feed bins (31.7 vs. 15.4 attempts daily), and spent less time using a mechanical brush (6.5 vs. 9.2 min/d) than cows fed the lactation diet. These results show that several aspects of cows' behavior, including main activities such as lying and feeding, but also behaviors of low resilience such as brush use, and to some extent more subtle and complex behaviors such as perching and attempts to feed from unassigned feed bins, are sensitive to management changes typically applied during the days before dry-off. The behavioral effects of the reduced feed energy level support earlier findings suggesting that qualitative feed restriction renders cows hungry. The effects of the reduced milking frequency on behavior were generally less pronounced, but 2 noteworthy interactions between milking frequency and diet were seen. First, cows milked twice daily and fed the energy-reduced diet spent less time lying, which is possibly related to increased energy demand and hunger. Second, cows milked once daily and fed the lactation diet spent more time perching, which may be related to udder discomfort. However, these more complex findings warrant further study. Taken together, the results of this study show that a dry-off procedure involving reduced energy supply induces behavioral changes indicating a higher degree of compromised welfare compared with reduced milking frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margit Bak Jensen
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark.
| | - Guilherme A Franchi
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Mogens Larsen
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Mette S Herskin
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
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Combining accelerometers and direct visual observations to detect sickness and pain in cows of different ages submitted to systemic inflammation. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1977. [PMID: 36737469 PMCID: PMC9898231 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27884-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cattle suffering from inflammatory infection display sickness and pain-related behaviours. As these behaviours may be transient and last only a few hours, one may miss them. The aim of this study was to assess the benefit of combining continuous monitoring of cow behaviour via collar-attached accelerometers with direct visual observations to detect sickness and pain-related behavioural responses after a systemic inflammatory challenge (intravenous lipopolysaccharide injection) in cows of two different ages, proven by clinical, physiological and blood parameters. Twelve cloned Holstein cows (six 'old' cows aged 10-15 years old and six 'young' cows aged 6 years old) were challenged and either directly observed at five time-points from just before the lipopolysaccharide injection up to 24 h post-injection (hpi) or continuously monitored using collar-attached accelerometers in either control or challenge situations. Direct observations identified specific sickness and pain behaviours (apathy, changes in facial expression and body posture, reduced motivation to feed) expressed partially at 3 hpi and fully at 6 hpi. These signs of sickness and pain behaviours then faded, and quicker for the young cows. Accelerometers detected changes in basic activities (low ingesting, low ruminating, high inactivity) and position (high time standing up) earlier and over a longer period of time than direct observations. The combination of sensors and direct observations improved the detection of behavioural signs of sickness and pain earlier on and over the whole study period, even when direct signs were weak especially in young cows. This system could provide great benefit for better earlier animal care.
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The Inhibition of LPS-Induced Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Responses Is Associated with the Protective Effect of (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate on Bovine Hepatocytes and Murine Liver. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11050914. [PMID: 35624778 PMCID: PMC9137641 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11050914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate whether (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) alleviates hepatic responses to lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation and oxidation. Isolated bovine hepatocytes and BALB/c mice were used for LPS challenge and EGCG pretreatment experiments in vitro and in vivo. LPS-challenged (6 μg/mL) hepatocytes exhibited increased levels of NF-κB (p65 and IκBα) and MAPK (p38, ERK, JNK) phosphorylation as well as increased binding activity of p65 to target pro-inflammatory gene promoters, and these effects were suppressed by pretreatment with 50 μM EGCG. Moreover, the reduction in Nrf2 signaling and antioxidant enzyme activities induced by LPS stimulation were reversed upon EGCG treatment. In vivo experiments demonstrated the protective role of EGCG in response to GalN/LPS-induced mortality and oxidative damage. Together, our results suggest that EGCG is hepatoprotective via inhibition of MAPK/NF-κB signaling and activation of the Nrf2 cascade. This information might help design strategies for counteracting hepatitis in ruminants and monogastric animals.
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Snedec T, Bittner-Schwerda L, Rachidi F, Theinert K, Pietsch F, Spilke J, Baumgartner W, Möbius G, Starke A, Schären-Bannert M. Effects of an intensive experimental protocol on health, fertility, and production in transition dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:5310-5326. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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9
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Moura FH, Fonseca MA, Macias-Franco A, Archilia EC, Batalha IM, Pena-Bello CA, Silva AEM, Moreira GM, Schütz LF, Norris AB. Characterization of body composition and liver epigenetic markers during periods of negative energy balance and subsequent compensatory growth in postpubertal beef bulls. J Anim Sci 2022; 100:6532621. [PMID: 35184171 PMCID: PMC9036401 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to characterize the effects of dietary restriction and subsequent re-alimentation on body composition and hepatic gene expression of epigenetic markers of DNA methylation, RNA m6A methylation, and histone acetylation in the liver of postpubertal beef bulls. Twelve Angus × Hereford crossbred bulls (n = 6, 23 ± 0.55 mo [young bulls], 558 ± 6.1 kg; and n = 6, 47 ± 1.2 mo [mature bulls], 740 ± 30.5 kg) were submitted to two dietary regimes per offering of the same hay: low plane of nutrition (90 d) and compensatory growth (90 d). Each animal acted as its own control and were fed Beardless wheat (Triticum aestivum) hay and mineral mix during the trial. Statistical analyses were performed using SAS 9.4 following a pre-post repeated measures design. Bulls in negative energy balance (NEB) decreased (P < 0.001) empty body weight (EBW; 23.1% [-139.1 kg]), empty body fat (EBF; 39.8% [-85.4 kg]), and empty body protein (EBP; 14.9% [-13.5 kg]) and fully recovered at the end of the trial. Body fat accounted for 77.1% of daily changes in body energy status, whereas body protein accounted for only 22.9% (P < 0.001). Relative abundance of epigenetic markers transcripts was analyzed via qPCR. Bulls at NEB tended (P ≤ 0.097) to increase gene expression of epigenetic markers of RNA m6A methylation (METTL14, VIRMA, and WTAP) and increased (P ≤ 0.050) the gene expression of epigenetic markers of DNA methylation (DNMT3A) and histone-acetylation (SIRT3 and SIRT7). Young bulls had a tendency (P ≤ 0.072) of higher RNA m6A methylation, VIRMA, and WTAP than mature bulls. Effect of diet × age interaction was not detected (P ≥ 0.137) for METTL14, VIRMA, WTAP, DNMT3A, SIRT3, or SIRT7. Younger bulls tended to have greater RNA m6A methylation levels than mature bulls, indicating that, while contemporaneously fed the same diet during periods of undernourishment followed by compensatory growth, age has an impact on this epigenetic mechanism. In conclusion, metabolic status seems to carry a greater impact on regulating bovine hepatic epigenetic mechanisms that modulate gene transcription, such as DNA methylation and histone acetylation, than on epigenetic mechanisms that regulate gene translation, such as RNA m6A methylation. During periods of undernourishment followed by compensatory growth, body fat pools appear to change more dynamically and are easily detected having a greater impact on epigenetic markers that modulate hepatic gene transcription rather than translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe H Moura
- Department of Agriculture, Veterinary and Rangeland Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Mozart A Fonseca
- Department of Agriculture, Veterinary and Rangeland Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV 89557, USA,Corresponding author:
| | - Arturo Macias-Franco
- Department of Agriculture, Veterinary and Rangeland Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Evandro C Archilia
- Department of Agriculture, Veterinary and Rangeland Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Isadora M Batalha
- Department of Agriculture, Veterinary and Rangeland Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Camilo A Pena-Bello
- Department of Agriculture, Veterinary and Rangeland Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Aghata E M Silva
- Department of Agriculture, Veterinary and Rangeland Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Gabriel M Moreira
- Department of Agriculture, Veterinary and Rangeland Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Luis F Schütz
- Department of Agriculture, Veterinary and Rangeland Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Aaron B Norris
- Department of Natural Resources Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
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Mainau E, Llonch P, Temple D, Goby L, Manteca X. Alteration in Activity Patterns of Cows as a Result of Pain Due to Health Conditions. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12020176. [PMID: 35049798 PMCID: PMC8773241 DOI: 10.3390/ani12020176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary There are several conditions and diseases considered painful to cattle. One reason for the inconsistency in pain recognition and thus pain relief in cattle is the inadequate ability to identify and assess pain. In fact, both increased and/or reduced daily lying time can be indicative of pain in cattle. This review helps to properly interpret pain in cows through behavioural activity patterns and explores whether pain relief is capable to restore their normal activity. Abstract The main conditions and diseases considered painful in dairy cows are mastitis, lameness, calving (including dystocia and caesarean section) and metritis. The cattle literature reports that deviation from normal daily activity patterns (both increased and/or reduced daily lying time) can be indicative of painful conditions and diseases in cows. This narrative review discusses on how pain due to several health conditions in dairy cows modifies its activity pattern and explores if non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are capable of restoring it. Divergent outcomes may differ depending upon the painful cause, the severity and the moment, and consequently its interpretation should be properly explained. For instance, cows with clinical mastitis reduced their time lying and increased the number of lying bouts and stepping due to pain caused by the swollen udder when cows are lying. However, lame cows show longer lying times, with a lower number of lying bouts and longer and more variable lying bouts duration, as compared to non-lame cows. When the relationship between painful disorders and daily activity patterns is studied, factors such as parity, bedding type and severity of disease are important factors to take into consideration. The potential benefits of the NSAIDs treatment in painful health disorders depend upon the type of drug administered, its dosage and administration mode, and the time of administration relative to the painful health disorder. This narrative review can be used as a tool to properly interpret and grade pain in cows through behavioural activity patterns and proposes directions for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Mainau
- AWEC Advisors SL, Ed. Eureka, Parc de Recerca de la UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-935811352
| | - Pol Llonch
- Department of Animal and Food Science, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (P.L.); (D.T.); (X.M.)
| | - Déborah Temple
- Department of Animal and Food Science, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (P.L.); (D.T.); (X.M.)
| | - Laurent Goby
- Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica GmbH, Binger Str. 173, 55216 Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany;
| | - Xavier Manteca
- Department of Animal and Food Science, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (P.L.); (D.T.); (X.M.)
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11
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Fagundes MA, Hall JO, Eun JS. Plasma methionine appearance and residual potential of supplemented N-acetyl-L-methionine through ruminal or abomasal infusion in dairy cows. Anim Sci J 2022; 93:e13797. [PMID: 36504475 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the plasma methionine (Met) and residual potential of N-acetyl-L-Met (NALM) in lactating dairy cows. Six cows (75 ± 20.1 days-in-milk) were used in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design. Within each square, cows were randomly assigned to a sequence of three dietary treatments during each of the three 13-day periods (10 days of treatment adaptation and 3 days of data collection and sampling). The three dietary treatments are as follows: basal diet without NALM (control); control diet with 30 g/day of NALM by rumen placement (30NALM), and control diet with 60 g/day of NALM by rumen placement (60NALM). Rumen NALM dosing led to a linear increase in plasma Met concentration. Abomasal infusion with NALM resulted in both linear and quadratic increases in plasma Met concentration. No NALM was detected in milk, liver, plasma, and muscle samples after rumen placement or abomasal infusion. Supplementation of NALM did not affect dry matter intake and milk yield. The absence of plasma NALM and increases in plasma Met concentration for both ruminal and abomasal NALM dosing suggest that NALM supplemented by either rumen placement or abomasal infusion to lactating dairy cows is deacetylated before entering the central circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Fagundes
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA
| | - Jeffery O Hall
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA
| | - Jong-Su Eun
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA
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Moreno DS, Maza R, Contreras D, Moreira TR, Dos Santos EJ, De Almeida DM, Paulino MF, Rennó LN, Detmann E. Provision of a protein-rich supplement for grazing suckling female beef calves to improve productive performance and metabolic response. Anim Biosci 2021; 35:1174-1183. [PMID: 34727638 PMCID: PMC9262722 DOI: 10.5713/ab.21.0226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of the provision of a protein-rich supplement on productive performance, and metabolic profile on grazing suckling female beef calves in tropical conditions during 150 d of experimentation. Methods Fifty-six Nellore suckling female calves, and their respective dams were distributed in a completely randomised design and made to undergo two treatments as follows: UNS (without supplementation), and SUP (supplementation with 5 g/kg body weight [BW] of a protein supplement). Throughout the experiment, animal performance and metabolic profile were evaluated. Also, ureagenesis and gluconeogenesis were assessed for gene expression. Results SUP female calves showed a higher voluntary intake (p≤0.03) of the diet components evaluated, digestibility of organic matter (p≤0.02) and microbial nitrogen production (MICN; p≤0.02) compared to UNS female calves. In its turn, serum urea nitrogen (p≤0.01) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (p≤0.03) levels and ureagenesis (p≤0.04) increased in SUP female calves compared to UNS female calves. Blood glucose and triglyceride levels were not affected by supplementation. The average daily gain (ADG) from SUP female calves was higher (p≤0.02) compared with UNS female calves. However, supplementation did not affect the body measures of the animals. Conclusion In summary, provision of a protein-rich supplement improves the intake and nutrients digestibility, ADG and final BW and increases metabolic indicators of the protein status in grazing suckling female beef calves in tropical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deilen S Moreno
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Pamplona, Pamplona, 543050, Colombia
| | - Román Maza
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Pamplona, Pamplona, 543050, Colombia
| | - David Contreras
- Faculty of Agricultural Science, University of Cundinamarca, Fusagasugá, 252211, Colombia
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Edenio Detmann
- Animal Science Department, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, 36570-900, Brazil
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Proteomic Analysis of Liver from Finishing Beef Cattle Supplemented with a Rumen-Protected B-Vitamin Blend and Hydroxy Trace Minerals. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11071934. [PMID: 34209530 PMCID: PMC8300412 DOI: 10.3390/ani11071934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Greater metabolic needs in high-producing beef cattle might lead to mineral and vitamin deficiency. Previous studies have shown the benefits of B-vitamin and trace mineral supplementation in animal performance of ruminants; however, little is known about the effects of supplementing finishing beef cattle with rumen-protected forms on the liver metabolism. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to determinate the impact of rumen-protected B-vitamin blend and hydroxy trace mineral supplementation on the hepatic proteome of finishing steers. This study reports the first evidence indicating that the supplementation of these micronutrients induces protein changes concerning oxidative metabolism and responses to oxidative stress in the liver tissue. Abstract Vitamin B and trace minerals are crucial molecular signals involved in many biological pathways; however, their bioavailability is compromised in high-producing ruminant animals. So far, studies have mainly focused on the effects of these micronutrients on animal performance, but their use in a rumen-protected form and their impact on liver metabolism in finishing beef cattle is poorly known. We used a shotgun proteomic approach combined with biological network analyses to assess the effects of a rumen-protected B-vitamin blend, as well as those of hydroxy trace minerals, on the hepatic proteome. A total of 20 non-castrated Nellore males with 353 ± 43 kg of initial body weight were randomly assigned to one of the following treatments: CTRL—inorganic trace minerals without supplementation of a protected vitamin B blend, or SUP—supplementation of hydroxy trace minerals and a protected vitamin B blend. All animals were fed the same amount of the experimental diet for 106 days, and liver biopsies were performed at the end of the experimental period. Supplemented animals showed 37 up-regulated proteins (p < 0.10), and the enrichment analysis revealed that these proteins were involved in protein folding (p = 0.04), mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I (p = 0.01) and IV (p = 0.01), chaperonin-containing T-complex 2 (p = 0.01), glutathione metabolism (p < 0.01), and other aspects linked to oxidative-stress responses. These results indicate that rumen-protected vitamin B and hydroxy trace mineral supplementation during the finishing phase alters the abundance of proteins associated with the electron transport chain and other oxidation–reduction pathways, boosting the production of reactive oxygen species, which appear to modulate proteins linked to oxidative-damage responses to maintain cellular homeostasis.
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Melzener L, Verzijden KE, Buijs AJ, Post MJ, Flack JE. Cultured beef: from small biopsy to substantial quantity. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2021; 101:7-14. [PMID: 32662148 PMCID: PMC7689697 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Cultured meat is an emerging technology with the potential to solve huge challenges related to the environmental, ethical, and health implications of conventional meat production. Establishing the basic science of cultured meat has been the primary focus of the last decade but it is now feasible that cultured meat products will enter the market within the next 3 to 4 years. This proximity to market introduction demands an evaluation of aspects of the cultured meat production process that have not yet been outlined or discussed in significant detail. For example, one technological approach for the production of cultured meat uses adult muscle stem cells, the limited proliferative capacity of which necessitates repeated collection of tissue samples via biopsies of living donor animals. The selection of donor animals and the details of biopsy processes must be optimized, as this is a key bottleneck in the cultured meat production process. The number of stem cells harvested from a biopsy, together with their proliferative capacity, determines a 'multiplicity factor' achieved by a cultured meat production process, thus dictating the reduction in number of animals required to produce a given quantity of meat. This article considers potential scenarios for these critical upstream steps, focusing on the production of cultured beef as an example. Considerations related to donor selection and details of the biopsy process are discussed in detail. The practicalities of various scenarios for cultured beef production, the health of donor animals, and regulatory issues associated with the safety of cultured meat for consumers are also considered. © 2020 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Melzener
- Mosa Meat B.V.MaastrichtNetherlands
- Department of PhysiologyMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtNetherlands
| | | | | | - Mark J Post
- Mosa Meat B.V.MaastrichtNetherlands
- Department of PhysiologyMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtNetherlands
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Masłowska K, Mizzoni F, Dwyer CM, Wemelsfelder F. Qualitative behavioural assessment of pain in castrated lambs. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2020.105143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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16
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Moura FHD, Costa TC, Trece AS, Melo LPD, Manso MR, Paulino MF, Rennó LN, Fonseca MA, Detmann E, Gionbelli MP, Duarte MDS. Effects of energy-protein supplementation frequency on performance of primiparous grazing beef cows during pre and postpartum. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2020; 33:1430-1443. [PMID: 32106648 PMCID: PMC7468163 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.19.0784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Objective Twenty-four pregnant Nellore primiparous grazing cows were used to evaluate the effects of energy-protein supplementation and supplementation frequency during pre (105 d before calving) and postpartum (105 d after calving) on performance and metabolic characteristics. Methods Experimental treatments consisted of a control (no supplementation), daily supplementation (1.5 kg/d of concentrate/animal) and infrequent supplementation (4.5 kg of concentrate/animal every three days). During the pre and postpartum periods, concentrations of blood metabolites and animal performance were evaluated. Ureagenesis and energy metabolism markers were evaluated at prepartum period. Results Supplementation frequency did not alter (p>0.10) body weight (BW), average daily gain (ADG), and carcass traits during pre and postpartum. The BW (p = 0.079), adjusted BW at day of parturition (p = 0.078), and ADG (p = 0.074) were greater for supplemented cows during the prepartum. The body condition score (BCS; p = 0.251), and carcass traits (p>0.10) were not affected by supplementation during prepartum. On postpartum, supplementation did not affect animal performance and carcass traits (p>0.10). The dry mater intake was not affected (p>0.10) by supplementation and supplementation frequency throughout the experimental period. Daily supplemented animals had greater (p<0.001) glucose levels than animals supplemented every three days. Supplementation and supplementation frequency did not alter (p>0.10) the levels of blood metabolites, neither the abundance of ureagenesis nor energy metabolism markers. Conclusion In summary, our data show that the reduction of supplementation frequency does not cause negative impacts on performance and metabolic characteristics of primiparous grazing cows during the prepartum.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thaís Correia Costa
- Department of Animal Sciences, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-000, Brazil.,Muscle Biology and Nutrigenomics Laboratory, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-000, Brazil
| | - Aline Souza Trece
- Department of Animal Sciences, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-000, Brazil
| | | | - Marcos Rocha Manso
- Department of Animal Sciences, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-000, Brazil
| | - Mário Fonseca Paulino
- Department of Animal Sciences, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-000, Brazil
| | - Luciana Navajas Rennó
- Department of Animal Sciences, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-000, Brazil
| | - Mozart Alves Fonseca
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agriculture, Biotechnology & Natural Resources, University of Nevada - Reno, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Edenio Detmann
- Department of Animal Sciences, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-000, Brazil
| | - Mateus Pies Gionbelli
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG 37200-000, Brazil
| | - Marcio de Souza Duarte
- Department of Animal Sciences, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-000, Brazil.,Muscle Biology and Nutrigenomics Laboratory, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-000, Brazil
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Miller-Cushon EK, Horvath KC, Fabris TF, Dahl GE, Laporta J. Short communication: Effects of mammary biopsy in the dry period on activity and feeding behavior of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:11453-11458. [PMID: 31606219 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In dairy cattle, mammary biopsies are commonly used to study development and function of the mammary gland. The objective of this study was to investigate changes in activity and feeding patterns following the mammary biopsy procedure. Pregnant, nonlactating Holstein dairy cows (20 d before expected calving date) were exposed to either (1) a biopsy procedure, in which a mammary tissue sample (60 × 4 mm in diameter) was obtained from cows (n = 9) using a biopsy tool from the rear left quarter, following administration of a sedative (xylazine, 20 µg/kg of body weight) and local anesthetic (3 mL of lidocaine), or (2) a sham procedure, in which cows (n = 8) were removed from the pen and restrained for a similar duration of time as for the biopsy procedure. Behavior of cows was monitored for 5 d, beginning on the day following biopsy (approximately 14 h after the procedure). Cows were fitted with accelerometers to record daily lying time, lying bout frequency, and lying side. Daily individual feed intake was recorded using the Calan Broadbent feeding system, and feeding time and meal characteristics were determined from a subset of cows (n = 6 per treatment) using a change-of-state data logger to record the times the cows were accessing the feed bunk. Total daily lying time did not differ between treatments [13.9 h/d; standard error (SE) = 0.56], but biopsied cows had more frequent, shorter lying bouts on the biopsied side on d 1 following the procedure (6.67 vs. 4.25 bouts/d, SE = 1.03, and 70.0 vs. 97.0 min/bout, SE = 8.6; left vs. right side), whereas control cows had no side preference. We found no effects of treatment on feed intake and feeding time but, on the first day after treatment, biopsied cows had meals that were more frequent (7.2 vs. 4.6 meals/d; SE = 0.93) and tended to be shorter (28.2 vs. 60.9 min/meal; SE = 11.8) than control cows. In conclusion, we did not detect effects of mammary biopsy on feed intake or lying time during our time frame of observation, but activity patterns were altered, which could be indicative of increased overall restlessness and specific pain in the biopsied quarter.
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Affiliation(s)
- E K Miller-Cushon
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611.
| | - K C Horvath
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - T F Fabris
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - G E Dahl
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - J Laporta
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
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Amira AG, Gareth PP, Jashim U, Eloise R, Harriet D, Clive JP. A forced lateralisation test for dairy cows and its relation to their behaviour. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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19
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Lomb J, Weary D, Mills K, von Keyserlingk M. Effects of metritis on stall use and social behavior at the lying stall. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:7471-7479. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-14149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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20
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Miltenburg CL, Duffield TF, Bienzle D, Scholtz EL, LeBlanc SJ. The effect of prepartum feeding and lying space on metabolic health and immune function. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:5294-5306. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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21
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de Boyer des Roches A, Faure M, Lussert A, Herry V, Rainard P, Durand D, Foucras G. Behavioral and patho-physiological response as possible signs of pain in dairy cows during Escherichia coli mastitis: A pilot study. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:8385-8397. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-12796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Giovannini AEJ, van den Borne BHP, Wall SK, Wellnitz O, Bruckmaier RM, Spadavecchia C. Experimentally induced subclinical mastitis: are lipopolysaccharide and lipoteichoic acid eliciting similar pain responses? Acta Vet Scand 2017; 59:40. [PMID: 28615028 PMCID: PMC5471899 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-017-0306-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pain accompanying mastitis has gained attention recently as a relevant welfare compromising aspect of disease. Adequate pain recognition and therapy are necessary in the context of a modern and ethically acceptable dairy care. For research purposes mastitis is often induced by intramammary infusion of immunogenic bacterial cell wall components. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Escherichia coli and lipoteichoic acid (LTA) from Staphylococcus aureus are commonly administered to this end. While the immune response to specific immunogenic components has been well characterized, not much is known about their role on the expression of pain indicators. The aim of this study was to trial the effects of an intramammary challenge of LTA or LPS on the degree of pain and discomfort as indicated by both physiological and behavioral variables in cows. The hypothesis was that a similar degree of pain can be identified in LTA as well as in LPS induced mastitis. Results On the challenge day, compared to pre-challenge, total pain index increased for all treatment groups (LPS; LTA and control), the LPS group having significantly higher values than the control group (P = 0.01). Similarly, pain visual analogue scale (VAS) increased significantly in all cows following treatment on the challenge day. Furthermore, compared to baseline, higher VAS were found 3, 4 and 5 h after the challenge in cows of the LPS group (P3h, 4h < 0.001 and P5h = 0.001) and 7 h after the challenge in cows of the LTA group (P7h = 0.002). In the control group, VAS was higher 5 h after the challenge (P5h = 0.001). On the challenge day, udder edema was higher in the LPS than in the control group (P = 0.007). Furthermore, 4 h after the challenge, milk cortisol was significantly higher than at baseline in the LPS group (P < 0.001). Conclusions When administered at equipotent doses targeting a standard somatic cell count increase, intramammary LPS seems to be accompanied by a higher degree of pain and discomfort than LTA, as suggested by the modifications of the outcome variables total pain index, VAS, udder edema and milk cortisol. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13028-017-0306-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Abaker JA, Xu TL, Jin D, Chang GJ, Zhang K, Shen XZ. Lipopolysaccharide derived from the digestive tract provokes oxidative stress in the liver of dairy cows fed a high-grain diet. J Dairy Sci 2016; 100:666-678. [PMID: 27865500 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-10871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to measure oxidative stress parameters and to investigate the molecular mechanism triggered by grain-induced subacute ruminal acidosis in mid-lactation cows. Twelve Holstein-Friesian cows with an average weight of 455±28kg were divided into 2 groups and subjected to 2 diets over 18wk: either a low-grain (forage-to-concentrate ratio=6:4) or a high-grain (forage-to-concentrate ratio=4:6) diet based on dry matter. Being fed a long-term high-grain diet resulted in a significant decrease in rumen pH and a significant increase in ruminal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) at 4 h postfeeding in the morning. The increase was also observed in LPS concentrations in the portal vein, hepatic vein, and jugular vein blood plasma as well as reduced milk yield in a high-grain diet. Cows fed a high-grain diet had lower levels of catalase and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity and total antioxidant capacity than cows fed a low-grain diet; however, super oxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were higher in both the liver and the plasma of high-grain than in low-grain cows. Positive correlations were observed between plasma LPS versus hepatic MDA, plasma MDA, and hepatic SOD activity, whereas hepatic GPx and plasma GPx were negatively correlated with plasma LPS. The relative mRNA abundances of GPX1 and CAT were significantly lower in the liver of cows fed a high-grain diet than those fed a low-grain diet, whereas SOD1 was significantly higher in cows fed a high-grain diet than cows fed a low-grain diet. The expression levels of Nrf2, NQO1, MT1E, UGT1A1, MGST3, and MT1A were downregulated, whereas NF-kB was upregulated, in cows fed a high-grain diet. Furthermore, nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) total protein and mRNA levels were significantly lower than in low-grains. Our results demonstrate the relationship between the translocated LPS and the suppression of cellular antioxidant defense capacity, which lead to increased oxidative stress and suggests that the Nrf2-dependent antioxidant response may be affected by higher levels of LPS translocated to the bloodstream.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Abaker
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - T L Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - D Jin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - G J Chang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - K Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - X Z Shen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China.
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Jawor P, Brzozowska A, Słoniewski K, Kowalski Z, Stefaniak T. Acute phase response in the primiparous dairy cows after repeated percutaneous liver biopsy during the transition period. Pol J Vet Sci 2016; 19:393-9. [DOI: 10.1515/pjvs-2016-0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the acute phase response of dairy cows to repeated liver biopsy in order to estimate the safety of this procedure during the transition period. Liver biopsies (up to 1000 mg of liver tissue) were conducted twice a day, 7 days before expected parturition and 3 days after calving. The number of needle insertions for each biopsy was recorded and was dependent on the amount of obtained tissue. Blood samples were taken on day 7 before expected parturition, then on days 3, 4, 7 and 14 after calving. Body temperature was measured daily in all 30 cows from day 3 until day 14 after calving. The concentrations of haptoglobin, serum amyloid A, fibrinogen and interleukin-6 were determined in serum and plasma. In 16.7% of cows, the rectal body temperature rose by ≥ 0.5°C on the day after liver biopsy. Although the concentrations of haptoglobin, serum amyloid A and fibrinogen increased significantly after calving (p<0.01), there was no influence of the number of biopsies on the acute phase reaction and repeated biopsy during the transition period had no effect on body temperature. Therefore, the procedure may be regarded as safe for cows during the transition period.
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Pain-related behavior was not observed in dairy cattle in the days after liver biopsy, regardless of whether NSAIDs were administered. Res Vet Sci 2016; 104:195-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2015.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Imhasly S, Bieli C, Naegeli H, Nyström L, Ruetten M, Gerspach C. Blood plasma lipidome profile of dairy cows during the transition period. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:252. [PMID: 26446667 PMCID: PMC4597432 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0565-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The transition period of dairy cows, around parturition and the onset of lactation, involves endocrine and metabolic changes to compensate for an increased energy requirement aggravated by reduced feed intake. Transition cows adjust to the resulting negative energy balance with the mobilization of lipids from the adipose tissues yielding increased blood levels of non-esterified fatty acids and ketone bodies like β-hydroxybutyrate. RESULTS To study the biochemical adaptations underlying this physiologic adjustment and possible pathologic derangements, we analyzed the blood plasma lipidome of transition cows by ultra-pressure liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The resulting data were processed by principal component analysis, revealing over 60 lipid masses that change in abundance over the test period ranging from two weeks before calving to four weeks postpartum. Further characterization of analytes by tandem mass spectrometry demonstrated that the concentration of triacylglycerides in plasma drops at the day of parturition whereas the plasma level of many phosphatidylcholines and two sphingomyelins increases steadily during early lactation. CONCLUSION This newly identified shift in phospholipid composition delivers a potential biomarker to detect aberrant metabolic pathways in transition cows and also provides insights into how to prevent and treat associated disorders like fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Imhasly
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - C Bieli
- Department of Farm Animals, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - H Naegeli
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - L Nyström
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - M Ruetten
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - C Gerspach
- Department of Farm Animals, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Olson ME, Fierheller E, Burwash L, Ralston B, Schatz C, Matheson-Bird H. The Efficacy of Meloxicam Oral Suspension for Controlling Pain and Inflammation After Castration in Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Smith DJ, Shelver WL, Baynes RE, Tell L, Gehring R, Li M, Dutko T, Schroeder JW, Herges G, Riviere JE. Excretory, Secretory, and Tissue Residues after Label and Extra-label Administration of Flunixin Meglumine to Saline- or Lipopolysaccharide-Exposed Dairy Cows. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:4893-4901. [PMID: 25950946 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b01509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Twenty lactating dairy cattle were intravenously infused with either lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (n = 10) or sterile saline (n = 10). Five cattle in each group received three doses of flunixin meglumine administered by either intravenous infusion or intramuscular injection at 24 h intervals. Milk, urine, and tissues were collected. Thirty-six hours after the last flunixin administration, milk from six cows contained 5-hydroxyflunixin (5OHF) levels greater than the milk tolerance of 2 ng/mL; by 48 h, milk from two cows, a saline and a LPS-treated animal, had violative milk concentrations of 5OHF. A single animal treated with LPS and intramuscular flunixin contained violative flunixin residues in liver. The ratio of urinary flunixin/5OHF was correlated (P < 0.01; R(2) = 0.946) with liver flunixin residues in LPS-treated animals, but not (P = 0.96; R(2) = 0.003) in cows treated with saline in lieu of LPS. Violative residues of flunixin in dairy cattle may be related to LPS inhibition of flunixin metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Smith
- †Biosciences Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, 1605 Albrecht Boulevard, Fargo, North Dakota 58102, United States
| | - Weilin L Shelver
- †Biosciences Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, 1605 Albrecht Boulevard, Fargo, North Dakota 58102, United States
| | - Ronald E Baynes
- #College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607, United States
| | - Lisa Tell
- §School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Ronette Gehring
- ⊥Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Mengjie Li
- ⊥Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Terry Dutko
- ΔOffice of Public Health Science, Midwestern Laboratory, USDA-FSIS, 4300 Goodfellow Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63120, United States
| | - J W Schroeder
- ‡Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, P.O. Box 6050, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Grant Herges
- †Biosciences Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, 1605 Albrecht Boulevard, Fargo, North Dakota 58102, United States
| | - Jim E Riviere
- ⊥Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
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Administration of a NSAID (meloxicam) affects lying behaviour after caesarean section in beef cows. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2014.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Effects of combined liver and udder biopsying on the acute phase response of dairy cows with experimentally induced E. coli mastitis. Animal 2013; 7:1721-30. [PMID: 23867091 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731113001353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A minimally invasive biopsy technique was evaluated for udder tissue collection in dairy cows with Escherichia coli mastitis. Meanwhile, the effect of taking repeated liver and udder biopsies on the systemic and local acute phase response (APR) of the dairy cows was investigated during the disease. The cows were divided into a biopsy group (B) (n = 16) and a no-biopsy group (NB) (n = 16) and were sampled in the acute disease stage and in the recovery stage. The cows' pre-disease period served as a control period for establishing baseline values for the investigated parameters. A total of 32 Holstein-Friesian cows were inoculated with 20 to 40 colony-forming units (cfu) of E. coli in one front quarter at 0 hour. Liver biopsies were collected at -144, 12, 24 and 192 h, and udder biopsies were collected at 24 and 192 h post E. coli inoculation (PI) using a minimally invasive biopsy technique. Effects of combined biopsying were investigated by recording production traits, clinical response, and measuring inflammatory milk and blood parameters: E. coli, somatic cell count, milk amyloid A (MAA) levels, white blood cell count, polymorphonuclear neutrophilic leukocyte numbers and serum amyloid A levels at several time points. E. coli inoculation changed all production parameters and the clinical and inflammatory response in all cows except one that was not infected. Combined biopsying had no constant or transient effect on the daily feed intake, the clinical responsiveness or the blood parameters, but affected the daily milk yield and some milk parameters transiently, that is, the presence of blood in milk, increased E. coli counts and MAA levels during the acute disease stage. Combined biopsying had no effect on the parameters in the recovery stage apart from the presence of blood in the milk. In conclusion, although, a minimally invasive biopsy technique was used, tissue damages could not be avoided when biopsying and they transiently affected the inflammatory parameters in the mammary gland. Nevertheless, we believe combined biopsying of liver and udder is as an acceptable approach to study the systemic and local APR in dairy cows during E. coli mastitis, if the timing of biopsying and other types of sampling is planned accordingly.
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