1
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Assafiri A, Jia C, Thomas DS, Hibbert DB, Zhao C. Fast and Sensitive Detection of Ammonia from Electrochemical Nitrogen Reduction Reactions by 1H NMR with Radiation Damping. SMALL METHODS 2024; 8:e2301373. [PMID: 38353380 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202301373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/18/2024]
Abstract
A facile NMR method is reported for analysis of ammonia from the electrochemical reduction of nitrogen, which compares a calibrated colorimetric method, a calibrated 1H NMR method and two 1H NMR direct measurements using external reference materials. Unlike spectrophotometric methods, 1H NMR requires less bench time and does not require separation of ammonia from the electrolyte. A novel approach to the problem of radiation damping in NMR measurements considered the specific role of hardware tuning. Radiation damping is suppressed improving signal-to-noise ratio and detection limit (1.5 µg L-1). The method is demonstrated to be effective for the analysis of ammonia from direct electrochemical nitrogen reduction in KOH, and from lithium-mediated nitrogen reduction in a non-aqueous solution. An uncertainty budget is prepared for the measurement of ammonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Assafiri
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | - Chen Jia
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | - Donald S Thomas
- NMR Facility, Mark Wainwright Analytical Center, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | - David B Hibbert
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | - Chuan Zhao
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia
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2
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Apostolakis A, Aoust G, Maisons G, Laurent L, Pereira MF. Photoacoustic Spectroscopy Using a Quantum Cascade Laser for Analysis of Ammonia in Water Solutions. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:19127-19135. [PMID: 38708224 PMCID: PMC11064027 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c10175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Ammonia (NH3) toxicity, stemming from nitrification, can adversely affect aquatic life and influence the taste and odor of drinking water. This underscores the necessity for highly responsive and accurate sensors to continuously monitor NH3 levels in water, especially in complex environments, where reliable sensors have been lacking until this point. Herein, we detail the development of a sensor comprising a compact and selective analyzer with low gas consumption and a timely response based on photoacoustic spectroscopy. This, combined with an automated liquid sampling system, enables the precise detection of ammonia traces in water. The sensor system incorporates a state-of-the art quantum cascade laser as the excitation source emitting at 9 μm in resonance with the absorption line of NH3 located at 1103.46 cm-1. Our instrument demonstrated detection sensitivity at a low ppm level for the ammonia molecule with response times of less than 60 s. For the sampling system, an ammonia stripping solution was designed, resulting in a prompt full measurement cycle (6.35 min). A further evaluation of the sensor within a pilot study showed good reliability and agreement with the reference method for real water samples, confirming the potential of our NH3 analyzer for water quality monitoring applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apostolos Apostolakis
- Institute
of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, CZ-18200 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Guillaume Aoust
- MIRSENSE, Nano-INNOV Batiment 863, 8 av de
la Vauve, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Grégory Maisons
- MIRSENSE, Nano-INNOV Batiment 863, 8 av de
la Vauve, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Ludovic Laurent
- MIRSENSE, Nano-INNOV Batiment 863, 8 av de
la Vauve, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Mauro Fernandes Pereira
- Institute
of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, CZ-18200 Prague, Czech Republic
- Department
of Physics, Khalifa University of Science
and Technology, 127788 Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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3
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Blohm A, Domes C, Merian A, Wolf S, Popp J, Frosch T. Comprehensive multi-gas study by means of fiber-enhanced Raman spectroscopy for the investigation of nitrogen cycle processes. Analyst 2024; 149:1885-1894. [PMID: 38357795 DOI: 10.1039/d4an00023d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
The extensive use of synthetic fertilizers has led to a considerable increase in reactive nitrogen input into agricultural and natural systems, resulting in negative effects in multiple ecosystems, the so-called nitrogen cascade. Since the global population relies on fertilization for food production, synthetic fertilizer use needs to be optimized by balancing crop yield and reactive nitrogen losses. Fiber-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (FERS) is introduced as a unique method for the simultaneous quantification of multiple gases to the study processes related to the nitrogen cycle. By monitoring changes in the headspace gas concentrations, processes such as denitrification, nitrification, respiration, and nitrogen fixation, as well as fertilizer addition were studied. The differences in concentration between the ambient and prepared process samples were evident in the Raman spectra, allowing for differentiation of process-specific spectra. Gas mixture concentrations were quantified within a range of low ppm to 100% for the gases N2, O2, CO2, N2O, and NH3. Compositional changes were attributed to processes of the nitrogen cycle. With help of multivariate curve resolution, it was possible to quantify N2O and CO2 simultaneously. The impact of fertilizers on N-cycle processes in soil was simulated and analyzed for identifying active processes. Thus, FERS was proven to be a suitable technique to optimize fertilizer composition and to quantify N2O and NH3 emissions, all with a single device and without further sample preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Blohm
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Domes
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Andreas Merian
- Biophotonics and Biomedical Engineering Group, Technical University Darmstadt, Merckstraße 25, 64283 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Sebastian Wolf
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Jürgen Popp
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Abbe Centre of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Torsten Frosch
- Biophotonics and Biomedical Engineering Group, Technical University Darmstadt, Merckstraße 25, 64283 Darmstadt, Germany.
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Abbe Centre of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany
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4
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Rasmussen AN, Thomsen BL, Christensen JB, Petersen JC, Lassen M. Quartz-Enhanced Photoacoustic Spectroscopy Assisted by Partial Least-Squares Regression for Multi-Gas Measurements. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:7984. [PMID: 37766039 PMCID: PMC10537676 DOI: 10.3390/s23187984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
We report on the use of quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (QEPAS) for multi-gas detection. Photoacoustic (PA) spectra of mixtures of water (H2O), ammonia (NH3), and methane (CH4) were measured in the mid-infrared (MIR) wavelength range using a mid-infrared (MIR) optical parametric oscillator (OPO) light source. Highly overlapping absorption spectra are a common challenge for gas spectroscopy. To mitigate this, we used a partial least-squares regression (PLS) method to estimate the mixing ratio and concentrations of the individual gasses. The concentration range explored in the analysis varies from a few parts per million (ppm) to thousands of ppm. Spectra obtained from HITRAN and experimental single-molecule reference spectra of each of the molecular species were acquired and used as training data sets. These spectra were used to generate simulated spectra of the gas mixtures (linear combinations of the reference spectra). Here, in this proof-of-concept experiment, we demonstrate that after an absolute calibration of the QEPAS cell, the PLS analyses could be used to determine concentrations of single molecular species with a relative accuracy within a few % for mixtures of H2O, NH3, and CH4 and with an absolute sensitivity of approximately 300 (±50) ppm/V, 50 (±5) ppm/V, and 5 (±2) ppm/V for water, ammonia, and methane, respectively. This demonstrates that QEPAS assisted by PLS is a powerful approach to estimate concentrations of individual gas components with considerable spectral overlap, which is a typical scenario for real-life adoptions and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Mikael Lassen
- Danish Fundamental Metrology, Kogle Allé 5, 2970 Hørsholm, Denmark; (A.N.R.); (B.L.T.); (J.B.C.); (J.C.P.)
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5
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Bayrakli I, Akman H, Sari F. Sensor using a photo-acoustic absorption cell with two perpendicular acoustic resonators to analyze multiple molecules. APPLIED OPTICS 2023; 62:6689-6696. [PMID: 37706801 DOI: 10.1364/ao.495411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
An ultra-high sensitivity multi-molecule sensor based on a photo-acoustic cell with two perpendicular acoustic resonators and a common microphone has been reported. In this work, a 4.5 µm distributed-feedback quantum cascade laser and a 1.5 µm external cavity diode laser (EC-DL) were used as optical excitation sources. Considering the spectral ranges of the lasers used, it is possible to analyze eight molecules (Q C L:N 2 O and C O 2, EC-DL: H 2 O, H 2 S, N H 3, CO, C H 4, and C 2 H 2). The N 2 O molecule was used to evaluate the performance of the photo-acoustic spectroscopy (PAS)-based sensor. A sensitivity of 0.073 V/ppm and a linearity of 0.99 were found by analyzing the PAS signal as a function of N 2 O concentration at 2237.656c m -1. The long-term performance of the sensor was determined by performing an Allan deviation analysis. A minimum detection limit of 9.8 ppb for 90 s integration time was achieved. The simultaneous multi-trace gas detection capability was verified by measurement of N 2 O, C O 2, and H 2 O. Depending on the coarse/fine-tuning ranges of the lasers used, the number of molecules analyzed can be further increased. Such a sensor could provide simultaneous diagnosis of many diseases through an analysis of breath air and simultaneous monitoring of the most important greenhouse gases.
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6
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Li T, Sima C, Ai Y, Tong C, Zhao J, Zhao Z, Lu P. Photoacoustic spectroscopy-based ppb-level multi-gas sensor using symmetric multi-resonant cavity photoacoustic cell. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2023; 32:100526. [PMID: 37456141 PMCID: PMC10345332 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2023.100526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we propose and experimentally demonstrate a symmetric multi-resonant cavity photoacoustic cell (MR-PAC) with dual microphones detection, based on multi-resonator photoacoustic spectroscopy (MR-PAS). The designed photoacoustic cell contains three interconnected acoustic resonators to facilitate simultaneous control of three lasers for multi-gas sensing. Two microphones are symmetrically located at both sides of photoacoustic cell to implement two-point detection. The length of acoustic resonator is about 50 mm to minimize the photoacoustic cell, and the resonant frequency is around 3000 Hz. Feasibility and performance of the MR-PAC was demonstrated by simultaneous detection of C2H2, NO and CF4 using a near infrared diode laser and two mid infrared quantum cascade lasers. The minimum detection limits (MDLs) of C2H2, NO and CF4 are 480 ppb, 260 ppb and 0.57 ppb respectively with a 1 s integration time at normal atmospheric pressure. This minimized MR-PAS system is promising for the portable multi-gas sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tailin Li
- Next Generation Internet Access National Engineering Research Center, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Chaotan Sima
- Next Generation Internet Access National Engineering Research Center, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yan Ai
- Next Generation Internet Access National Engineering Research Center, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Chen Tong
- Next Generation Internet Access National Engineering Research Center, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jinbiao Zhao
- Next Generation Internet Access National Engineering Research Center, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Zikai Zhao
- International Business Division, Accelink Technologies Co., Ltd, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Ping Lu
- Next Generation Internet Access National Engineering Research Center, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
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7
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Weber C, Kapp J, Wöllenstein J, Schmitt K. Novel approach for efficient resonance tracking in photoacoustic gas sensor systems based on a light-induced wall signal. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2023; 31:100495. [PMID: 37113271 PMCID: PMC10126925 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2023.100495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic gas sensing is a method suited for the detection of radiation absorbing molecular species in the gas phase. Due to the backgroand-free detection, it has considerable benefits in the measurement of very low concentrations down to the parts-per-trillion range. Yet in resonant systems, the resonance frequency depends on several parameters like temperature or gas composition and therefore must be continuously determined. In the present work, we propose a new method of tracking the resonance frequency using a photoacoustic signal generated at the walls of the resonant cell. The method has been evaluated with two different photoacoustic setups intended for the detection of NO2. We further propose an algorithm for finding the resonance frequency and evaluated the performance thereof. With this method, it is possible to detect the resonance frequency of a cylindrical and a dumbbell-shaped cell in less than two seconds and with an accuracy < 0.06% and < 0.2%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Weber
- Department of Microsystems Engineering–IMTEK, Laboratory for Gas Sensors, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 102, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Physical Measurement Techniques IPM, Koehler-Allee 301, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
| | - J. Kapp
- Department of Microsystems Engineering–IMTEK, Laboratory for Gas Sensors, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 102, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Physical Measurement Techniques IPM, Koehler-Allee 301, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
| | - J. Wöllenstein
- Department of Microsystems Engineering–IMTEK, Laboratory for Gas Sensors, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 102, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Physical Measurement Techniques IPM, Koehler-Allee 301, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
| | - K. Schmitt
- Department of Microsystems Engineering–IMTEK, Laboratory for Gas Sensors, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 102, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Physical Measurement Techniques IPM, Koehler-Allee 301, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
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8
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Liu X, Wu H, Dong L. Methodology and applications of acousto-electric analogy in photoacoustic cell design for trace gas analysis. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2023; 30:100475. [PMID: 37007859 PMCID: PMC10064240 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2023.100475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic cells play an important role in photoacoustic trace gas analysis, as they can amplify the photoacoustic signal and improve detection limit. Therefore, the structure and dimensional design of a photoacoustic cell are very important for the performance of a photoacoustic sensing system. In this review, the theory and the method of acousto-electric analogy for the photoacoustic cell design are discussed in detail. Starting from the basics of the acousto-electric analogy, the counterparts of acoustic elements in electric circuits are first deduced from the analogies between acoustic and electric networks. Subsequently, an acoustic transmission line model is reviewed, and the model is demonstrated to optimize the geometry of the photoacoustic cell and investigate the properties of the cell. Finally, using the acousto-electric analogy method, the equivalent electric circuits of several types of photoacoustic cells, such as the Helmholtz resonant photoacoustic cell, the H-type resonant photoacoustic cell, the differential photoacoustic cell, etc., are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, PR China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, PR China
| | - Hongpeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, PR China
| | - Lei Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, PR China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, PR China
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9
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de Sousa FC, Tinôco IDFF, Cruz VF, Barbari M, Saraz JAO, da Silva AL, Coelho DJDR, Baptista F. Potential for Ammonia Generation and Emission in Broiler Production Facilities in Brazil. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13040675. [PMID: 36830464 PMCID: PMC9951733 DOI: 10.3390/ani13040675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Air quality is one of the main factors that must be guaranteed in animal production. However, the measurement of pollutants is still a problem in several countries because the available methods are costly and do not always apply to the reality of the constructive typology adopted, as in countries with a hot climate, which adopt predominantly open facilities. Thus, the objective of the present study was to develop predictive models for the potential generation and emission of ammonia in the production of broiler chickens with different types of litter, different reuse cycles and under different climatic conditions. Samples of poultry litter from thirty commercial aviaries submitted to different air temperatures were analyzed. The experiment was conducted and analyzed in a completely randomized design, following a factorial scheme. Models were developed to predict the potential for generation and emission of ammonia, which can be applied in facilities with ambient conditions of air temperature between 25 and 40 °C and with wood shaving bed with up to four reuse cycles and coffee husks bed with up to six reuse cycles. The developed and validated models showed high accuracy indicating that they can be used to estimate the potential for ammonia generation and emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Campos de Sousa
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-31-3612-4013 (36570–900)
| | | | - Vasco Fitas Cruz
- Departamento de Engenharia Rural, Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia, MED—Instituto Mediterrâneo para a Agricultura, Ambiente e Desenvolvimento, Universidade de Évora, Évora 7000-849, Portugal
| | - Matteo Barbari
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry (GESAAF), Università degli Studi di Firenze, 13-50145 Firenze, Italy
| | | | - Alex Lopes da Silva
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Diogo José de Rezende Coelho
- Departamento de Engenharia Rural, Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia, MED—Instituto Mediterrâneo para a Agricultura, Ambiente e Desenvolvimento, Universidade de Évora, Évora 7000-849, Portugal
| | - Fatima Baptista
- Departamento de Engenharia Rural, Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia, MED—Instituto Mediterrâneo para a Agricultura, Ambiente e Desenvolvimento, Universidade de Évora, Évora 7000-849, Portugal
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10
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Yassine H, Weber C, Brugger N, Wöllenstein J, Schmitt K. Towards a Miniaturized Photoacoustic Detector for the Infrared Spectroscopic Analysis of SO 2F 2 and Refrigerants. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 23:180. [PMID: 36616778 PMCID: PMC9824166 DOI: 10.3390/s23010180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Sulfuryl fluoride (SO2F2) is a toxic and potent greenhouse gas that is currently widely used as a fumigant insecticide in houses, food, and shipping containers. Though it poses a major hazard to humans, its detection is still carried out manually and only on a random basis. In this paper, we present a two-chamber photoacoustic approach for continuous SO2F2 sensing. Because of the high toxicity of SO2F2, the concept is to use a non-toxic substituent gas with similar absorption characteristics in the photoacoustic detector chamber, i.e., to measure SO2F2 indirectly. The refrigerants R227ea, R125, R134a, and propene were identified as possible substituents using a Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic analysis. The resulting infrared spectra were used to simulate the sensitivity of the substituents of a photoacoustic sensor to SO2F2 in different concentration ranges and at different optical path lengths. The simulations showed that R227ea has the highest sensitivity to SO2F2 among the substituents and is therefore a promising substituent detector gas. Simulations concerning the possible cross-sensitivity of the photoacoustic detectors to H2O and CO2 were also performed. These results are the first step towards the development of a miniaturized, sensitive, and cost-effective photoacoustic sensor system for SO2F2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Yassine
- Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christian Weber
- Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Physical Measurement Techniques IPM, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nicolas Brugger
- Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Wöllenstein
- Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Physical Measurement Techniques IPM, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katrin Schmitt
- Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Physical Measurement Techniques IPM, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
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11
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Ouma EA, Huszár H, Horváth L, Szabó G, Janáky C, Bozóki Z. Development of a Near-Infrared Photoacoustic System for Selective, Fast, and Fully Automatized Detection of Isotopically Labeled Ammonia. Anal Chem 2022; 94:14118-14125. [PMID: 36190777 PMCID: PMC9583071 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Different environmental
and industrial technologies seek
for fast
and automatic ammonia detection systems, capable of the selective
measurement of the concentration of its isotopes at sub-ppm levels,
without any interference with the common contaminants. In this work,
we report the quasi-simultaneous measurement of 14NH3 and 15NH3 concentrations based on a
near-infrared diode laser-based photoacoustic system. Using a widely
tunable external cavity diode laser, four nearby wavelengths within
the range of 1531.3–1531.8 nm were optimal circumstances for
sensitive detection, while avoiding interference with water vapor.
Subsequently, a more robust distributed feedback diode laser was employed
to tune the laser wavelength on the sub-second timescale by varying
its driving current rather than using much slower temperature tuning.
The detection limit of our system is 0.15 and 0.73 ppm for 14NH3 and 15NH3 (with an accuracy
below 0.1%), respectively, and the response time is 3.5 s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Awuor Ouma
- Department of Optics and Quantum Electronics, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 9, H-6720Szeged, Hungary
| | - Helga Huszár
- Department of Optics and Quantum Electronics, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 9, H-6720Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Horváth
- Department of Optics and Quantum Electronics, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 9, H-6720Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gábor Szabó
- Department of Optics and Quantum Electronics, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 9, H-6720Szeged, Hungary
| | - Csaba Janáky
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 9, H-6720Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Bozóki
- Department of Optics and Quantum Electronics, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 9, H-6720Szeged, Hungary
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12
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Fu L, Lu P, Sima C, Zhao J, Pan Y, Li T, Zhang X, Liu D. Small-volume highly-sensitive all-optical gas sensor using non-resonant photoacoustic spectroscopy with dual silicon cantilever optical microphones. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2022; 27:100382. [PMID: 36068799 PMCID: PMC9441265 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2022.100382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A small-volume highly-sensitive photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) methane detection system based on differential silicon cantilever optical microphones (SCOMs) is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The system contains a compact non-resonant photoacoustic cell with a small volume of 1.2 mL and symmetrically-located dual SCOMs, as well as a distributed feedback laser at 1650.96 nm. The two identical SCOMs utilize the Fabry-Perot interferometric fiber-optic structure, with the differential Q-point demodulation algorithm to suppress the external vibration noise. Experimental results show that the SCOM has a high displacement sensitivity about 7.1 µm/Pa at 150 Hz and within 2.5 dB fluctuation between 5 Hz and 250 Hz. In the PAS gas sensing experiment, the normalized noise equivalent absorption coefficient of the PAS system is estimated to be 1.2 × 10-9 cm-1·W·Hz-1/2 and the minimum detection limit for methane is about 111.2 ppb with 1 s integration time. External disturbance is also applied to the dual SCOM system and results show excellent stability and noise resistance. The proposed PAS system exhibits superiorities of low gas consumption, high sensitivity and immunity to vibration and electromagnetic interference, which has an enormous potential in medicine, industry and environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lujun Fu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO) and National Engineering Research Center for Next Generation Internet Access System, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- Shenzhen Huazhong University of Science and Technology Research Institute, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Ping Lu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO) and National Engineering Research Center for Next Generation Internet Access System, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- Shenzhen Huazhong University of Science and Technology Research Institute, Shenzhen 518000, China
- Wuhan OV Optical Networking Technology Co, Ltd, China
- Corresponding authors at: Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO) and National Engineering Research Center for Next Generation Internet Access System, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Chaotan Sima
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO) and National Engineering Research Center for Next Generation Internet Access System, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- Shenzhen Huazhong University of Science and Technology Research Institute, Shenzhen 518000, China
- Corresponding authors at: Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO) and National Engineering Research Center for Next Generation Internet Access System, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Jinbiao Zhao
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO) and National Engineering Research Center for Next Generation Internet Access System, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yufeng Pan
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO) and National Engineering Research Center for Next Generation Internet Access System, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Tailin Li
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO) and National Engineering Research Center for Next Generation Internet Access System, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xiaohang Zhang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO) and National Engineering Research Center for Next Generation Internet Access System, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Deming Liu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO) and National Engineering Research Center for Next Generation Internet Access System, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
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13
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Wu G, Gong Z, Ma J, Li H, Guo M, Chen K, Peng W, Yu Q, Mei L. High-sensitivity miniature dual-resonance photoacoustic sensor based on silicon cantilever beam for trace gas sensing. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2022; 27:100386. [PMID: 36068800 PMCID: PMC9441259 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2022.100386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
We report a miniature dual-resonance photoacoustic (PA) sensor, mainly consisting of a small resonant T-type PA cell and an integrated sensor probe based on a silicon cantilever beam. The resonance frequency of the miniature T-type PA cell is matched with the first-order natural frequency of the cantilever beam to achieve double resonance of the acoustic signal. The volume of the designed T-type PA cell is only about 2.26 cubic centimeters. A PA spectroscopy (PAS) system, employing the dual-resonance photoacoustic (PA) sensor as the prober and a high-speed spectrometer as the demodulator, has been implemented for high-sensitivity methane sensing. The sensitivity and the minimum detection limit can reach up to 2.0 pm/ppm and 35.6 parts-per-billion, respectively, with an averaging time of 100 s. The promising performance demonstrated a great potential of employing the reported sensor for high-sensitivity gas sensing in sub cubic centimeter-level spaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guojie Wu
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian116024, Liaoning, China
| | - Zhenfeng Gong
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian116024, Liaoning, China
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Junsheng Ma
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian116024, Liaoning, China
| | - Haie Li
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian116024, Liaoning, China
| | - Min Guo
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian116024, Liaoning, China
| | - Ke Chen
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian116024, Liaoning, China
| | - Wei Peng
- School of Physics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning, China
| | - Qingxu Yu
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian116024, Liaoning, China
| | - Liang Mei
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian116024, Liaoning, China
- Corresponding authors.
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14
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Wu G, Gong Z, Li H, Ma J, Chen K, Peng W, Yu Q, Mei L. High-Sensitivity Multitrace Gas Simultaneous Detection Based on an All-Optical Miniaturized Photoacoustic Sensor. Anal Chem 2022; 94:12507-12513. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c02767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guojie Wu
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Zhenfeng Gong
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Haie Li
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Junsheng Ma
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Ke Chen
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Wei Peng
- School of Physics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Qingxu Yu
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Liang Mei
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
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15
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Li Z, Si G, Ning Z, Liu J, Fang Y, Si B, Cheng Z, Yang C. Highly Sensitive Sphere-Tube Coupled Photoacoustic Cell Suitable for Detection of a Variety of Trace Gases: NO 2 as an Example. SENSORS 2021; 22:s22010281. [PMID: 35009823 PMCID: PMC8749625 DOI: 10.3390/s22010281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The concentration of trace gases in the atmospheric environment is extremely low, but it has a great impact on the living environment of organisms. Photoacoustic spectroscopy has attracted extensive attention in the field of trace gas detection because of its high sensitivity, good selectivity, and fast response. As the core of a photoacoustic detection setup, the photoacoustic cell has a significant impact on detection performance. To improve detection sensitivity, a sphere-tube coupled photoacoustic cell (STPAC) was developed, which was mainly composed of a diffuse-reflective sphere and an acoustic resonance tube. Modulated light was reflected multiple times in the sphere to increase optical path, and photoacoustic (PA) signals were further amplified by the tube. Based on STPAC, a PA gas detection setup was built with a laser diode (LD) at 450 nm as the light source. The experimental results showed that the minimum detection limit (noise equivalent concentration, NEC) of NO2 was ~0.7 parts per billion (ppb). Compared with the T-type PA cell (TPAC) in which the modulated light passed through the sphere, the signal-to-noise ratio of STPAC was increased by an order of magnitude at the same concentration of the NO2 sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengang Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; (Z.L.); (G.S.); (Z.N.); (J.L.); (B.S.); (Z.C.); (C.Y.)
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Ganshang Si
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; (Z.L.); (G.S.); (Z.N.); (J.L.); (B.S.); (Z.C.); (C.Y.)
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zhiqiang Ning
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; (Z.L.); (G.S.); (Z.N.); (J.L.); (B.S.); (Z.C.); (C.Y.)
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jiaxiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; (Z.L.); (G.S.); (Z.N.); (J.L.); (B.S.); (Z.C.); (C.Y.)
| | - Yonghua Fang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; (Z.L.); (G.S.); (Z.N.); (J.L.); (B.S.); (Z.C.); (C.Y.)
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Beibei Si
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; (Z.L.); (G.S.); (Z.N.); (J.L.); (B.S.); (Z.C.); (C.Y.)
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zhen Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; (Z.L.); (G.S.); (Z.N.); (J.L.); (B.S.); (Z.C.); (C.Y.)
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Changping Yang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; (Z.L.); (G.S.); (Z.N.); (J.L.); (B.S.); (Z.C.); (C.Y.)
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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16
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Zhou M, Li T, Liu P, Zhang S, Liu Y, An T, Zhao H. Real-time on-site monitoring of soil ammonia emissions using membrane permeation-based sensing probe. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 289:117850. [PMID: 34358875 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
An ability to real-time, continuously monitor soil ammonia emission profiles under diverse meteorological conditions with high temporal resolution in a simple and maintenance-free fashion can provide the urgently needed scientific insights to mitigate ammonia emission to the atmosphere and improve agricultural fertilization practice. Here, we report an open-chamber deployment unit embedded a gas-permeable membrane-based conductometric sensing probe (OC-GPMCP) capable of on-site continuously monitoring soil ammonia emission flux ( [Formula: see text] ) -time (t) profiles without the need for ongoing calibration. The developed OC-GPMCPs were deployed to a sugarcane field and a cattle farm under different fertilization/meteorological conditions to exemplify their real-world applicability for monitoring soil ammonia emission from agricultural land and livestock farm, respectively. The obtained [Formula: see text] - t profiles from the sugarcane field unveil that the ammonia emission rate is largely determined by fertilization methods and meteorological conditions. While the [Formula: see text] - t profiles from the cattle farm can be decisively correlated to various meteorological conditions. The reported OC-GPMCP is cheap to fabricate, easy to deploy, and maintenance-free to operate. These advantageous features make OC-GPMCP an effective analytical tool for large-scale soil ammonia emission assessment under diverse meteorological conditions, providing critically important scientific insights to mitigate ammonia emission into the atmosphere and improve agricultural fertilization practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhou
- Centre for Clean Environment and Energy, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, 4222, Australia
| | - Tianling Li
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210044, China
| | - Porun Liu
- Centre for Clean Environment and Energy, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, 4222, Australia
| | - Shanqing Zhang
- Centre for Clean Environment and Energy, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, 4222, Australia
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
| | - Taicheng An
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Huijun Zhao
- Centre for Clean Environment and Energy, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, 4222, Australia.
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17
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Tan YD, Cheng CF, Sheng D, Hu SM. Detection of radiocarbon dioxide with double-resonance absorption spectroscopy. CHINESE J CHEM PHYS 2021. [DOI: 10.1063/1674-0068/cjcp2103045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan-dong Tan
- Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Cun-feng Cheng
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026 China
| | - Dong Sheng
- Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026 China
| | - Shui-ming Hu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026 China
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18
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Trace CH4 Gas Detection Based on an Integrated Spherical Photoacoustic Cell. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11114997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents an integrated spherical photoacoustic cell (SPAC) for trace methane (CH4) gas detection. Theoretical analysis and analogue simulations are carried out to analyze the acoustic field distribution of the SPAC at resonant and non-resonant modes. The finite element simulation results based on COMSOL show that the first-order radial resonant frequency and second-order angular resonant frequency are 24,540 Hz and 18,250 Hz, respectively, which show good agreements with the formula analysis results. The integrated SPAC, together with a high-speed spectrometer and a distributed feedback (DFB) laser source, makes up a photoacoustic (PA) spectroscopy (PAS) system, which is employed for CH4 detection. The minimum detection limit (MDL) is measured to be 126.9 parts per billion (ppb) at an average time of 1000 s. The proposed SPAC has an integrated, miniaturized and all-optical structure, which can be used for remote and long-distance trace gas detection.
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19
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Gong Z, Wu G, Jiang X, Li H, Gao T, Guo M, Ma F, Chen K, Mei L, Peng W, Yu Q. All-optical high-sensitivity resonant photoacoustic sensor for remote CH 4 gas detection. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:13600-13609. [PMID: 33985092 DOI: 10.1364/oe.424387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents an all-optical high-sensitivity resonant photoacoustic (PA) sensor to realize remote, long-distance and space-limited trace gas detection. The sensor is an integration of a T-type resonant PA cell and a particular cantilever-based fiber-optic acoustic sensor. The finite element simulations about the cantilever vibration mode and the PA field distributions are carried out based on COMSOL. The all-optical high-sensitivity resonant PA sensor, together with a high-speed spectrometer and a DFB laser source, makes up of a photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) system which is employed for CH4 detection. The measured sensitivity is 0.6 pm/ppm in the case of 1000 s average time, and the minimum detection limit (MDL) reaches 15.9 parts per billion (ppb). The detective light source and the excitation light source are all transmitted by optical fibers, therefore remote and long-distance measurement of trace gas can be realized. Furthermore, the excitation light source and the acoustic sensor are designed at the same side of the PA cell, the sensor may be used for space-limited trace gas detection.
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20
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Bayrakli I, Akman H, Sari F. High-sensitivity biomedical sensor based on photoacoustic and cavity enhanced absorption spectroscopy with a new software platform for breath analysis. APPLIED OPTICS 2021; 60:2093-2099. [PMID: 33690303 DOI: 10.1364/ao.417569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
An easy-to-use highly sensitive sensor is reported for trace gas analysis. A near-infrared fiber-coupled external cavity diode laser in combination with a photoacoustic spectroscopy cell and a cavity enhanced absorption spectroscopy cell is used for analysis of trace gases. A software platform for direct absorption and wavelength modulation spectroscopy is developed in order to identify and quantify the molecules and to achieve a higher signal-to-noise ratio. Considering all of these features, the main advantage of our system is to analyze two different samples simultaneously and quickly. Trace gas measurement is assessed, and a detection limit of 1.5 ppb at 6528.76cm-1 for ammonia is demonstrated. Furthermore, the sensor with our software platform can be easily used outside of the laboratory, for example, in hospitals.
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21
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Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy for Molecular Trace Gas Detection Using A Pulsed DFB QCL Emitting at 6.8 µm. PHOTONICS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/photonics7030074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A trace gas sensor based on pulsed cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) was developed for measurement of the ν4 fundamental vibrational band of ammonia (NH3) centered at 1468.898 cm−1. A pulsed distributed feedback quantum cascade laser (DFB-QCL) operating at 6.8 µm (1470.58 cm−1) quite well covered the absorption band of the ammonia and strong fundamental vibrational absorption bands of different molecular gases in this unexplored region. The cavity was partially evacuated down to 0.4 Atm by a turbo-molecular pump to reduce the partial interference between the NH3 spectra and water near the absorption peak of ammonia. A sensitivity of nine parts per billion was reached for a measurement time of 120 s as well as an optical path length of 226 m. The device demonstrated high spectral performance and versatility due to its wide tuning range, narrow linewidth, and comparatively high-energy mid-IR radiation in the relatively unexplored 6.8 µm region, which is very important for high-resolution spectroscopy of a variety of gases.
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22
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Validation of Five Gas Analysers for Application in Ammonia Emission Measurements at Livestock Houses According to the VERA Test Protocol. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10155034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ammonia emissions are an important issue in livestock production. Many mitigation measures have been proposed in order to reduce the environmental impact of livestock farms, and reliable field measurements are required to evaluate the amount of released or reduced ammonia while applying these measures. Following the guideline of the Verification of Environmental Technologies for Agricultural Production test protocol, five commercially available gas analysers, i.e., INNOVA 1314, Picarro G2103, Rosemount CT5100, Gasmet CX4000, and Axetris LGD F200-A, were validated as alternative methods to the wet-chemistry method (reference method) for measuring ammonia in livestock houses. High correlations ( r > 0.99 ) were found between the analysers and the reference method. The measurement errors of the tested analysers were below 2 ppmv or 10%. Equivalence to the wet-chemistry method was demonstrated for the INNOVA and Rosemount analysers without a recalibration and for the Picarro and Axetris analysers with a recalibration. The Gasmet analyser was seemingly subjected to an interference from carbon-dioxide and, after compensating for the cross-sensitivity, the equivalence to the wet-chemistry method could also be demonstrated. Calibration curves that were based on a certified gas cylinder were inconsistent with that based on wet-chemistry measurements, which suggested that field calibration might be necessary for optimal measurement accuracy.
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23
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Insausti M, Timmis R, Kinnersley R, Rufino MC. Advances in sensing ammonia from agricultural sources. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 706:135124. [PMID: 31855649 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Reducing ammonia emissions is one of the most difficult challenges for environmental regulators around the world. About 90% of ammonia in the atmosphere comes from agricultural sources, so that improving farm practices in order to reduce these emissions is a priority. Airborne ammonia is the key precursor for particulate matter (PM2.5) that impairs human health, and ammonia can contribute to excess nitrogen that causes eutrophication in water and biodiversity loss in plant ecosystems. Reductions in excess nitrogen (N) from ammonia are needed so that farms use N resources more efficiently and avoid unnecessary costs. To support the adoption of ammonia emission mitigation practices, new sensor developments are required to identify sources, individual contributions, to evaluate the effectiveness of controls, to monitor progress towards emission-reduction targets, and to develop incentives for behavioural change. There is specifically a need for sensitive, selective, robust and user-friendly sensors to monitor ammonia from livestock production and fertiliser application. Most currently-available sensors need specialists to set up, calibrate and maintain them, which creates issues with staffing and costs when monitoring large areas or when there is a need for high frequency sampling. This paper reports advances in monitoring airborne ammonia in agricultural areas. Selecting the right method of monitoring for each agricultural activity will provide critical data to identify and implement appropriate ammonia controls. Recent developments in chemo-resistive materials allow electrochemical sensing at room temperature, and new spectroscopic methods are sensitive enough to determine low concentrations in the order of parts per billion. However, these new methods still compromise selectivity and sensitivity due to the presence of ambient dust and other interferences, and are not yet suitable to be applied in agricultural monitoring. This review considers how ammonia measurements are made and applied, including the need for sensors that are suitable for routine monitoring by non-specialists. The review evaluates how monitoring information can be used for policies and regulations to mitigate ammonia emissions. The increasing concerns about ammonia emissions and the particular needs from the agriculture sector are addressed, giving an overview of the state-of-the-art and an outlook on future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matías Insausti
- INQUISUR (UNS-CONICET), Universidad Nacional del Sur, B8000CPB, Argentina; Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom.
| | - Roger Timmis
- Environment Agency, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Rob Kinnersley
- Environment Agency, Evidence Directorate, Deanery Road, Bristol, BS1 5AH, United Kingdom
| | - Mariana C Rufino
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
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24
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Tan Y, Kochanov RV, Rothman LS, Gordon IE. Introduction of Water-Vapor Broadening Parameters and Their Temperature-Dependent Exponents Into the HITRAN Database: Part I-CO 2, N 2O, CO, CH 4, O 2, NH 3, and H 2S. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2019; 124:11580-11594. [PMID: 31894194 PMCID: PMC6919420 DOI: 10.1029/2019jd030929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The amount of water vapor in the terrestrial atmosphere is highly variable both spatially and temporally. In the tropics it sometimes constitutes 4-5% of the atmosphere. At the same time collisional broadening of spectral lines by water vapor is much larger than that by nitrogen and oxygen. Therefore, in order to accurately characterize and model spectra of the atmospheres with significant amounts of water vapor, the line-shape parameters for spectral lines broadened by water vapor are required. In this work, the pressure-broadening parameters (and their temperature-dependent exponents) due to the pressure of water vapor for spectral lines of CO2, N2O, CO, CH4, O2, NH3, and H2S from both experimental and theoretical studies were collected and carefully reviewed. A set of semiempirical models based on these collected data was proposed and then used to estimate water broadening and its temperature dependence for all transitions of selected molecules in the HITRAN2016 database.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Tan
- Atomic and Molecular Physics DivisionHarvard‐Smithsonian Center for AstrophysicsCambridgeMAUSA
- Now at Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, iChem CenterUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiChina
| | - R. V. Kochanov
- Atomic and Molecular Physics DivisionHarvard‐Smithsonian Center for AstrophysicsCambridgeMAUSA
- Laboratory of Quantum Mechanics of Molecules and Radiative ProcessesTomsk State UniversityTomskRussia
| | - L. S. Rothman
- Atomic and Molecular Physics DivisionHarvard‐Smithsonian Center for AstrophysicsCambridgeMAUSA
| | - I. E. Gordon
- Atomic and Molecular Physics DivisionHarvard‐Smithsonian Center for AstrophysicsCambridgeMAUSA
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25
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Gong Z, Chen K, Chen Y, Mei L, Yu Q. Integration of T-type half-open photoacoustic cell and fiber-optic acoustic sensor for trace gas detection. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:18222-18231. [PMID: 31252769 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.018222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
We present a novel T-type half-open resonant photoacoustic (PA) cell for trace gas detection. The T-type PA cell has just one buffer volume, and a fiber-optic acoustic sensor is placed at one end of the resonator. Compared with the conventional H-type PA cell, the first-order resonant frequency of the T-type PA cell is reduced by half and the PA signal is enhanced with the same resonator. The T-type resonant PA cell was used in acetylene (C2H2) gas detection system based on PA spectroscopy. Experimental results show that the minimum detectable limit of C2H2 is calculated to be 0.70 parts per billion (ppb), which is lower than the traditional H-type PA cell.
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26
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Rafatmah E, Hemmateenejad B. Fabrication of the First Disposable Three‐dimensional Paper‐based Concentration Cell as Ammonia Sensor with a New Method for Paper Hydrophobization by Laser Patterned Parafilm®. ELECTROANAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201800289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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27
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Maithani S, Mandal S, Maity A, Pal M, Pradhan M. High-resolution spectral analysis of ammonia near 6.2 μm using a cw EC-QCL coupled with cavity ring-down spectroscopy. Analyst 2018; 143:2109-2114. [DOI: 10.1039/c7an02008b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
High-resolution cavity ring-down spectra of ammonia near 6.2 μm for trace gas sensing and biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanchi Maithani
- Department of Chemical
- Biological and Macromolecular Sciences
- S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences
- Kolkata-700106
- India
| | - Santanu Mandal
- Department of Chemical
- Biological and Macromolecular Sciences
- S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences
- Kolkata-700106
- India
| | - Abhijit Maity
- Department of Chemical
- Biological and Macromolecular Sciences
- S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences
- Kolkata-700106
- India
| | - Mithun Pal
- Department of Chemical
- Biological and Macromolecular Sciences
- S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences
- Kolkata-700106
- India
| | - Manik Pradhan
- Department of Chemical
- Biological and Macromolecular Sciences
- S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences
- Kolkata-700106
- India
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28
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Huang R, Guo X, Meng Q, Zhang B. A simple digital control system with field-programmable gate array for stabilization of CO 2 laser output. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2017; 88:043105. [PMID: 28456266 DOI: 10.1063/1.4979813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A simple digital control system was designed to stabilize CO2 laser based on digital signal processing with the Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) controlling chip and Very-High-Speed Integrated Circuit Hardware Description Language program. In this system, the control parameters were easily determined by software real-time control, and the control circuit was also designed compactly. In addition, the theoretical analysis on the stabilization of CO2 laser output characteristics was presented based on the photoacoustic effect, and the corresponding experiments on the stabilization of CO2 laser output characteristics were further performed. The results show that the output power of CO2 laser is stabilized at the peak with a relative power stability of 2.71%. Furthermore, the frequency of CO2 laser 9P(36) line is stabilized at the center of the laser gain curve with a relative stability of (1.57 ± 0.37)×10-8. This system has a potential of further improvements by optimizing the algorithm and choosing higher-speed signal processor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renshuai Huang
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Xiaoyang Guo
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Qinglong Meng
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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29
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Sur R, Spearrin RM, Peng WY, Strand CL, Jeffries JB, Enns GM, Hanson RK. Line intensities and temperature-dependent line broadening coefficients of Q-branch transitions in the v 2 band of ammonia near 10.4 μm. JOURNAL OF QUANTITATIVE SPECTROSCOPY & RADIATIVE TRANSFER 2016; 175:90-99. [PMID: 29225373 PMCID: PMC5722251 DOI: 10.1016/j.jqsrt.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We report measured line intensities and temperature-dependent broadening coefficients of NH3 with Ar, N2, O2, CO2, H2O, and NH3 for nine sQ(J,K) transitions in the ν2 fundamental band in the frequency range 961.5-967.5 cm-1. This spectral region was chosen due to the strong NH3 absorption strength and lack of spectral interference from H2O and CO2 for laser-based sensing applications. Spectroscopic parameters were determined by multi-line fitting using Voigt lineshapes of absorption spectra measured with two quantum cascade lasers in thermodynamically-controlled optical cells. The temperature dependence of broadening was measured over a range of temperatures between 300 and 600 K. These measurements aid the development of mid-infrared NH3 sensors for a broad range of gas mixtures and at elevated temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritobrata Sur
- High Temperature Gasdynamics Laboratory, Thermosciences division, Stanford University, 452 Escondido Mall, Bldg 520, CA 94305, USA
| | - R Mitchell Spearrin
- High Temperature Gasdynamics Laboratory, Thermosciences division, Stanford University, 452 Escondido Mall, Bldg 520, CA 94305, USA
| | - Wen Y Peng
- High Temperature Gasdynamics Laboratory, Thermosciences division, Stanford University, 452 Escondido Mall, Bldg 520, CA 94305, USA
| | - Christopher L Strand
- High Temperature Gasdynamics Laboratory, Thermosciences division, Stanford University, 452 Escondido Mall, Bldg 520, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jay B Jeffries
- High Temperature Gasdynamics Laboratory, Thermosciences division, Stanford University, 452 Escondido Mall, Bldg 520, CA 94305, USA
| | - Gregory M Enns
- High Temperature Gasdynamics Laboratory, Thermosciences division, Stanford University, 452 Escondido Mall, Bldg 520, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ronald K Hanson
- High Temperature Gasdynamics Laboratory, Thermosciences division, Stanford University, 452 Escondido Mall, Bldg 520, CA 94305, USA
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30
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Lin C, Zhu Y. Dynamic photothermal-mechanical response of a microcantilever modified by carbon nanotube film. APPLIED OPTICS 2016; 55:2324-2330. [PMID: 27140569 DOI: 10.1364/ao.55.002324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic photothermal-mechanical response of a tri-material microcantilever illuminated by an intensity modulated laser source is theoretically analyzed using the heat dynamic differential model and finite element model based on the COMSOL 5.0. Tri-material microcantilever samples are fabricated by transferring carbon nanotube film onto a silicon microcantilever with aluminum coating. During the experiment, these samples are illuminated by an intensity-modulated laser pulse, and the maximum photothermal response frequency is ∼173 Hz. Experimental results are consistent with theoretical analyses. The photothermal spectroscopy detection of water vapor in the open environment is carried out, and the linear correlation coefficient between spectroscopy signal and water concentration is 0.997. Experimental results demonstrated the feasibility of tri-material microcantilever as a thermal sensor for photothermal deflection spectroscopy.
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31
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Zhao J, Zhao Z, Du L, Geng D, Wu S. Photoacoustic detection of CO2 based on LABVIEW at 10.303 μm. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2011; 82:044904. [PMID: 21529032 DOI: 10.1063/1.3584867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A detailed study on a photoacoustic carbon dioxide detection system, through sound card based on virtual instrument, is presented in this paper. In this system, the CO(2) concentration was measured with the non-resonant photoacoustic cell technique through measuring the photoacoustic signal caused by the CO(2). In order to obtain small photoacoustic signals buried in noise, a measurement software was designed with LABVIEW. It has functions of Lock-in Amplifier, digital filter, and signal generator; can also be used to achieve spectrum analysis and signal recovery; has been provided with powerful function for data processing and communication with other measuring instrument. The test results show that the entire system has an outstanding measuring performance with the sensitivity of 10 μv between 10-44 KHz. The non-resonance test of the trace gas analyte CO(2) conducted at 100 Hz demonstrated large signals (15.89 mV) for CO(2) concentrations at 600 ppm and high signal-to-noise values (∼85:1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
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32
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Liu K, Yi H, Kosterev AA, Chen W, Dong L, Wang L, Tan T, Zhang W, Tittel FK, Gao X. Trace gas detection based on off-beam quartz enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy: optimization and performance evaluation. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2010; 81:103103. [PMID: 21034071 DOI: 10.1063/1.3480553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A gas sensor based on off-beam quartz enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy was developed and optimized. Specifically, the length and diameter of the microresonator tube were optimized, and the outer tube shape is modified for enhancing the trace gas detection sensitivity. The impact of the distance between the quartz tuning fork and an acoustic microresonator on the sensor performance was experimentally investigated. The sensor performance was evaluated by determining the detection sensitivity to H(2)O vapor in ambient air at normal atmospheric pressure. A normalized noise equivalent absorption coefficient (1σ) of 6.2×10(-9) cm(-1) W/Hz(1/2) was achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Liu
- Environmental Spectroscopy Laboratory, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, People's Republic of China
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33
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Pogány A, Mohácsi A, Varga A, Bozóki Z, Galbács Z, Horváth L, Szabó G. A compact ammonia detector with sub-ppb accuracy using near-infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy and preconcentration sampling. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2009; 43:826-830. [PMID: 19245022 DOI: 10.1021/es802638z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes the first successful application of a preconcentration unitto increase the sensitivity of a photoacoustic ammonia concentration measuring instrument. A diode laser based near-infrared (1532 nm) photoacoustic ammonia monitoring instrument was combined with a tungsten (VI) oxide coated preconcentration unit to reach a sub-ppb detection limit with a compact, automatic measuring instrument. The system has no measurable cross-sensitivity to common atmospheric gases, most importantly to water vapor and carbon dioxide. The minimum detectable amount of ammonia is 2.9 ng, which means a minimum detectable concentration of 0.5 ppb with a 30-min measurementtime. Results of intercomparison measurements carried out both under laboratory and field conditions with reference to an electrochemical AMANDA instrument prove the applicability of the system in environmental ammonia concentration monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Pogány
- Department of Optics and Quantum Electronics, University of Szeged, H-6701 P.O. Box 406 Szeged, Hungary.
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34
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Angelmahr M, Miklós A, Hess P. Wavelength- and amplitude-modulated photoacoustics: comparison of simulated and measured spectra of higher harmonics. APPLIED OPTICS 2008; 47:2806-2812. [PMID: 18493286 DOI: 10.1364/ao.47.002806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic (PA) spectra generated by current modulation of a distributed feedback diode laser (DFB-DL) were measured for the ammonia absorption line at 1.53 microm and calculated using absorption spectra taken from a database. The algorithm is based on a combined amplitude- and wavelength-modulation (AM-WM) scheme. The spectral characteristics of the DFB-DL were determined by comparing simulated spectra with Fourier transform infrared measurements. PA spectra were measured and simulated from the first to fourth harmonic and a variation of the modulation depth with modulation frequency was observed. It was found that combined AM-WM modulation may produce larger PA signals than separate AM or WM detection for the first harmonic.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Angelmahr
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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35
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Armenta S, Garrigues S, de la Guardia M. On-line vapor-phase generation combined with Fourier transform infrared spectrometry. Trends Analyt Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2007.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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36
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Minnich CB, Buskens P, Steffens HC, Bäuerlein PS, Butvina LN, Küpper L, Leitner W, Liauw MA, Greiner L. Highly Flexible Fibre-Optic ATR-IR Probe for Inline Reaction Monitoring. Org Process Res Dev 2006. [DOI: 10.1021/op0601767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Clemens B. Minnich
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany, Fiber Optic Research Center, General Physics Institute, Vavilov Str. 28, RUS-111991 Moscow, Russia, and infrared fiber sensors, Im Gillesbachtal 33, D-52066 Aachen, Germany
| | - Pascal Buskens
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany, Fiber Optic Research Center, General Physics Institute, Vavilov Str. 28, RUS-111991 Moscow, Russia, and infrared fiber sensors, Im Gillesbachtal 33, D-52066 Aachen, Germany
| | - H. Christian Steffens
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany, Fiber Optic Research Center, General Physics Institute, Vavilov Str. 28, RUS-111991 Moscow, Russia, and infrared fiber sensors, Im Gillesbachtal 33, D-52066 Aachen, Germany
| | - Patrick S. Bäuerlein
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany, Fiber Optic Research Center, General Physics Institute, Vavilov Str. 28, RUS-111991 Moscow, Russia, and infrared fiber sensors, Im Gillesbachtal 33, D-52066 Aachen, Germany
| | - Leonid N. Butvina
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany, Fiber Optic Research Center, General Physics Institute, Vavilov Str. 28, RUS-111991 Moscow, Russia, and infrared fiber sensors, Im Gillesbachtal 33, D-52066 Aachen, Germany
| | - Lukas Küpper
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany, Fiber Optic Research Center, General Physics Institute, Vavilov Str. 28, RUS-111991 Moscow, Russia, and infrared fiber sensors, Im Gillesbachtal 33, D-52066 Aachen, Germany
| | - Walter Leitner
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany, Fiber Optic Research Center, General Physics Institute, Vavilov Str. 28, RUS-111991 Moscow, Russia, and infrared fiber sensors, Im Gillesbachtal 33, D-52066 Aachen, Germany
| | - Marcel A. Liauw
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany, Fiber Optic Research Center, General Physics Institute, Vavilov Str. 28, RUS-111991 Moscow, Russia, and infrared fiber sensors, Im Gillesbachtal 33, D-52066 Aachen, Germany
| | - Lasse Greiner
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany, Fiber Optic Research Center, General Physics Institute, Vavilov Str. 28, RUS-111991 Moscow, Russia, and infrared fiber sensors, Im Gillesbachtal 33, D-52066 Aachen, Germany
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37
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Filho MB, da Silva MG, Sthel MS, Schramm DU, Vargas H, Miklós A, Hess P. Ammonia detection by using quantum-cascade laser photoacoustic spectroscopy. APPLIED OPTICS 2006; 45:4966-71. [PMID: 16807606 DOI: 10.1364/ao.45.004966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
A pulsed quantum-cascade distributed-feedback laser, temperature tunable from -41 degrees C to +31.6 degrees C, and a resonant differential photoacoustic detector are used to measure trace-gas concentrations to as low as 66 parts per 10(9) by volume (ppbv) ammonia at a low laser power of 2 mW. Good agreement between the experimental spectrum and the simulated HITRAN spectrum of NH3 is found in the spectral range between 1046 and 1052 cm(-1). A detection limit of 30 ppbv ammonia at a signal-to-noise ratio of 1 was obtained with the quantum-cascade laser (QCL) photoacoustic (PA) setup. Concentration changes of approximately 50 ppbv were detectable with this compact and versatile QCL-based PA detection system. The performance of the PA detector, characterized by the product of the incident laser power and the minimum detectable absorption coefficient, was 4.7 x 10-9 W cm(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Milton B Filho
- Laboratório de Ciências Físicas, Centro de Ciência e Technologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Campos dos Goytacazes-RJ, Brazil
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38
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Li J, Gao X, Li W, Cao Z, Deng L, Zhao W, Huang M, Zhang W. Near-infrared diode laser wavelength modulation-based photoacoustic spectrometer. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2006; 64:338-42. [PMID: 16386452 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2005.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2005] [Revised: 07/08/2005] [Accepted: 07/14/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
An inexpensive resonant photoacoustic spectrometer based on a low-power distributed feedback diode laser and wavelength modulation spectroscopy is developed. This sensor has been applied to the detection of acetylene (C2H2) using a properly designed photoacoustic cell operating on its second longitudinal mode. The minimum detectable limit of about 10 parts-per-million volume (signal to noise ratio=1) is achieved at atmospheric pressure, and the pressure and laser power linear dependence of the photoacoustic signal is also investigated. Moreover, in this paper we also describe some basic theory of gas photoacoustic spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingsong Li
- Environmental Spectroscopy Laboratory, Anhui Institute of Optics & Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy Sciences, P.O. Box 1125, Hefei 230031, PR China.
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39
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Schmid T. Photoacoustic spectroscopy for process analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2005; 384:1071-86. [PMID: 15940449 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-005-3281-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2005] [Revised: 04/28/2005] [Accepted: 04/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) is based on the absorption of electromagnetic radiation by analyte molecules. The absorbed energy is measured by detecting pressure fluctuations in the form of sound waves or shock pulses. In contrast to conventional absorption spectroscopy (such as UV/Vis spectroscopy), PAS allows the determination of absorption coefficients over several orders of magnitude, even in opaque and strongly scattering samples. Small absorption coefficients, such as those encountered during trace gas monitoring, can be detected with cells with relatively short pathlengths. Furthermore, PA techniques allow absorption spectra of solid samples (including powders, chips or large objects) to be determined, and they permit depth profiling of layered systems. These features mean that PAS can be used for on-line monitoring in technical processes without the need for sample preparation and to perform depth-resolved characterization of industrial products. This article gives an overview on PA excitation and detection schemes employed in analytical chemistry, and reviews applications of PAS in process analytical technology and characterization of industrial products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schmid
- Institute of Hydrochemistry, Technische Universität München, Marchioninistr. 17, 81377 Munich, Germany.
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