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Miglio A, Falcinelli E, Mezzasoma AM, Busechian S, Rueca F, Gresele P, Antognoni MT. Biomarkers of in vivo platelet activation in thoroughbreds during their first long-term training. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1395423. [PMID: 38831955 PMCID: PMC11145980 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1395423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Physical exercise has an activating effect on platelet function that differs between trained and untrained subjects, depending on the type of exercise and training status. In humans, soluble P-selectin (sP-sel) and platelet-derived extracellular vesicles (PEVs) are considered reliable markers of in vivo platelet activation during exercise. In untrained humans, they increase after transient physical exercise, whereas long-term training induces a decrease in their resting levels due to an improved ability to adapt to hemodynamic changes. The aim of this study was to assess whether circulating levels of sP-sel and PEVs may be useful markers to explore in vivo platelet function in never-trained Thoroughbreds during their first 4 months of incremental training. A total of 29 clinically healthy, untrained Thoroughbreds (17 males and 12 females) were enrolled. All horses were trained with the same training schedule (90 days). Blood samples were collected on the day the training program began (T0), 30 days (T30), and 90 days (T90) after its incremental increase to quantify platelet count, sP-sel (horse enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) and PEVs (flow cytometry). Statistical analysis was performed using RM one-way analysis of variance with the Geisser-Greenhouse correction. Soluble P-selectin tended to increase at T30 compared with T0, while T90 levels returned to baseline values. Significantly higher circulating levels of PEVs CD61+/AnnV+ were observed at T30 and T90 compared to baseline confirming platelet hyperactivity. The detection and quantification of sP-sel and PEVs in equine racehorses during the training period appears to be a promising tool to study exercise-induced primary hemostatic changes and may provide an important marker for exercise selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Miglio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Perugia University, Perugia, Italy
| | - Emanuela Falcinelli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Section of Internal and Cardiovascular Medicine, Perugia University, Perugia, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Mezzasoma
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Section of Internal and Cardiovascular Medicine, Perugia University, Perugia, Italy
| | - Sara Busechian
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Perugia University, Perugia, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Rueca
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Perugia University, Perugia, Italy
| | - Paolo Gresele
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Section of Internal and Cardiovascular Medicine, Perugia University, Perugia, Italy
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Miglio A, Falcinelli E, Cappelli K, Mecocci S, Mezzasoma AM, Antognoni MT, Gresele P. Effect of Regular Training on Platelet Function in Untrained Thoroughbreds. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:414. [PMID: 38338057 PMCID: PMC10854537 DOI: 10.3390/ani14030414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Training has a significant effect on the physiology of blood coagulation in humans and in horses. Several hemostatic changes have been reported after exercise in the horse but data available are inconclusive. The aim of this study was to investigate platelet activation and primary platelet-related hemostasis modifications in young never-trained Thoroughbreds in the first incremental training period in order to improve knowledge on this topic. Twenty-nine clinically healthy, untrained, 2-year-old Thoroughbred racehorses were followed during their incremental 4-month sprint exercise training. Blood collection was performed once a month, five times in total (T-30, T0, T30, T60, and T90). Platelet aggregation was measured by light transmission aggregometry in response to various agonists: adenosine diphosphate (ADP), collagen, and calcium ionophore A23187. Platelet function was evaluated using a platelet function analyzer (PFA-100®) using collagen/ADP and collagen/adrenaline cartridges. Nitrite-nitrate (NOx) plasma concentrations were measured via a colorimetric assay to assess in vivo nitric oxide bioavailability. Platelet activation was also investigated through gene expression analyses (selectin P-SELP, ectonucleotidase CD39-ENTPD1, prostaglandin I2 synthase-PTGIS, endothelial nitric oxide synthase 3-NOS3). Differences among the time points were analyzed and mean ± SEM were calculated. Significant modifications were identified compared with T-30, with an increase in platelet aggregation (collagen:32.6 ± 4.8 vs. 21.6 ± 4.9%; ADP: 35.5 ± 2.0 vs. 24.5 ± 3.1%; A23187: 30 ± 4.7 vs. 23.8 ± 4%) and a shorter closure time of C-ADP cartridges (75.6 ± 4.4 vs. 87.7 ± 3.4 s) that tended to return to the baseline value at T90. NOx concentrations in plasma significantly increased after 30 days of the training program compared with the baseline. The first long-term training period seems to induce platelet hyperactivity after 30 days in never-trained Thoroughbreds. Regular physical training reduces the negative effects of acute efforts on platelet activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Miglio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (K.C.); (S.M.); (M.T.A.)
| | - Emanuela Falcinelli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Section of Internal and Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (E.F.); (A.M.M.); (P.G.)
| | - Katia Cappelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (K.C.); (S.M.); (M.T.A.)
| | - Samanta Mecocci
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (K.C.); (S.M.); (M.T.A.)
| | - Anna Maria Mezzasoma
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Section of Internal and Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (E.F.); (A.M.M.); (P.G.)
| | - Maria Teresa Antognoni
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (K.C.); (S.M.); (M.T.A.)
| | - Paolo Gresele
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Section of Internal and Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (E.F.); (A.M.M.); (P.G.)
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Arfuso F, Giannetto C, Interlandi C, Giudice E, Bruschetta A, Panzera MF, Piccione G. Dynamic Metabolic Response, Clotting Times and Peripheral Indices of Central Fatigue in Horse Competing in a 44 Km Endurance Race. J Equine Vet Sci 2021; 106:103753. [PMID: 34670693 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2021.103753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A deep knowledge on metabolic response of athlete horse to exercise is of paramount importance for the development of optimal training programs to attain equilibrium between good performance and animal welfare. This study investigated the dynamic change of metabolic, clotting times and peripheral indices of central fatigue in horses competing in an official 44 km endurance race. From 6 horses blood samples were collected at rest (TPRE), within 5 minutes from the end of race (TPE5), after 30, 60 minutes after the end of race (TPE30 and TPE60) to investigate the values of blood lactate, glucose, platelets (PLTs), serum leucine, isoleucine, valine, tryptophan, the ratio between tryptophan and branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) levels (Try/BCAAs), total proteins, non-esterified fatty acids, plasma thrombin time (TT), prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time and fibrinogen (Fb). Lactate, PLTs, non-esterified fatty acids, BCAAs and Try/BCAAs showed higher values at TPE5, TPE30and TPE60than TPRE(P < .0001); glucose showed lower values at TPE5, TPE30and TPE60than TPRE(P < .0001). Higher TT values were found at TPE5, TPE30and TPE60than TPRE, and at TPE5than TPE30 and TPE60(P < .0001); Fb was higher at TPE5than TPRE, T PE30and TPE60(P < .0001). This survey confirms that horses performing prolonged physical exercise experienced glycolysis, lipid mobilization and amino acid metabolism to provide substrates as fuel for muscle contraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Arfuso
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario dell'Annunziata, Messina, Italy
| | - Claudia Giannetto
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario dell'Annunziata, Messina, Italy
| | - Claudia Interlandi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario dell'Annunziata, Messina, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Giudice
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario dell'Annunziata, Messina, Italy
| | - Antongiulio Bruschetta
- Orthopedic Institute "Franco Scalabrino" of Messina, Via Consolare Pompea, Messina, Italy
| | - Maria Francesca Panzera
- Department of Biomedical, Dental, Morphological and Functional Images. University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Piccione
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario dell'Annunziata, Messina, Italy.
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Miglio A, Falcinelli E, Mezzasoma AM, Cappelli K, Mecocci S, Gresele P, Antognoni MT. Effect of First Long-Term Training on Whole Blood Count and Blood Clotting Parameters in Thoroughbreds. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:447. [PMID: 33572086 PMCID: PMC7915801 DOI: 10.3390/ani11020447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Training has a strong effect on the physiology of hematological parameters and blood coagulation, both in humans and in horses. Several blood changes have been reported after exercise in horses but available data differ. We aimed to investigate modifications in complete blood count and some hemostatic parameters induced by the first training period in young untrained Thoroughbred racehorses to detect a possible labile blood coagulability in racehorses. Twenty-nine untrained 2-year-old Thoroughbreds were followed during their incremental 4-month sprint exercise schedule. Blood collection was performed once a month, five times (T-30, T0, T30, T60 and T90), before and during the training period for measurement of complete blood count (CBC) and blood clotting parameters (prothrombin time-PT, activated partial prothrombin time-APTT, thrombin clotting time-TCT, fibrinogen-Fb, thrombin-antithrombin complex-TAT). Differences among the time points for each parameter were analyzed (ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance, p < 0.05). In Thoroughbreds, the first long-term exercise workout period was found to induce a statistical increase in red blood cell indexes and lymphocytes, eosinophils and platelet counts, as well as a hypercoagulability state evident at 30 days of training, which returned to basal levels after 90 days. Regular physical exercise seems to blunt the negative effects of acute efforts on hematological and clotting parameters, an effect that may be attributed to the training condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Miglio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (K.C.); (S.M.); (M.T.A.)
| | - Emanuela Falcinelli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Section of Internal and Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (A.M.M.); (P.G.)
| | - Anna Maria Mezzasoma
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Section of Internal and Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (A.M.M.); (P.G.)
| | - Katia Cappelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (K.C.); (S.M.); (M.T.A.)
| | - Samanta Mecocci
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (K.C.); (S.M.); (M.T.A.)
| | - Paolo Gresele
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Section of Internal and Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (A.M.M.); (P.G.)
| | - Maria Teresa Antognoni
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (K.C.); (S.M.); (M.T.A.)
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Grizendi BM, Dória RGS, Passarelli D, Reginato GM, Hayasaka YDB, Fantinato Neto P. Correlation between hematological evaluation and the type of physical activity performed by horses in the state of São Paulo-Brazil. CIÊNCIA ANIMAL BRASILEIRA 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1809-6891v21e-56959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract The veterinarian has to frequently assess blood tests in equine medicine. The reference values are adapted from international literature, based on examinations of healthy horses, under a standardized climate and physical activity. This study aimed to compare the blood values obtained from sports horses and traction horses, taking into account the type of activity performed. Anamnesis and hematology data from 76 animals were used: 32 members belonged to the Traction Group (TG), corresponding to equines from traction activity (cart horses) and 44 members belonged to the Sport Group (SG), corresponding to equines used in obstacle jumping, both groups were from the Pirassununga region, State of São Paulo. Complete blood counts and plasmatic fibrinogen dosage were evaluated. The animals from the TG had lower erythrocyte count and hematocrit values. The animals from the TG had greater leukocyte values in the leukogram compared to the animals from the SG. Cart horses were found to have lower means of hematological values compared to the jumping horses. Moreover, these values were below the normal physiological range for the species.
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Soroko M, Śpitalniak-Bajerska K, Zaborski D, Poźniak B, Dudek K, Janczarek I. Exercise-induced changes in skin temperature and blood parameters in horses. Arch Anim Breed 2019; 62:205-213. [PMID: 31807631 PMCID: PMC6852865 DOI: 10.5194/aab-62-205-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to assess the effects of
training on haematological and biochemical blood parameters as well as on
the changes in body surface temperature in horses. In order to identify the
predictive value of surface temperature measurements as a marker of animal's
performance, their correlations with blood parameters were investigated. The
study was carried out on nine horses divided into two groups: routinely ridden
and never ridden. Infrared thermography was used to assess surface
temperature changes before (BT) and just after training (JAT) on a
treadmill. Seven regions of interest (ROIs) located on the neck, shoulder,
elbow, back, chest, gluteus and quarter were analysed. The blood samples
were taken BT, JAT and 30 min after training (30AT). Haematological
parameters including white blood cells, lymphocytes (LYMs), monocytes (MONOs),
granulocytes (GRAs), eosinophils (EOSs), haematocrit (HCT) and platelets (PLTs)
as well as biochemical parameters such as glucose (GLUC), urea,
Na+, K+ and Ca2+, and creatine phosphokinase (CPK) were
analysed. Our results indicated a significant increase in surface
temperature JAT (p=0.043) in the neck, shoulder, elbow, gluteus and
quarter in routinely ridden horses. Significant changes in EOS (p=0.046)
and HCT (p=0.043) in the case of the never-ridden and routinely ridden group,
respectively, were found between the times of blood collection. In addition,
there was a significant effect of the horse group and the time of blood
collection on the CPK activity (p=0.025 to p=0.045) and urea
concentrations (p=0.027 to p=0.045). In the routinely ridden horses,
there were significant correlations between the changes in MONO
(ρ=0.40), GRA (ρ=-0.40), PLT (ρ=-0.77), HCT (ρ=-0.36), GLUC
(ρ=0.56) and urea (ρ=0.56) and the total ROI temperature changes.
Moreover, significant correlations between the changes in MONO
(ρ=-0.86), EOS (ρ=-0.65), GLUC (ρ=0.85), urea (ρ=0.85),
Na+ (ρ=0.59) and K+ (ρ=-0.85) and the total ROI
temperature changes were found in never-ridden horses. Different changes in
body surface temperature and blood parameters in routinely ridden and
never-ridden horses could be associated with different conditioning and
performance. A significantly higher surface temperature in routinely ridden
horses, as well as the dynamics of changes in HCT, CPK and urea after
training indicate better performance of these horses. Significant
correlations between MONO, GLUC, and urea and a total ROI surface temperature
as well as a negative correlation between MONO and the total ROI temperature
in never-ridden horses indicated poor performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Soroko
- Department of Horse Breeding and Equestrian Studies, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, 50-375, Poland
| | - Kinga Śpitalniak-Bajerska
- Department of Environmental Hygiene and Animal Welfare, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, 50-375, Poland
| | - Daniel Zaborski
- Department of Ruminants Science, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, 71-270, Poland
| | - Błażej Poźniak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, 50-375, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Dudek
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Wroclaw University of Technology, Wrocław, 50-370, Poland
| | - Iwona Janczarek
- Department of Horse Breeding and Use, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, 20-950, Poland
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Arfuso F, Giannetto C, Giudice E, Fazio F, Piccione G. Dynamic modulation of platelet aggregation, albumin and nonesterified fatty acids during physical exercise in Thoroughbred horses. Res Vet Sci 2016; 104:86-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2015.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Different Training Schedules Influence Serum Electrophoretic Protein Profile in the Athletic Horse. J Equine Vet Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2015.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Assenza A, Bergero D, Congiu F, Tosto F, Giannetto C, Piccione G. Evaluation of Serum Electrolytes and Blood Lactate Concentration During Repeated Maximal Exercise in Horse. J Equine Vet Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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