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Cabello MC, Chen G, Melville MJ, Osman R, Kumar GD, Domaille DW, Lippert AR. Ex Tenebris Lux: Illuminating Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species with Small Molecule Probes. Chem Rev 2024; 124:9225-9375. [PMID: 39137397 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species are small reactive molecules derived from elements in the air─oxygen and nitrogen. They are produced in biological systems to mediate fundamental aspects of cellular signaling but must be very tightly balanced to prevent indiscriminate damage to biological molecules. Small molecule probes can transmute the specific nature of each reactive oxygen and nitrogen species into an observable luminescent signal (or even an acoustic wave) to offer sensitive and selective imaging in living cells and whole animals. This review focuses specifically on small molecule probes for superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, hypochlorite, nitric oxide, and peroxynitrite that provide a luminescent or photoacoustic signal. Important background information on general photophysical phenomena, common probe designs, mechanisms, and imaging modalities will be provided, and then, probes for each analyte will be thoroughly evaluated. A discussion of the successes of the field will be presented, followed by recommendations for improvement and a future outlook of emerging trends. Our objectives are to provide an informative, useful, and thorough field guide to small molecule probes for reactive oxygen and nitrogen species as well as important context to compare the ecosystem of chemistries and molecular scaffolds that has manifested within the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maidileyvis C Cabello
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275-0314, United States
| | - Gen Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275-0314, United States
| | - Michael J Melville
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Rokia Osman
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275-0314, United States
| | - G Dinesh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Dylan W Domaille
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Alexander R Lippert
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275-0314, United States
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Chen D, Ji Y, Sun S, Pu S. A turn-on fluorescence probe for imaging tyrosinase at the wound site in broken tail of zebrafish. Bioorg Chem 2024; 146:107298. [PMID: 38503025 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Tyrosinase (TYR) is a copper-containing oxidase that affects the synthesis of melanin in the human body, which is regulate to the pigmentation of the skin. Nevertheless, abnormal expression of TYR can lead to albinism, vitiligo and other skin diseases. Excessive accumulation of TYR is a marker of melanoma cancer and an important factor leading to pigmentation during wound healing, freckles and browning of fruits and vegetables. Efficient tracking of TYR is of significance for studying its pathophysiological mechanism. Herein, we synthesized a benzindole-based fluorescent probe Pro-OH to detect TYR in living cells and zebrafish. The probe displayed a high selectivity and sensitivity in distinguishing TYR from other analytes with the low detection limit of 1.024 U/mL. Importantly, Pro-OH was successfully used to imagine TYR at the wound site of broken tail of zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingguo Chen
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, PR China
| | - Yuan Ji
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, PR China.
| | - Shiran Sun
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, PR China
| | - Shouzhi Pu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, PR China; Institute of Carbon Neutral New Energy Research, Yuzhang Normal University, Nanchang 330031, PR China.
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Lin P, Jiang S, Liu T, Yuan X, Luo K, Xie C, Zhao X, Zhou L. Activatable fluorescent probes for early diagnosis and evaluation of liver injury. Analyst 2024; 149:638-664. [PMID: 38170876 DOI: 10.1039/d3an01631e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
With the increase in people's living standards, the number of patients suffering from liver injury keeps on increasing. Traditional diagnostic methods can no longer meet the needs of early and accurate diagnosis due to their limitations in application. However, fluorescent probes based on different fluorophores and nanomaterials have been gradually lighting up medical research due to their unique properties, such as high specificity and non-invasiveness. In addition, accurate identification of the different types of liver injury biomarkers can significantly improve the level of early diagnosis. Therefore, this review reviews the fluorescent probes used in the detection of biomarkers of liver injury over recent years and briefly summarizes the corresponding biomarkers of different types of liver injury. Impressively, this review also lists the structures and the response mechanisms of the different probes, and concludes with an outlook, suggesting directions in which improvements can be made. Finally, we hope that this review will contribute to the further development of fluorescent probes for the early diagnosis and assessment of liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengxu Lin
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China.
| | - Shali Jiang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China.
| | - Ting Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China.
| | - Xiaomin Yuan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China.
| | - Kun Luo
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China.
| | - Can Xie
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China.
| | - Xiongjie Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Engineering, Yongzhou, Hunan 425199, China
| | - Liyi Zhou
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China.
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Liu X, Ma Y, Liu Y, Li Q, Zhang H, Fu S, Chen S, Li H, Li S, Hou P. Near-infrared molecular sensor for visualizing and tracking ONOO - during the process of anti-tuberculosis drug-induced liver damage. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:7187-7196. [PMID: 37801118 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04985-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Isoniazid (INH) and pyrazinamide (PZA) are both the first-line anti-tuberculosis drugs in clinical treatment. It is notable that there are serious side effects of the drugs along with upregulation of reactive nitrogen species, mainly including peripheral neuritis, gastrointestinal reactions, and acute drug-induced liver injury (DILI). Among them, DILI is the most common clinical symptom as well as the basic reason of treatment interruption, protocol change, and drug resistance. As vital reactive nitrogen species (RNS), peroxynitrite (ONOO-) has been demonstrated as a biomarker for evaluation and pre-diagnosis of drug-induced liver injury (DILI). In this work, we developed a red-emitting D-π-A type fluorescence probe DIC-NP which was based on 4'-hydroxy-4-biphenylcarbonitrile modified with dicyanoisophorone as a fluorescent reporter and diphenyl phosphinic chloride group as the reaction site for highly selective and sensitive sensing ONOO-. Probe DIC-NP displayed a low detection limit (14.9 nM) and 60-fold fluorescent enhancement at 669 nm in the sensing of ONOO-. Probe DIC-NP was successfully applied to monitor exogenous and endogenous ONOO- in living HeLa cells and zebrafish. Furthermore, we verified the toxicity of isoniazid (INH) and pyrazinamide (PZA) by taking the oxidative stress induced by APAP as a reference, and successfully imaged anti-tuberculosis drug-induced endogenous ONOO- in HepG2 cells. More importantly, we developed a series of mice models of liver injury and investigated the hepatotoxicity caused by the treatment of anti-tuberculosis drugs. At the same time, H&E of mice organs (heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney) further confirmed the competence of probe DIC-NP for estimating the degree of drug-induced liver injury, which laid a solid foundation for medical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangbao Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, 161006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yukun Ma
- Research Institute of Medicine & Pharmacy, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, 161006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yitong Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, 161006, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Li
- College of Pharmacy, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, 161006, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongguang Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, 161006, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Fu
- College of Pharmacy, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, 161006, People's Republic of China
| | - Song Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, 161006, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongmei Li
- College of Pharmacy, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, 161006, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Li
- College of Pharmacy, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, 161006, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Hou
- College of Pharmacy, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, 161006, People's Republic of China.
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Liu Z, Mo S, Hao Z, Hu L. Recent Progress of Spectroscopic Probes for Peroxynitrite and Their Potential Medical Diagnostic Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12821. [PMID: 37629002 PMCID: PMC10454944 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxynitrite (ONOO-) is a crucial reactive oxygen species that plays a vital role in cellular signal transduction and homeostatic regulation. Determining and visualizing peroxynitrite accurately in biological systems is important for understanding its roles in physiological and pathological activity. Among the various detection methods, fluorescent probe-based spectroscopic detection offers real-time and minimally invasive detection, high sensitivity and selectivity, and easy structural and property modification. This review categorizes fluorescent probes by their fluorophore structures, highlighting their chemical structures, recognition mechanisms, and response behaviors in detail. We hope that this review could help trigger novel ideas for potential medical diagnostic applications of peroxynitrite-related molecular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Liming Hu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Viral Oncology, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China (S.M.); (Z.H.)
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