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Rothwell M, Carlisle K, Cairns A, Wallace V, McDermott K, Topp S. Pharmacy practice and First Peoples health equity: a scoping review protocol. JBI Evid Synth 2024; 22:913-924. [PMID: 38126268 PMCID: PMC11296266 DOI: 10.11124/jbies-23-00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this review is to examine and describe global pharmacy practice strategies and interventions designed to achieve health equity for First Peoples. INTRODUCTION Access to medicines and quality use of medicines is critical to achieving health equity for First Peoples. Pharmacists are uniquely placed to lead the charge in transforming current health systems, reducing health disparities, and bolstering the movement toward health equity. INCLUSION CRITERIA Global studies describing pharmacy practice strategies and interventions designed to achieve health equity for First Peoples will be considered for inclusion in the review. Studies relating to all areas of pharmacy practice, including community and clinical pharmacy, social, administrative, pharmaceutical sciences, practice, teaching, research, advocacy, or service relevant to the review's objective will also be considered for inclusion. The types of studies to be included are qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods systematic reviews, scoping reviews, literature reviews, and gray literature. METHODS This review will be conducted in accordance with JBI methodology for scoping reviews. Embase, MEDLINE, Scopus, CINAHL, and gray literature sources will be searched from 1998 to the present. Titles, abstracts, and full texts will be screened against the inclusion criteria. Strategies and interventions identified in the included reviews will be mapped to a published framework, outlining actionable strategies for pharmacy practice inclusion in sustainable efforts to achieve health equity. Qualitative content analysis and descriptive statistics will be utilized with data presented in tables, accompanied by a narrative. REVIEW REGISTRATION Open Science Framework osf.io/qa64b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Rothwell
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
- Pharmacy Department, Cairns and Hinterland Hospital and Health Service, Queensland Health, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Karen Carlisle
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Alice Cairns
- Murtupuni Centre for Rural and Remote Health, James Cook University, Mt Isa, QLD, Australia
| | - Valda Wallace
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Karl McDermott
- Pharmacy Department, Cairns and Hinterland Hospital and Health Service, Queensland Health, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Stephanie Topp
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
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Suri A, Quinn J, Balise RR, Feaster DJ, El-Bassel N, Rundle AG. Disadvantaged groups have greater spatial access to pharmacies in New York state. BMC Health Serv Res 2024; 24:471. [PMID: 38622604 PMCID: PMC11017547 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-024-10901-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The accessibility of pharmacies has been associated with overall health and wellbeing. Past studies have suggested that low income and racial minority communities are underserved by pharmacies. However, the literature is inconsistent in finding links between area-level income or racial and ethnic composition and access to pharmacies. Here we aim to assess area-level spatial access to pharmacies across New York State (NYS), hypothesizing that Census Tracts with higher poverty rates and higher percentages of Black and Hispanic residents would have lower spatial access. METHODS The population weighted mean shortest road network distance (PWMSD) to a pharmacy in 2018 was calculated for each Census Tract in NYS. This statistic was calculated from the shortest road network distance to a pharmacy from the centroid of each Census block within a tract, with the mean across census blocks weighted by the population of the census block. Cross-sectional analyses were conducted to assess links between Tract-level socio demographic characteristics and Tract-level PWMSD to a pharmacy. RESULTS Overall the mean PWMSD to a pharmacy across Census tracts in NYS was 2.07 Km (SD = 3.35, median 0.85 Km). Shorter PWMSD to a pharmacy were associated with higher Tract-level % poverty, % Black/African American (AA) residents, and % Hispanic/Latino residents and with lower Tract-level % of residents with a college degree. Compared to tracts in the lowest quartile of % Black/AA residents, tracts in the highest quartile had a 70.7% (95% CI 68.3-72.9%) shorter PWMSD to a pharmacy. Similarly, tracts in the highest quartile of % poverty had a 61.3% (95% CI 58.0-64.4%) shorter PWMSD to a pharmacy than tracts in the lowest quartile. CONCLUSION The analyses show that tracts in NYS with higher racial and ethnic minority populations and higher poverty rates have higher spatial access to pharmacies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhinav Suri
- Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, United States of America.
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America.
| | - James Quinn
- Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Raymond R Balise
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Daniel J Feaster
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Nabila El-Bassel
- Columbia University School for Social Work, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Andrew G Rundle
- Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, United States of America
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Makki A, Day C, Chaar BB. Professional stigma towards clients with methamphetamine use disorder - a qualitative study. J Pharm Policy Pract 2024; 17:2306869. [PMID: 38456180 PMCID: PMC10919299 DOI: 10.1080/20523211.2024.2306869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Methamphetamine use disorder (MUD) is associated with poor health outcomes. Pharmacists play a role in delivery of substance use treatment, with several studies having examined their attitudes to people with opioid use disorder, but little is known about their attitude towards people with MUD. This study aimed to explore pharmacists' perspectives on the provision of services to clients with MUD. Methods A convenience sampling strategy was used to recruit community pharmacists across Sydney, Australia. Semi structured interviews examined views and ideas of pharmacists surrounding the treatment and management of MUD, followed by coding of transcribed interview data by all members of the research team. Results Nineteen pharmacists completed the interviews. The main theme identified was stigma held by healthcare professionals. The almost unanimous perception amongst pharmacists was fear and apprehension towards people with MUD, including underlying assumptions of criminality, misinformation regarding people with MUD, and lack of education and knowledge surrounding MUD. Conclusion A substantial amount of stigma towards people with MUD was found in this study. Negative attitudes by healthcare professionals can perpetuate healthcare disparities and impede the accessibility of future treatment programs for people with MUD. Appropriate educational interventions on MUD for pharmacists are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Makki
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney School of Pharmacy, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Carolyn Day
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Addiction Medicine, Central Clinical School, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Betty B. Chaar
- Professionalism Committee School of Pharmacy FMH, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney School of Pharmacy, Camperdown, Australia
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Robinson-Barella A, Takyi C, Chan HKY, Lau WM. Embedding cultural competency and cultural humility in undergraduate pharmacist initial education and training: a qualitative exploration of pharmacy student perspectives. Int J Clin Pharm 2024; 46:166-176. [PMID: 38063997 PMCID: PMC10830727 DOI: 10.1007/s11096-023-01665-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emphasis has been placed upon embedding equity, diversity and inclusion within the initial education and training of healthcare professionals, like pharmacists. Yet, there remains limited understanding of how best to integrate cultural competency and cultural humility into undergraduate pharmacy student training. AIM This qualitative study explored the views of pharmacy students to understand perspectives on, and identify recommendations for, embedding cultural competency and cultural humility within pharmacy education and training. METHOD Undergraduate pharmacy students from one UK-based School of Pharmacy were invited to participate in an in-person, semi-structured interview to discuss cultural competency in the pharmacy curriculum. Interviews were conducted between November 2022 and February 2023 and were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Reflexive thematic analysis enabled the development of themes. QSR NVivo (Version 12) facilitated data management. Ethical approval was obtained from the Newcastle University Ethics Committee. RESULTS Twelve undergraduate pharmacist students, across all years of undergraduate training, were interviewed. Three themes were developed from the data, centring on: (1) recognising and reflecting on cultural competency and cultural humility; (2) gaining exposure and growing in confidence; and (3) thinking forward as a culturally competent pharmacist of the future. CONCLUSION These findings offer actionable recommendations to align with the updated Initial Education and Training standards from the United Kingdom (UK) pharmacy regulator, the General Pharmaceutical Council; specifically, how and when cultural competency teaching should be embedded within the undergraduate pharmacy curriculum. Future research should further explore teaching content, learning environments, and methods of assessing cultural competency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Robinson-Barella
- School of Pharmacy, King George VI Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle, NE1 7RU, UK.
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK.
| | - Christopher Takyi
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | - Hayley K Y Chan
- School of Pharmacy, King George VI Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Wing Man Lau
- School of Pharmacy, King George VI Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle, NE1 7RU, UK
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Chadi A, Thirion DJG, David PM. Vaccine promotion strategies in community pharmacy addressing vulnerable populations: a scoping review. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:1855. [PMID: 37741997 PMCID: PMC10518112 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-16601-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Social determinants of health are drivers of vaccine inequity and lead to higher risks of complications from infectious diseases in under vaccinated communities. In many countries, pharmacists have gained the rights to prescribe and administer vaccines, which contributes to improving vaccination rates. However, little is known on how they define and target vulnerable communities. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study is to describe how vulnerable communities are targeted in community pharmacies. METHODS We performed a systematic search of the Embase and MEDLINE database in August 2021 inspired by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses protocols (PRISMA ScR). Articles in English, French or Spanish addressing any vaccine in a community pharmacy context and that target a population defined as vulnerable were screened for inclusion. RESULTS A total of 1039 articles were identified through the initial search, and 63 articles met the inclusion criteria. Most of the literature originated from North America (n = 54, 86%) and addressed influenza (n = 29, 46%), pneumococcal (n = 14, 22%), herpes zoster (n = 14, 22%) or human papilloma virus vaccination (n = 14, 22%). Lifecycle vulnerabilities (n = 48, 76%) such as age and pregnancy were most often used to target vulnerable patients followed by clinical factors (n = 18, 29%), socio-economical determinants (n = 16, 25%) and geographical vulnerabilities (n = 7, 11%). The most frequently listed strategy was providing a strong recommendation for vaccination, promotional posters in pharmacy, distributing leaflet/bag stuffers and providing staff training. A total of 24 barriers and 25 facilitators were identified. The main barriers associated to each vulnerable category were associated to effective promotional strategies to overcome them. CONCLUSION Pharmacists prioritize lifecycle and clinical vulnerability at the expense of narrowing down the definition of vulnerability. Some vulnerable groups are also under targeted in pharmacies. A wide variety of promotional strategies are available to pharmacies to overcome the specific barriers experienced by various groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Chadi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Daniel J G Thirion
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Warren R, Young L, Carlisle K, Heslop I, Glass B. A systems approach to the perceptions of the integration of public health into pharmacy practice: A qualitative study. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH IN CLINICAL AND SOCIAL PHARMACY 2023; 10:100279. [PMID: 37234403 PMCID: PMC10205534 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcsop.2023.100279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pharmacists, as health professionals, are ideally positioned to support the health and wellbeing of populations, in addition to their role of providing individualised health care. Objective The aim of this study was to explore current opinion on the contribution of pharmacists to public health and how this may be enhanced to positively impact public health indicators. Methods A total of 24 pharmacists from Australia, United Kingdom, Canada and the United States of America, and Australian public health professionals and consumers participated in semi-structured interviews between January and October 2021. Interpretive thematic analysis was applied with coding of transcripts using the constant comparison method. Themes were developed and named in accordance with Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory of development. Results Pharmacists contribute to public health and have important roles in health education and illness prevention services. Strong enablers in community pharmacy include trust by consumers and ease of accessibility to pharmacists. Pharmacists are viewed as leaders in communities and contribute to the health system broadly in areas such as medication policy and public health organisations.Participants suggested that pharmacist contributions to public health are often unrecognized by the pharmacy profession, health professionals and consumers, and could be developed to allow effective contributions. Strategies to improve pharmacist contributions included clarifying public health-related terminology, increased development of pharmacy roles and reform for community pharmacies to participate in health prevention and promotion services. Integration of public health in pharmacy education, professional development, and recognition of pharmacy roles across all system levels were also identified as important. Conclusions The study indicated that pharmacists currently contribute to the improvement of public health. However, development strategies are required for this to be more effective in integrating public health approaches into their professional practice to be recognized for their public health-related roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Warren
- Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, 1 James Cook Drive, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Louise Young
- Medicine, College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, 1 James Cook Drive, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Karen Carlisle
- Medicine, College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, 1 James Cook Drive, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Ian Heslop
- Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, 1 James Cook Drive, QLD 4811, Australia
- College of Science, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, Lincoln, LN6 7TS, IL, USA
| | - Beverley Glass
- Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, 1 James Cook Drive, QLD 4811, Australia
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Arif SA, Butler LM, Gettig JP, Purnell MC, Rosenberg E, Truong HA, Wade L, Grundmann O. Taking Action Towards Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion in the Pharmacy Curriculum and Continuing Professional Development. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2023; 87:ajpe8902. [PMID: 35470170 PMCID: PMC10159513 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe8902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Increased awareness of social injustices and inequities highlight the relevance and importance of diversity, equity, inclusion, and accessibility (DEIA) in health care. Former and recent graduates of pharmacy schools remain deficient in their knowledge of DEIA topics such as unconscious bias, which can directly influence health outcomes in an undesirable manner. Particular DEIA areas that are pertinent to pharmacy practice include: race, gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, ability status, religion, socioeconomic status, and political beliefs. The American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy (AACP) affirmed its commitment to DEIA as a priority. However, existing gaps in knowledge of pharmacy graduates in this area have the potential to contribute to health disparities and inequities, which are significant public health issues. We call on academic pharmacy institutions and professional pharmacy organizations to elevate DEIA topics and to designate them as essential to both addressing health equity and improving care for underserved populations. We also implore licensing boards to require continuing education related to DEIA as a foundational step to closing the knowledge gap for pharmacists in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally A Arif
- Midwestern University, College of Pharmacy, Rush University Medical Center, Downers Grove, Illinois
| | - Lakesha M Butler
- Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, School of Pharmacy, Edwardsville, Illinois
| | - Jacob P Gettig
- Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Miriam C Purnell
- University of Maryland Eastern Shore, School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, Princess Anne, Maryland
| | - Ettie Rosenberg
- West Coast University, School of Pharmacy, Los Angeles, California
| | - Hoai-An Truong
- University of Maryland Eastern Shore, School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, Princess Anne, Maryland
| | - Latasha Wade
- Elizabeth City State University, Division of Academic Affairs, Elizabeth City, North Carolina
| | - Oliver Grundmann
- University of Florida, College of Pharmacy, Gainesville, Florida
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Ozaki AF, Cadiz CL, Hurley‐Kim K, Wisseh C, Knox ED, Lee JY, Wang A, Patel SG, Chan A. Worldwide Characteristics and Trends of Pharmacist Interventions Contributed to Minimize Health Disparities. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF CLINICAL PHARMACY 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/jac5.1657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aya F. Ozaki
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy Practice School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California Irvine California
| | - Christine L. Cadiz
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy Practice School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California Irvine California
| | - Keri Hurley‐Kim
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy Practice School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California Irvine California
| | - Cheryl Wisseh
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy Practice School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California Irvine California
| | - Erin D. Knox
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy Practice School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California Irvine California
| | - Joyce Y. Lee
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy Practice School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California Irvine California
| | - Ashley Wang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy Practice School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California Irvine California
| | - Sakhi G. Patel
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy Practice School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California Irvine California
| | - Alexandre Chan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy Practice School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California Irvine California
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Hurley-Kim K, Unonu J, Wisseh C, Cadiz C, Knox E, Ozaki AF, Chan A. Health Disparities in Pharmacy Practice Within the Community: Let's Brainstorm for Solutions. Front Public Health 2022; 10:847696. [PMID: 35462836 PMCID: PMC9024039 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.847696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Health disparity is defined as a type of health difference that is closely linked with social, economic and/or environmental disadvantage. Over the past two decades, major efforts have been undertaken to mitigate health disparities and promote health equity in the United States. Within pharmacy practice, health disparities have also been identified to play a role in influencing pharmacists' practice across various clinical settings. However, well-characterized solutions to address such disparities, particularly within pharmacy practice, are lacking in the literature. Recognizing that a significant amount of work will be necessary to reduce or eliminate health disparities, the University of California, Irvine (UCI) School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences held a webinar in June 2021 to explore pertinent issues related to this topic. During the session, participants were given the opportunity to propose and discuss innovative solutions to overcome health disparities in pharmacy practice. The goal of this perspective article is to distill the essence of the presentations and discussions from this interactive session, and to synthesize ideas for practical solutions that can be translated to practice to address this public health problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keri Hurley-Kim
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Jacqueise Unonu
- Department of Clinical and Administrative Pharmacy Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Howard University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Cheryl Wisseh
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Christine Cadiz
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Erin Knox
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Aya F. Ozaki
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Alexandre Chan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Alexandre Chan
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Robinson A, Sile L, Govind T, Guraya HK, O'Brien N, Harris V, Pilkington G, Todd A, Husband A. 'He or she maybe doesn't know there is such a thing as a review': A qualitative investigation exploring barriers and facilitators to accessing medication reviews from the perspective of people from ethnic minority communities. Health Expect 2022; 25:1432-1443. [PMID: 35384182 PMCID: PMC9327850 DOI: 10.1111/hex.13482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Regular reviews of medications, including prescription reviews and adherence reviews, are vital to support pharmacological effectiveness and optimize health outcomes for patients. Despite being more likely to report a long‐term illness that requires medication when compared to their white counterparts, individuals from ethnic minority communities are less likely to engage with regular medication reviews, with inequalities negatively affecting their access. It is important to understand what barriers may exist that impact the access of those from ethnic minority communities and to identify measures that may act to facilitate improved service accessibility for these groups. Methods Semi‐structured interviews were conducted between June and August 2021 using the following formats as permitted by governmental COVID‐19 restrictions: in person, over the telephone or via video call. Perspectives on service accessibility and any associated barriers and facilitators were discussed. Interviews were audio‐recorded and transcribed verbatim. Reflexive thematic analysis enabled the development of themes. QSR NVivo (Version 12) facilitated data management. Ethical approval was obtained from the Health Research Authority (ref: 21/HRA/1426). Results In total 20 participants from ethnic minority communities were interviewed; these participants included 16 UK citizens, 2 refugees and 2 asylum seekers, and represented a total of 5 different ethnic groups. Three themes were developed from the data regarding the perceived barriers and facilitators affecting access to medication reviews and identified approaches to improve the accessibility of such services for ethnic minority patients. These centred on (1) building knowledge and understanding about medication reviews; (2) delivering medication review services; and (3) appreciating the lived experience of patients. Conclusion The results of this study have important implications for addressing inequalities that affect ethnic minority communities. Involving patients and practitioners to work collaboratively in coproduction approaches could enable better design, implementation and delivery of accessible medication review services that are culturally competent. Patient or Public Contribution The National Institute for Health Research Applied Research Collaboration and Patient and Public Involvement and Engagement group at Newcastle University supported the study design and conceptualization. Seven patient champions inputted to ensure that the research was conducted, and the findings were reported, with cultural sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Robinson
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Laura Sile
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Thorrun Govind
- Chair of the English Pharmacy Board, Royal Pharmaceutical Society, London, UK
| | | | - Nicola O'Brien
- Department of Psychology, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Vicki Harris
- Connected Voice Haref, Higham House, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Guy Pilkington
- West End Family Health Primary Care Network, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Adam Todd
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Andy Husband
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Emmons RP, Harris IM, Abdalla M, Afolabi TM, Barner AE, Baxter MV, Bisada M, Chase AM, Christenberry EJ, Cobb BT, Dang Y, Hickman CM, Mills AR, Wease H. Impact of remote delivery of clinical pharmacy services on health disparities and access to care. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF CLINICAL PHARMACY 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/jac5.1535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ila M. Harris
- American College of Clinical Pharmacy Lenexa Kansas USA
| | - Maha Abdalla
- American College of Clinical Pharmacy Lenexa Kansas USA
| | | | | | | | - Miriam Bisada
- American College of Clinical Pharmacy Lenexa Kansas USA
| | | | | | | | - Yen Dang
- American College of Clinical Pharmacy Lenexa Kansas USA
| | | | - Alex R. Mills
- American College of Clinical Pharmacy Lenexa Kansas USA
| | - Heather Wease
- American College of Clinical Pharmacy Lenexa Kansas USA
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12
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Minshew LM, Lee D, White CY, McClurg M, McLaughlin JE. Development of a Cultural Intelligence Framework in Pharmacy Education. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2021; 85:8580. [PMID: 34301553 PMCID: PMC8655145 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe8580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Objective. Pharmacists must be equipped with the knowledge, skills, and attitudes necessary to provide culturally intelligent and patient-centered care; however, most are not trained to do so. In order to prepare culturally intelligent pharmacists, standards and curricula for cultural intelligence must be defined and implemented within pharmacy education. The objective of this study was to create a cultural intelligence framework (CIF) for pharmacy education and determine its alignment with Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD) training.Methods. An extensive literature analysis on current methods of cultural intelligence education was used to construct a CIF, which integrates leading models of cultural intelligence in health care education with Bloom's Taxonomy. Five student focus groups were conducted to explore and map their cultural experiences to the CIF. All focus groups were recorded, transcribed, deidentified and deductively coded using the CIF.Results. The four CIF domains (awareness, knowledge, practice, desire) were observed in all five focus groups; however, not every participant expressed each domain when sharing their experiences. Most students expressed cultural awareness, knowledge, and desire, however, only a few students discussed cultural practice. Participant comments regarding their experiences differed by race and year in the curriculum.Conclusion. This study was a first step toward understanding cultural intelligence education and experiences in pharmacy. The CIF represents an evidence-based approach to cultural intelligence training that can help prepare pharmacy learners to be socially responsible health care practitioners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lana M Minshew
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Diana Lee
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Carla Y White
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Mary McClurg
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Jacqueline E McLaughlin
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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13
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Gaither CA. Pharmacists can be DEAI change agents. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2021.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Muzzy Williamson JD, DiPietro Mager N, Bright D, Cole JW. Opioid use disorder: Calling pharmacists to action for better preconception and pregnancy care. Res Social Adm Pharm 2021; 18:3199-3203. [PMID: 34400110 DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2021.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Opioid use disorder (OUD) in women of child-bearing potential is problematic in the United States. This has resulted in increasing risk for adverse maternal outcomes, neonatal abstinence syndrome, fetal and neonatal harm, prolonged hospitalizations, and increased health care costs. Pharmacists in all practice settings have opportunities to provide preconception and pregnancy care to prevent and manage OUD. Given pharmacists' scope of practice and expertise, key roles include assessing patients for OUD; mitigating exposure; educating patients regarding potential infant effects; recommending contraceptive methods and counseling on proper use; ensuring safe breastfeeding with concurrent medications; and linking patients to needed services. Through patient counseling, medication management, and harm reduction interventions, pharmacists can work to combat this public health crisis. To encourage increased uptake of pharmacists into these roles, more needs to be done to reimburse pharmacists for these important services and quantify their impact on patient and population health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia D Muzzy Williamson
- North Dakota State University School of Pharmacy, 1401 Albrecht Boulevard, Fargo, ND, 58108, USA.
| | - Natalie DiPietro Mager
- Ohio Northern University Raabe College of Pharmacy, 525 S. Main St, Ada, OH, 45810, USA.
| | - David Bright
- Ferris State University College of Pharmacy, 220 Ferris Dr, Big Rapids, MI, 49307, USA.
| | - Justin W Cole
- Cedarville University School of Pharmacy, 251 N. Main St, Cedarville, OH, 45314, USA.
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15
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Mager ND, Moore TS. Healthy People 2030: Roadmap for Public Health for the Next Decade. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2020; 84:8462. [PMID: 34283761 PMCID: PMC7712733 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe8462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacists play key roles in public health activities. The Healthy People initiative is a future-oriented approach to promote health and prevent disease, and serves as a framework for priority areas of intervention. The latest iteration, Healthy People 2030, was released in August 2020. Healthy People 2030 contains 355 specific objectives and raises awareness about gaps between actual and optimal health status. Pharmacists and student pharmacists can directly impact the majority of the objectives to improve the nation's health. Pharmacy educators should utilize resources including the Clinical Prevention and Population Health Curriculum Framework to ensure they are adequately preparing their students to affect clinical prevention and population health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie DiPietro Mager
- Ohio Northern University, Raabe College of Pharmacy, Ada, Ohio
- Association for Prevention Teaching and Research Healthy People Curriculum Task Force, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Terri Smith Moore
- American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy, Arlington, Virginia
- Association for Prevention Teaching and Research Healthy People Curriculum Task Force, Washington, District of Columbia
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16
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Chen AMH, Cailor SM, Wicker E, Harper NG, Franz TT, Pahl B. Integrating Health Literacy and Cultural Competency Concepts Across the Doctor of Pharmacy Curriculum. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2020; 84:ajpe7764. [PMID: 33149324 PMCID: PMC7596614 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe7764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Objective. To determine the longitudinal impact of integrating health literacy and cultural competency content throughout the professional pharmacy curriculum and the impact of additional changes made to the curriculum based on the results of a longitudinal analysis. Methods. Health literacy and cultural competency concepts were integrated throughout a four-year professional pharmacy curriculum. A cohort of students were assessed using health literacy and cultural competency survey instruments at baseline, the end of the fall semester of the first professional (P1) year, and the end of each subsequent academic year. From the four-year assessment, a need for additional reinforcement in the spring P1 semester was identified, so a health literacy activity was incorporated into an introductory pharmacy practice experience (IPPE) for two cohorts of students. The outcomes were compared to those of a single cohort of students who had completed their P1 year prior to integration of the additional content. A health literacy survey instrument was given at the beginning and after completion of the semester to assess change. Preceptors also completed a brief survey. Results. Curricular integration improved health literacy and cultural competency attitudes and self-perceived ability in P1 students, as assessed by the instruments. However, declines in students' health literacy and cultural competency were identified when the students were retested in the spring semester. After implementing the health literacy IPPE activity, the health literacy scores of P1 students in the two subsequent years improved. Preceptors also gave positive feedback on the utility of this activity. Conclusion. Integrating health literacy and cultural competency content throughout the curriculum resulted in improvement in students' scores in these areas from the first to the fourth professional year, but when there were no integrated activities, scores dropped. Implementing additional activities improved student-perceived HL skills. Thus, it may be important to ensure there is inclusion of content in each semester of the curriculum to maximize effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleda M H Chen
- Cedarville University, School of Pharmacy, Cedarville, Ohio
| | | | - Emily Wicker
- Cedarville University, School of Pharmacy, Cedarville, Ohio
| | | | - Thad T Franz
- Cedarville University, School of Pharmacy, Cedarville, Ohio
| | - Brenda Pahl
- Cedarville University, School of Pharmacy, Cedarville, Ohio
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17
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Latif A, Mandane B, Ali A, Ghumra S, Gulzar N. A Qualitative Exploration to Understand Access to Pharmacy Medication Reviews: Views from Marginalized Patient Groups. PHARMACY 2020; 8:E73. [PMID: 32357462 PMCID: PMC7357163 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy8020073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Vulnerable patients from marginalized groups (e.g., people with disabilities, people experiencing homelessness, black and minority ethnic communities) experience higher rates of ill-health, inequitable access to healthcare and low engagement with screening services. Addressing these disparities and ensuring healthcare provision is impartial and fair is a priority for the United Kingdom (UK) healthcare system. Aim: Using Levesque's access conceptual framework, this study explored the views of patients from marginalized groups, specifically on how access to pharmacy services could be improved and their experiences of receiving a medication review service. Method: Qualitative data were collected via semi-structured interviews on patient experiences of pharmacy services and how access to these could be improved (n = 10). Interviews of patients who had received a medication review from their pharmacist were also conducted (n = 10). Using an interpretivist approach, five 'demand-side' dimensions of Levesque's access conceptual framework were explored (ability to perceive a need for medication support, their ability to seek this support, ability to reach the pharmacy, ability to pay and engage). Results: The findings exposed the medicine, health and social care challenges of vulnerable people and how these are often not being adequately managed or met. Using the access formwork, we unpack and demonstrate the significant challenges patients face accessing pharmacy support. Discussion: Pharmacy organizations need to pay attention to how patients perceive the need for pharmacy support and their ability to seek, reach and engage with this. Further training may be needed for community pharmacy staff to ensure services are made accessible, inclusive and culturally sensitive. Effective engagement strategies are needed to enable the provision of a flexible and adaptable service that delivers patient-centred care. Policy makers should seek to find ways to reconfigure services to ensure people from diverse backgrounds can access such services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asam Latif
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; (B.M.); (A.A.)
| | - Baguiasri Mandane
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; (B.M.); (A.A.)
| | - Abid Ali
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; (B.M.); (A.A.)
| | - Sabina Ghumra
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK; (S.G.); (N.G.)
| | - Nargis Gulzar
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK; (S.G.); (N.G.)
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18
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Stewart B, Brody A, Krishnan AC, Brown SK, Levy PD. An Unmet Need Meets an Untapped Resource: Pharmacist-Led Pathways for Hypertension Management for Emergency Department Patients. Curr Hypertens Rep 2019; 21:61. [PMID: 31218526 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-019-0965-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to describe the role of the pharmacist in innovative pathways of care for hypertension (HTN) management for emergency department (ED) patients, particularly in under-resourced communities. Due to intersecting socioeconomic and personal health risk factors, these patients bear a disproportionate share of cardiovascular disease, yet often have limited access to high-quality primary care. RECENT FINDINGS Recent meta-analyses demonstrate a clear advantage associated with pharmacist-physician collaborative models over traditional physician-only care in achieving blood pressure control. However, no prior study has evaluated use of pharmacist-led follow-up for ED patients with uncontrolled blood pressure (BP). Thus, we developed a pharmacist-driven transitional care clinic (TCC) that utilizes a collaborative practice agreement with ED physicians to improve HTN management for ED patients. We have successfully implemented the TCC in a high-volume urban ED and in a pilot study have shown clinically relevant BP reductions with our collaborative model. The use of pharmacist-led follow-up for HTN management is highly effective. Novel programs such as our TCC, which extend the reach of such a model to ED patients, are promising, and future studies should focus on implementation through larger, multicenter, randomized trials. However, to be most effective, policy advocacy is needed to expand pharmacist prescriptive authority and develop innovative financial models to incentivize this practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany Stewart
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, 259 Mack Ave., Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
| | - Aaron Brody
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Integrative Biosciences Center, Wayne State University, 6135 Woodward Ave., Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Abhinav C Krishnan
- Department of Physiology and Integrative Biosciences Center, Wayne State University, 6135 Woodward Ave., Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Sara K Brown
- Meijer Pharmacy/Wayne State University Community-based Pharmacy Practice Resident, 13000 Middlebelt Rd., Livonia, MI, 48150, USA
| | - Phillip D Levy
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Integrative Biosciences Center, Wayne State University, 6135 Woodward Ave., Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
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Rosenthal M, Ward LM, Teng J, Haines S. Weight management counselling among community pharmacists: a scoping review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACY PRACTICE 2018; 26:475-484. [PMID: 29732639 DOI: 10.1111/ijpp.12453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To complete a scoping review of studies of community pharmacy-delivered weight and obesity management services from January 2010 to March 2017. METHODS A scoping review was conducted to obtain an overview of research related to the study objective. The PubMed, EBSCO and CINAHL databases were searched from January 2010 to March 2017 for articles examining obesity/weight management in community pharmacies. Included studies had to contain an obesity/weight management programme delivered primarily by community pharmacies. All non-interventional studies were excluded. KEY FINDINGS Nine articles were eligible for data extraction. Across the nine included studies, 2141 patients were enrolled. The overwhelming majority of patients enrolled in the studies were female, approximately 50 years of age, had a mean weight of 92.8 kg and mean BMI of 33.8 kg/m2 at baseline. Patients in these various programmes lost a mean of 3.8 kg, however, two studies demonstrated that long-term (>6 months) weight loss maintenance was not achieved. The average dropout rate for each study ranged from 8.3% to 79%. CONCLUSIONS Obesity has a significant impact on the health and wellness of adults globally. Recent research has shown that community pharmacies have the potential to positively impact patient weight loss. However, additional research is needed into the specific interventions that bring the most value to patients and can be sustained and spread across community pharmacy practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meagen Rosenthal
- Department of Pharmacy Administration, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Lori M Ward
- Department of Pharmacy Administration, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Jason Teng
- School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Seena Haines
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Mississippi, USA
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20
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Desselle SP, Holmes ER. Results of the 2015 National Certified Pharmacy Technician Workforce Survey. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2017; 74:981-991. [DOI: 10.2146/ajhp160666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Erin R. Holmes
- School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS
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21
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Mirzaei A, Carter SR, Schneider CR. Marketing activity in the community pharmacy sector - A scoping review. Res Social Adm Pharm 2017; 14:127-137. [PMID: 28392257 DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2017.03.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Community pharmacy ownership requires engaging with marketing strategies to influence consumer behaviour. There is a plethora of information from trade journals, expert opinion, and published discussion surrounding this issue. Despite this, evidence relating to the efficacy of marketing activity within the pharmacy sector is scant. OBJECTIVES To review how marketing activity has been conceptualised in the community pharmacy sector and to determine the evidence for the effect of marketing activity. METHODS Seven databases were systematically searched using a scoping review framework with the reporting protocol of PRISMA-P. The search yielded 33 studies that were analysed for year of publication, journal, country of focus, and framework of marketing. RESULTS The majority of marketing research papers focused on the United States and were published in healthcare journals. These were various marketing strategy elements, including; segmentation, targeting, differentiation, and positioning. Also evident was research regarding marketing mix, which predominately involved the "4Ps" model. Actual marketing activity comprised little of the research. CONCLUSIONS Research into marketing activity in community pharmacy is limited, and little evidence is available to show the effects of such activities. Future research needs to demonstrate the causality for the effect of marketing activities on consumer behaviour and economic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ardalan Mirzaei
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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22
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Cooke M, Waite N, Cook K, Milne E, Chang F, McCarthy L, Sproule B. Incorporating sex, gender and vulnerable populations in a large multisite health research programme: The Ontario Pharmacy Evidence Network as a case study. Health Res Policy Syst 2017; 15:20. [PMID: 28320403 PMCID: PMC5360067 DOI: 10.1186/s12961-017-0182-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Funders now frequently require that sex and gender be considered in research programmes, but provide little guidance about how this can be accomplished, especially in large research programmes. The purpose of this study is to present and evaluate a model for promoting sex- and gender-based analysis (SGBA) in a large health service research programme, the Ontario Pharmacy Evidence Network (OPEN). Methods A mixed method study incorporating (1) team members’ critical reflection, (2) surveys (n = 37) and interviews (n = 23) at programme midpoint, and (3) an end-of-study survey in 2016 with OPEN research project teams (n = 6). Results Incorporating gender and vulnerable populations (GVP) as a cross-cutting theme, with a dedicated team and resources to promote GVP research across the programme, was effective and well received. Team members felt their knowledge was improved, and the programme produced several sex- and gender-related research outputs. Not all resources were well used, however, and better communication of the purposes and roles of the team could increase effectiveness. Conclusions The experience of OPEN suggests that dedicating resources for sex and gender research can be effective in promoting SGBA research, but that research programmes should also focus on communicating the importance of SGBA to their members. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12961-017-0182-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Cooke
- Department of Sociology and Legal Studies, University of Waterloo, 200 University Drive W, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada. .,School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, 200 University Drive W, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - Nancy Waite
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, 200 University Drive W, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Katie Cook
- Psychology Department, Wilfrid Laurier University, 75 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3C5, Canada
| | - Emily Milne
- Department of Sociology, MacEwan University, 10700 104th Ave NW, Edmonton, AB, T5J 4S2, Canada
| | - Feng Chang
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, 200 University Drive W, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Lisa McCarthy
- Women's College Research Institute at Women's College Hospital, 76 Grenville St., Toronto, ON, M5S 1B2, Canada.,Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College St., Toronto, ON, M5S 3M2, Canada.,Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 500 University Ave., Toronto, ON, M5G 1V7, Canada
| | - Beth Sproule
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College St., Toronto, ON, M5S 3M2, Canada.,Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 101 Queen St. W., Toronto, ON, M6J 1H4, Canada
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McCarthy L, Milne E, Waite N, Cooke M, Cook K, Chang F, Sproule BA. Sex and gender-based analysis in pharmacy practice research: A scoping review. Res Social Adm Pharm 2016; 13:1045-1054. [PMID: 27908657 DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recognizing the potential effect of sex and gender on health outcomes, there is a shift toward conducting sex and gender-based analysis (SGBA) within health research. However, little is known about the extent to which SGBA has been incorporated into pharmacy practice research. OBJECTIVES To understand the extent to which SGBA is included in pharmacy practice research. METHOD Scoping review of English-language studies identified through MEDLINE, Embase, International Pharmacy Abstracts (IPA), and CINAHL (inception to Jan 2014). Two raters independently screened citations to identify titles and abstracts that included key words related to sex or gender and studies that could be categorized as pharmacy practice research. One author extracted data from included studies related to study design, population, intervention/exposure and outcomes, with results reviewed by another. All authors reviewed eligible articles to categorize them based on a previously-developed typology, and to assess four criteria: 1) the inclusion of sex or gender in research objectives, 2) the depth of sex/gender analysis incorporated into study designs and reporting, 3) the inclusion of sex or gender considerations in interpretation of study results, 4) the intentional and accurate use of sex/gender language. RESULTS Of 458 unique search results, only six articles met the inclusion criteria. Two of these six publications included sex/gender considerations in a model consistent with sex/gender based analysis as described by Hammarström. Three of the six studies inaccurately applied sex and gender terminology, whereas the two studies that featured sex or gender in their primary research question did use these terms appropriately. CONCLUSION Despite increasing attention on the need for considering sex and gender, there was a paucity of pharmacy practice research publications that conducted SGBA. This presents an opportunity to explore sex, gender and intersectionality when pursuing studies that explore the impact of pharmacists interventions on patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa McCarthy
- Women's College Research Institute at Women's College Hospital, 76 Grenville Street, Toronto, Canada; Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, 500 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Emily Milne
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, 10 Victoria Street, Kitchener, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nancy Waite
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, 10 Victoria Street, Kitchener, Ontario, Canada
| | - Martin Cooke
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, 10 Victoria Street, Kitchener, Ontario, Canada; Department of Sociology & Legal Studies, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue E, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada; School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue E, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Katie Cook
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, 10 Victoria Street, Kitchener, Ontario, Canada
| | - Feng Chang
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, 10 Victoria Street, Kitchener, Ontario, Canada
| | - Beth A Sproule
- Women's College Research Institute at Women's College Hospital, 76 Grenville Street, Toronto, Canada; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 1001 Queen Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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