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Linh BD, Le HA, Truong NX. Physico-chemical properties and transboundary transport of PM 2.5 in Bien Hoa City, Dong Nai Province, Southeastern Vietnam. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:36533-36544. [PMID: 36562974 PMCID: PMC9786528 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24801-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution is one of the most concerning environmental issues, wherein PM2.5 concentration plays an important role. This study monitored and evaluated the PM2.5 concentration trends in Bien Hoa City, Dong Nai Province, Vietnam. Twenty 24-h PM2.5 samples were continuously collected during the rainy (15 Oct. to 25 Oct. 2021) and dry (19 Mar. to 29 Mar. 2022) seasons. The PM2.5 samples were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy to determine the surface pattern and size distributions were analyzed using ImageJ software. The water-soluble fractions of 15 trace metal(oid)s concentrations (Al, Cu, Ni, K, Ca, Co, Mn, Cr, As, Zn, Pb, Cd, Na, Fe, and Mg) bound to PM2.5 were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. The results showed that the 24-h fine fraction PM2.5 concentrations were 24.1 ± 12.2 μg/m3 and 63.0 ± 18.7 μg/m3 in the rainy and dry seasons, respectively. The results indicate that the size distributions of the particles of 2.0-2.5 μm are minor, and the majority are ultrafine particles with aerodynamic diameter ≤ 1.0 μm. Overall, the mass concentration level of the water-soluble fraction of trace metal(oid)s in PM2.5 in the rainy season was higher than that in the dry season. Among these, Ca, K, and Na were the most abundant earth crustal elements in PM2.5 in the rainy and dry seasons, accounting for 85% and 41.2% of the total trace element concentrations, respectively. The major sources of PM2.5 are local and regional sources of thermal power plants, industrial parks, and waterborne transportation (domestic rivers and marine). The activities undertaken to remove Agent Orange (e.g., soil excavation, transportation, and rotary kiln incinerators) at the Bien Hoa airbase area also cause increases in the PM2.5 level in the atmosphere of Bien Hoa City.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bui Duy Linh
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, 334 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Department of Chemistry and Environment, Vietnam-Russian Tropical Centre, 63 Nguyen Van Huyen, Nghia Do, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hoang Anh Le
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, 334 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan, Hanoi, Vietnam.
| | - Nghiem Xuan Truong
- Department of Chemistry and Environment, Vietnam-Russian Tropical Centre, 63 Nguyen Van Huyen, Nghia Do, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
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Bui TH, Nguyen DL, Nguyen HH. Study of aerosol optical properties at two urban areas in the north of Vietnam with the implication for biomass burning impacts. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:41923-41940. [PMID: 34328622 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15608-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The spatiotemporal distribution and characterization of aerosol optical properties in the north of Vietnam were investigated extensively using the long-term measurements obtained from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) (from 2010 to 2019) and two Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) stations (Nghia Do, Hanoi City, from 2010 to 2019 and Son La from 2012 to 2019) located in fast-developing urban areas. This study also analyzed the tendency of AOD over different wavelengths as well as the influences of meteorological parameters and boundary layer height (BLH) on AOD and Ångström exponent (AE). The annual mean AOD500 at Nghia Do and Son La stations were 0.81 and 0.78, respectively. Our results revealed the existence of particles emitted from anthropogenic activities in Hanoi and Son La with the dominance of fine particles (more than 90% of the AE440-870 were larger than 1). Besides, a high percentage of AE440-870 larger than or approximately 1.5 during the dry and transition months in Son La indicated the existence of biomass-burning aerosol particles due to forest fires and burning of agriculture residuals. The classification results for aerosol types showed the presence of both biomass burning and urban/industrial aerosol types at Nghia Do and Son La sites. Among the investigated meteorological parameters, surface solar radiation expressed a significant correlation with AE440-870 in all three seasons at the two sites due to the secondary formation of fine particles induced by the high solar radiation condition. The impacts of meteorological parameters and BLH on AOD were not observed simultaneously during three seasons at Nghia Do and Son La stations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Hieu Bui
- Faculty of Environmental Engineering, National University of Civil Engineering, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Duc Luong Nguyen
- Faculty of Environmental Engineering, National University of Civil Engineering, Hanoi, Vietnam.
| | - Hoang Hiep Nguyen
- Graduate Institute of Applied Geology, National Central University, Taoyuan, 32000, Taiwan
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Omanga E, Ulmer L, Berhane Z, Gatari M. Industrial air pollution in rural Kenya: community awareness, risk perception and associations between risk variables. BMC Public Health 2014; 14:377. [PMID: 24742166 PMCID: PMC4012528 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Developing countries have limited air quality management systems due to inadequate legislation and lack of political will, among other challenges. Maintaining a balance between economic development and sustainable environment is a challenge, hence investments in pollution prevention technologies get sidelined in favor of short-term benefits from increased production and job creation. This lack of air quality management capability translates into lack of air pollution data, hence the false belief that there is no problem. The objectives of the study were to: assess the population's environmental awareness, explore their perception of pollution threat to their health; examine the association between specific health hazards. METHODS A cross-sectional study was implemented by gathering quantitative information on demographic, health status, environmental perception and environmental knowledge of residents to understand their view of pollution in their neighborhood. Focus group discussions (FGDs) allowed for corroboration of the quantitative data. RESULTS Over 80% of respondents perceived industrial pollution as posing a considerable risk to them despite the fact that the economy of the area largely depended on the factory. Respondents also argued that they had not been actively involved in identifying solutions to the environmental challenges. The study revealed a significant association between industrial pollution as a risk and, perception of risk from other familiar health hazards. The most important factors influencing the respondents' pollution risk perception were environmental awareness and family health status. CONCLUSION This study avails information to policy makers and researchers concerning public awareness and attitudes towards environmental pollution pertinent to development and implementation of environmental policies for public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunice Omanga
- Impact Research and Development Organization, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Lisa Ulmer
- School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, USA
| | | | - Michael Gatari
- Institute of Nuclear Sciences and Technology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
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Kinney PL, Gichuru MG, Volavka-Close N, Ngo N, Ndiba PK, Law A, Gachanja A, Gaita SM, Chillrud SN, Sclar E. Traffic Impacts on PM(2.5) Air Quality in Nairobi, Kenya. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & POLICY 2011; 14:369-378. [PMID: 21779151 PMCID: PMC3138055 DOI: 10.1016/j.envsci.2011.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Motor vehicle traffic is an important source of particulate pollution in cities of the developing world, where rapid growth, coupled with a lack of effective transport and land use planning, may result in harmful levels of fine particles (PM(2.5)) in the air. However, a lack of air monitoring data hinders health impact assessments and the development of transportation and land use policies that could reduce health burdens due to outdoor air pollution. To address this important need, a study of traffic-related PM(2.5) was carried out in the city of Nairobi, Kenya, a model city for sub-Saharan Africa, in July 2009. Sampling was carried out using portable filter-based air samplers carried in backpacks by technicians on weekdays over two weeks at several sites in and around Nairobi ranging from high-traffic roadways to rural background. Mean daytime concentrations of PM(2.5) ranged from 10.7 at the rural background site to 98.1 μg/m(3) on a sidewalk in the central business district. Horizontal dispersion measurements demonstrated a decrease in PM(2.5) concentration from 128.7 to 18.7 μg/m(3) over 100 meters downwind of a major intersection in Nairobi. A vertical dispersion experiment revealed a decrease from 119.5 μg/m(3) at street level to 42.8 μg/m(3) on a third-floor rooftop in the central business district. Though not directly comparable to air quality guidelines, which are based on 24-hour or annual averages, the urban concentrations we observed raise concern with regard to public health and related policy. Taken together with survey data on commuting patterns within Nairobi, these results suggest that many Nairobi residents are exposed on a regular basis to elevated concentrations of fine particle air pollution, with potentially serious long-term implications for health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick L. Kinney
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168th St., New York, NY 10032, USA, (Kinney), (Law)
- Corresponding Author: Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168th St., New York, NY 10032, USA, , Tel.: +1-212-305-3663, Fax: +1-212-305-4012
| | - Michael Gatari Gichuru
- Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, College of Architecture and Engineering, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197, G.P.O., Nairobi, Kenya, (Gatari), (Gaita)
| | - Nicole Volavka-Close
- Center Center for Sustainable Urban Development, Earth Institute, Columbia University, 475 Riverside Drive, Suite 520, New York, NY 10115, USA, (Volavka-Close), (Sclar)
| | - Nicole Ngo
- Columbia University, PhD candidate in Sustainable Development in the College of Arts and Sciences, School of International and Public Affairs, 420 West 118th Street, New York, NY 10027, USA,
| | - Peter K. Ndiba
- Department of Civil Engineering, College of Architecture and Engineering, University of Nairobi, P. O. Box 30197, G.P.O., Nairobi, Kenya,
| | - Anna Law
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168th St., New York, NY 10032, USA, (Kinney), (Law)
| | - Anthony Gachanja
- Department of Chemistry, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O. Box 62000 – 00200, Nairobi, Kenya,
| | - Samuel Mwaniki Gaita
- Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, College of Architecture and Engineering, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197, G.P.O., Nairobi, Kenya, (Gatari), (Gaita)
| | - Steven N. Chillrud
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, 61 Rt 9W, Palisades, NY 10964, USA,
| | - Elliott Sclar
- Columbia University, PhD candidate in Sustainable Development in the College of Arts and Sciences, School of International and Public Affairs, 420 West 118th Street, New York, NY 10027, USA,
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Borgese L, Zacco A, Pal S, Bontempi E, Lucchini R, Zimmerman N, Depero LE. A new non-destructive method for chemical analysis of particulate matter filters: the case of manganese air pollution in Vallecamonica (Italy). Talanta 2011; 84:192-8. [PMID: 21315919 PMCID: PMC3056347 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2010.12.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2010] [Revised: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 12/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Total Reflection X-ray Fluorescence (TXRF) is a well-established technique for chemical analysis, but it is mainly employed for quality control in the electronics semiconductor industry. The capability to analyze liquid and uniformly thin solid samples makes this technique suitable for other applications, and especially in the very critical field of environmental analysis. Comparison with standard methods like inductively coupled plasma (ICP) and atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) shows that TXRF is a practical, accurate, and reliable technique in occupational settings. Due to the greater sensitivity necessary in trace heavy metal detection, TXRF is also suitable for environmental chemical analysis. In this paper we show that based on appropriate standards, TXRF can be considered for non-destructive routine quantitative analysis of environmental matrices such as air filters. This work has been developed in the frame of the EU-FP6 PHIME (Public Health Impact of long-term, low-level Mixed element Exposure in susceptible population strata) Integrated Project (www.phime.org). The aim of this work was to investigate Mn air pollution in the area of Vallecamonica (Italy).
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Borgese
- INSTM and Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory, University of Brescia, via Branze, 38, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Annalisa Zacco
- INSTM and Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory, University of Brescia, via Branze, 38, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Sudipto Pal
- INSTM and Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory, University of Brescia, via Branze, 38, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Elza Bontempi
- INSTM and Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory, University of Brescia, via Branze, 38, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Roberto Lucchini
- Institute of Occupational Health, University of Brescia, P.le Spedali Civili, 1, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Neil Zimmerman
- Purdue University, School of Health Sciences, 550 Stadium Mall Dr. West Lafayette, IN 47907-2051, United States
| | - Laura E. Depero
- INSTM and Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory, University of Brescia, via Branze, 38, 25123 Brescia, Italy
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Park K, Dam HD. Characterization of metal aerosols in PM10 from urban, industrial, and Asian Dust sources. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2010; 160:289-300. [PMID: 19105039 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-008-0695-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2008] [Accepted: 11/20/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Metallic elements (As, Be, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Fe, K, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, and Zn) in PM10 aerosols were determined at urban and industrial sites, which are affected by traffic and residential sources, metallurgical activity, and petrochemical and steel works. The effect of the long-range transported Asian Dust on the metal content of aerosols was also examined. At the urban sampling site, concentrations of As, Cd, Pb, Se, and Zn were assigned to road traffic and combustion sources, Ca and Fe to soil dust sources from long-range transported Asian Dusts, and Cr and Ni to metallurgical sources transported from the nearby industrial complex, based on Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Enhanced Cr and Ni concentrations at the metallurgical industrial site suggest that local emissions from metal-assembly facilities and manufacture of alloys contributed to elevated levels of those metals. We also observed that petrochemical activities contributed to increased levels of Sb and Zn. When Asian Dust events occurred, Ca, Fe, K, and Zn concentrations dramatically increased compared to values without the Asian Dust. Two different types of Asian Dust events were observed. For the Asian Dust event 1 (4/1/2007), the Fe and K concentrations were much higher by a factor of 2-3 than those for the Asian Dust event 2 (3/2/2008), while As, Mn, and Zn concentrations were significantly higher on the Asian Dust event 2. Backward trajectory analysis showed that for the Asian Dust event 2, the air mass had passed over the heavily industrialized zones in China during long-range transport to the current sampling site, suggesting that the As, Mn, and Zn may have originated from industrial sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kihong Park
- Research Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnology, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, South Korea.
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Lewerissa KB, Boman J. Study of trace elements and soot in aerosols from a coal-fired power plant in northern Vietnam. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2007; 130:301-9. [PMID: 17072552 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-006-9398-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2005] [Accepted: 07/11/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Two measurement campaigns were conducted in two sampling sites, An Thinh and Duy Minh, in northern Vietnam during the months of November-December 2000 and November 2001-February 2002 in order to investigate the extend of the particulate air pollution from the Pha Lai coal fired power plant. Fine particle samples were analyzed by Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence spectrometry and soot samples were analyzed by reflectometer. The result showed that high concentration of soot and elements mostly coincided with the air masses originating from the power plant. Sea spray aerosol was found to be the major source of chlorine at both sites. Ratios of specific elements and principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that coal combustion was the main contributor to the air pollution at both sites. PCA also indicated that there were other sources responsible for the elements emission, probably the influence of long distance transport and Asian Brown Cloud.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Bianca Lewerissa
- Faculty of Biology, Satya Wacana Christian University, Jl. Diponegoro 52-60, Salatiga, 50711, Indonesia
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Gatari MJ, Boman J, Wagner A, Janhäll S, Isakson J. Assessment of inorganic content of PM(2.5) particles sampled in a rural area north-east of Hanoi, Vietnam. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2006; 368:675-85. [PMID: 16764908 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2005] [Revised: 03/25/2006] [Accepted: 04/06/2006] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric aerosols from seven rural sites in northern Vietnam, east of Hanoi, were sampled and analyzed. The aim of the study was to evaluate trace elemental and black carbon (BC) concentrations in fine particles (PM(2.5)) and to investigate the influence of the Pha Lai power plant and other pollution sources on regional air quality. Seven measurement stations were set up at selected rural sites and a campaign consisting of 12 two-day measurement periods was conducted from the end of May until the end of October 2000. At each location a pair of samplers was installed consisting of a cyclone loaded with Teflon filters and a modified Millipore air monitoring cartridge loaded with glass fibre filters. The obtained samples were analyzed for trace elements by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (EDXRF), while a black smoke detector was used for BC analysis. Seventeen trace elements were analyzed; Br, Ca, Cl, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mn, Ni, Pb, Rb, S, Se, Sr, Ti, V and Zn and their concentrations evaluated. The results showed that BC, Ca, Cl, Fe, K and S dominated in the sampled atmospheric aerosols. The measured concentrations of the potentially hazardous trace elements Cr, Mn, Ni and Pb were all below the limits defined by Vietnamese standards of ambient air quality. Statistical evaluations indicated that coal and heavy fuel oil combustion were major sources of atmospheric pollutants in the area and that biomass burning and road transport had a marked influence on regional air quality. It was concluded that the Pha Lai power plant was the major source of coal combustion emissions. Trace element emissions originating from river transportation were suggested as another major source of atmospheric pollutants. The results indicate that the elemental concentrations in PM(2.5) are strongly influenced by seasonal variations. Further measurements are required to identify the impact of long-range transported continental air masses on the air quality of the investigated rural area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Gatari
- Chemistry Department, Atmospheric Science, Göteborg University, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden.
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